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Make the code run properly without WMSA_HOME set, adding missing test assets.

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This commit is contained in:
Viktor Lofgren 2023-03-05 13:47:40 +01:00
parent ed8ec0990e
commit fd1b56dbad
183 changed files with 76868 additions and 7 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

22
common/config/src/main/java/nu/marginalia/WmsaHome.java
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@ -7,12 +7,11 @@ import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.Properties;
public class WmsaHome {
private static final String DEFAULT = "/var/lib/wmsa";
public static UserAgent getUserAgent() throws IOException {
var uaPath = getHomePath().resolve("conf/user-agent");
@ -23,16 +22,31 @@ public class WmsaHome {
return new UserAgent(Files.readString(uaPath).trim());
}
public static Path getHomePath() {
var retStr = Optional.ofNullable(System.getenv("WMSA_HOME")).orElse(DEFAULT);
var retStr = Optional.ofNullable(System.getenv("WMSA_HOME")).orElseGet(WmsaHome::findDefaultHomePath);
var ret = Path.of(retStr);
if (!Files.isDirectory(ret)) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Could not find WMSA_HOME, either set environment variable or ensure " + DEFAULT + " exists");
throw new IllegalStateException("Could not find WMSA_HOME, either set environment variable or ensure " + retStr + " exists");
}
return ret;
}
private static String findDefaultHomePath() {
for (Path p = Paths.get("").toAbsolutePath();
Files.exists(p);
p = p.getParent())
{
if (Files.exists(p.resolve("run/env")) && Files.exists(p.resolve("run/setup.sh"))) {
return p.resolve("run").toString();
}
}
return "/var/lib/wmsa";
}
public static HostsFile getHostsFile() {
Path hostsFile = getHomePath().resolve("conf/hosts");
if (Files.isRegularFile(hostsFile)) {

9
run/setup.sh
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@ -14,15 +14,18 @@ function download_model {
pushd $(dirname $0)
cp -r template/conf .
mkdir -p model logs db samples install vol/ir/{0,1}/ vol/iw/{0,1}/search-sets
mkdir -p model logs db samples install vol/ir/{0,1}/ vol/iw/{0,1}/search-sets data
download_model model/English.DICT https://raw.githubusercontent.com/datquocnguyen/RDRPOSTagger/master/Models/POS/English.DICT
download_model model/English.RDR https://raw.githubusercontent.com/datquocnguyen/RDRPOSTagger/master/Models/POS/English.RDR
download_model model/opennlp-sentence.bin https://mirrors.estointernet.in/apache/opennlp/models/ud-models-1.0/opennlp-en-ud-ewt-sentence-1.0-1.9.3.bin
download_model model/opennlp-tokens.bin https://mirrors.estointernet.in/apache/opennlp/models/ud-models-1.0/opennlp-en-ud-ewt-tokens-1.0-1.9.3.bin
download_model model/IP2LOCATION-LITE-DB1.CSV.ZIP https://download.ip2location.com/lite/IP2LOCATION-LITE-DB1.CSV.ZIP
download_model model/ngrams.bin https://downloads.marginalia.nu/model/ngrams.bin
download_model model/tfreq-new-algo3.bin https://downloads.marginalia.nu/model/tfreq-new-algo3.bin
download_model data/IP2LOCATION-LITE-DB1.CSV.ZIP https://download.ip2location.com/lite/IP2LOCATION-LITE-DB1.CSV.ZIP && unzip data/IP2LOCATION-LITE-DB1.CSV.ZIP -d data
mkdir -p data
cp -r template/conf .
popd

214
run/test-data/AREA Ratings for The Napoleonic Wars (2002).html Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
<html>
<head>
<title>AREA Ratings for The Napoleonic Wars (2002)</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>AREA Site Links</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="./#_">AREA Home Page</a>
<li><a href="title.html#_">Game Index by Title</a>
<li><a href="id.html#_">Member Index by AREA ID</a>
<li><a href="name.html#_">Member Index by Name</a>
<li><a href="search.html#_">Search on Member Name, Member AREA ID or Game Title</a>
<li><a href="wbc.html#_">WBC Code Index</a>
<li><a href="opponents.html#_">Locating Opponents</a>
<li><a href="sitemap.html#_">AREA Site Map</a>
</ul>
<h1><a name="_">AREA Ratings for The Napoleonic Wars (2002)</a></h1>
<a href="A_NAW.html#_">Switch to alphabetical ordering.</a>
<p>
This game is rated as a <a href="calcexp.html#WTA">winner take all multiplayer game</a>.
<p>
To report results for this game you can send email to
<a href="mailto:area-game-naw-1637934234@wolff.to">area-game-naw-1637934234@wolff.to</a>.
(Note as a messure to reduce spam, this address will only work for 8 hours.)
<p>Last updated 2016-09-08.
<h2>Related Web Pages</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.boardgamers.org/yearbkex/nw5pge.htm">WBC Event: (NW5) Napoleonic Wars 5-player</a>
<li><a href="http://www.boardgamers.org/yearbkex/nw2pge.htm">WBC Event: (NW2) Napoleonic Wars 2-player</a>
</ul>
<h2>Game skill information</h2>
<table><col><col align="right" span="2">
<thead><tr><th>Skill Metric<th>Value<th>Population count<tbody>
<tr><td><a href="stddev10.html#NAW">Standard Deviation for 10+ rated games</a><td>323<td>38
<tr><td><a href="stddev.html#NAW">Standard Deviation for any rated games</a><td>171<td>190
<tr><td><a href="mean.html#NAW">Mean for any rated games</a><td>5001<td>190
</table>
<h2>Active Player List</h2>
There are no active players for this game.
<h2>Inactive Player List</h2>
<table><col align="left" span="2"><col align="right" span="6"><col align="left">
<thead><tr><th>AREA ID<th>Name<th>Rating<th>Frequency<th>Opponents<th>Remote play<th>Tournaments<th>Remote Competitions<th>Active date<tbody>
<tr><td><a name="AF001" href="P_AF001.html#NAW">AF001</a><td>Field, Arthur<td>5863<td>58<td>28<td>4<td>1<td>1<td>2013-06-23
<tr><td><a name="66666" href="P_66666.html#NAW">66666</a><td>Emery, John P<td>5783<td>101<td>68<td>0<td>8<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="CORAL" href="P_CORAL.html#NAW">Coral</a><td>Sherwood, David<td>5718<td>81<td>24<td>4<td>2<td>1<td>2016-06-19
<tr><td><a name="29681.50" href="P_29681.50.html#NAW">29681.50</a><td>Young, Bruce R<td>5645<td>110<td>57<td>0<td>6<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="W3865" href="P_W3865.html#NAW">W3865</a><td>Hurda, Al<td>5564<td>23<td>38<td>0<td>5<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="75025.60" href="P_75025.60.html#NAW">75025.60</a><td>Sudy, Kevin<td>5472<td>13<td>25<td>0<td>3<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="W4203" href="P_W4203.html#NAW">W4203</a><td>Tremblay, Rejean<td>5390<td>14<td>34<td>0<td>4<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="21093.03" href="P_21093.03.html#NAW">21093.03</a><td>Sutton, Brian<td>5332<td>14<td>26<td>0<td>4<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="FM007" href="P_FM007.html#NAW">FM007</a><td>Morehouse, Frank<td>5268<td>12<td>21<td>0<td>3<td>1<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="W5210" href="P_W5210.html#NAW">W5210</a><td>Williams, Gareth<td>5234<td>21<td>31<td>3<td>5<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="FSP01" href="P_FSP01.html#NAW">FSP01</a><td>Pfeiffer, F Scott<td>5224<td>55<td>29<td>0<td>3<td>1<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="21044.60" href="P_21044.60.html#NAW">21044.60</a><td>Rothenheber, Ed<td>5220<td>7<td>16<td>0<td>3<td>1<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="21122.51" href="P_21122.51.html#NAW">21122.51</a><td>Shipley, Rich<td>5209<td>20<td>31<td>4<td>5<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="22310.63" href="P_22310.63.html#NAW">22310.63</a><td>Mull, Robert<td>5206<td>4<td>6<td>4<td>1<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="AK002" href="P_AK002.html#NAW">AK002</a><td>Roberts, Lance J<td>5185<td>5<td>7<td>5<td>1<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="KE003" href="P_KE003.html#NAW">KE003</a><td>Emery, Kevin<td>5181<td>15<td>23<td>0<td>5<td>1<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="EA005" href="P_EA005.html#NAW">EA005</a><td>Alexopoulos, Eric<td>5164<td>3<td>9<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="MLD92" href="P_MLD92.html#NAW">MLD92</a><td>Dauer, Michael L<td>5155<td>14<td>31<td>0<td>4<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="AFCDU" href="P_AFCDU.html#NAW">AFCDU</a><td>Councilman, Allen<td>5115<td>4<td>6<td>0<td>0<td>0<td>2012-10-27
<tr><td><a name="21015.01" href="P_21015.01.html#NAW">21015.01</a><td>Maly, Andrew R<td>5110<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>1<td>2013-08-04
<tr><td><a name="HONOR" href="P_HONOR.html#NAW">Honor</a><td>Day, Michael E<td>5109<td>84<td>29<td>5<td>3<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="JI024" href="P_JI024.html#NAW">JI024</a><td>Kehrer, Jordan<td>5109<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="EATON" href="P_EATON.html#NAW">Eaton</a><td>Eaton, Jim<td>5102<td>1<td>2<td>1<td>1<td>1<td>2013-06-23
<tr><td><a name="W5703" href="P_W5703.html#NAW">W5703</a><td>Courtright, Robert G<td>5100<td>1<td>2<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="07731.30" href="P_07731.30.html#NAW">07731.30</a><td>Kaplan, Allen<td>5100<td>1<td>2<td>0<td>1<td>1<td>2013-08-04
<tr><td><a name="17554.40" href="P_17554.40.html#NAW">17554.40</a><td>Hess, Lane<td>5098<td>11<td>20<td>0<td>3<td>1<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="NEDZA" href="P_NEDZA.html#NAW">Nedza</a><td>Nedza, Scott<td>5087<td>5<td>4<td>0<td>0<td>0<td>2011-07-01
<tr><td><a name="CBULB" href="P_CBULB.html#NAW">CBulb</a><td>Day, Rachael M<td>5086<td>5<td>12<td>4<td>1<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="SG017" href="P_SG017.html#NAW">SG017</a><td>Gregor, Seth<td>5080<td>2<td>7<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="01371" href="P_01371.html#NAW">01371</a><td>Young, George<td>5080<td>5<td>13<td>3<td>2<td>1<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="JJJJJ" href="P_JJJJJ.html#NAW">JJJJJ</a><td>Jennings, James F<td>5077<td>1<td>5<td>0<td>0<td>0<td>2011-12-10
<tr><td><a name="01993.67" href="P_01993.67.html#NAW">01993.67</a><td>Wagner, Nathan<td>5074<td>2<td>8<td>0<td>2<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="DARK1" href="P_DARK1.html#NAW">Dark1</a><td>Banks, William<td>5072<td>2<td>8<td>0<td>1<td>1<td>2013-08-04
<tr><td><a name="01303" href="P_01303.html#NAW">01303</a><td>Miller, Jeffrey D<td>5071<td>2<td>4<td>2<td>1<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="TRW02" href="P_TRW02.html#NAW">TRW02</a><td>Wilcox, Trevor<td>5069<td>2<td>4<td>0<td>0<td>0<td>2011-07-01
<tr><td><a name="08243.30" href="P_08243.30.html#NAW">08243.30</a><td>Boisvert, John<td>5064<td>3<td>12<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="07740.30" href="P_07740.30.html#NAW">07740.30</a><td>Duffy, Patrick<td>5060<td>20<td>32<td>3<td>5<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="W3997" href="P_W3997.html#NAW">W3997</a><td>Hyett, Wade<td>5058<td>3<td>8<td>0<td>1<td>1<td>2013-08-04
<tr><td><a name="GA001" href="P_GA001.html#NAW">GA001</a><td>Andrews, Gary<td>5049<td>3<td>11<td>0<td>2<td>0<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="W4922" href="P_W4922.html#NAW">W4922</a><td>Appel, Joe<td>5047<td>3<td>11<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="17601.62" href="P_17601.62.html#NAW">17601.62</a><td>Russell, Henry G<td>5044<td>27<td>39<td>3<td>7<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="DBT01" href="P_DBT01.html#NAW">DBT01</a><td>Blumentritt, Daniel P<td>5043<td>4<td>14<td>0<td>2<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="TAMER" href="P_TAMER.html#NAW">Tamer</a><td>Savarick, James W<td>5042<td>11<td>23<td>0<td>5<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="09372" href="P_09372.html#NAW">09372</a><td>Frydas, Nicholas<td>5033<td>4<td>11<td>0<td>2<td>0<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="21237.50" href="P_21237.50.html#NAW">21237.50</a><td>Czawlytko, Francis<td>5028<td>31<td>42<td>0<td>7<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="SF002" href="P_SF002.html#NAW">SF002</a><td>Fenn, Scott<td>5023<td>7<td>12<td>3<td>3<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="60618.30" href="P_60618.30.html#NAW">60618.30</a><td>Doughan, James C<td>5021<td>4<td>14<td>0<td>2<td>0<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="SMC01" href="P_SMC01.html#NAW">SMC01</a><td>McCulloch, Sean T<td>5012<td>3<td>6<td>3<td>1<td>1<td>2013-06-23
<tr><td><a name="21234.02" href="P_21234.02.html#NAW">21234.02</a><td>Speck, Forrest<td>5012<td>3<td>6<td>3<td>1<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="17756.60" href="P_17756.60.html#NAW">17756.60</a><td>Casselberry, Melvin P<td>5010<td>17<td>41<td>0<td>7<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="07871.10" href="P_07871.10.html#NAW">07871.10</a><td>Greenfield, Chris<td>5007<td>5<td>15<td>0<td>3<td>1<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="DE005" href="P_DE005.html#NAW">DE005</a><td>Everitt, Donald<td>4997<td>3<td>6<td>3<td>1<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="22901.02" href="P_22901.02.html#NAW">22901.02</a><td>Koleszar, Steven<td>4982<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="BRIAN" href="P_BRIAN.html#NAW">Brian</a><td>Mountford, Brian G<td>4982<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="12564.01" href="P_12564.01.html#NAW">12564.01</a><td>Nicholson, Dennis D<td>4982<td>4<td>6<td>3<td>2<td>1<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="W4053" href="P_W4053.html#NAW">W4053</a><td>Burless, Bill<td>4979<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="0311A" href="P_0311A.html#NAW">0311A</a><td>Allbert, Aurelia<td>4978<td>6<td>14<td>0<td>2<td>0<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="12603.30" href="P_12603.30.html#NAW">12603.30</a><td>Curtin Jr, Richard<td>4978<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="02181.60" href="P_02181.60.html#NAW">02181.60</a><td>Godfrey, Chris<td>4978<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="MDR01" href="P_MDR01.html#NAW">MDR01</a><td>DeRoo, Marc<td>4976<td>4<td>7<td>4<td>1<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="ML025" href="P_ML025.html#NAW">ML025</a><td>Ledford, Mitchell<td>4976<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="67213.01" href="P_67213.01.html#NAW">67213.01</a><td>Schmittgens, Gregory<td>4976<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="MO001" href="P_MO001.html#NAW">MO001</a><td>Dauphinais, Jim<td>4975<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="JF031" href="P_JF031.html#NAW">JF031</a><td>Ferketic, James<td>4975<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="W3347" href="P_W3347.html#NAW">W3347</a><td>Gurneau, Peter<td>4975<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>1<td>2013-08-04
<tr><td><a name="01999.58" href="P_01999.58.html#NAW">01999.58</a><td>Kilfara, Darren<td>4975<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="W5124" href="P_W5124.html#NAW">W5124</a><td>Killin, Tripp<td>4975<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="12586.60" href="P_12586.60.html#NAW">12586.60</a><td>Law, Daniel<td>4975<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="13088.01" href="P_13088.01.html#NAW">13088.01</a><td>Mahady, Michael<td>4975<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="KM020" href="P_KM020.html#NAW">KM020</a><td>Miller, Kevin<td>4975<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="11731.61" href="P_11731.61.html#NAW">11731.61</a><td>Mossman, Harvey<td>4975<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="MS008" href="P_MS008.html#NAW">MS008</a><td>Smith, Malcolm<td>4972<td>1<td>4<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="33160.60" href="P_33160.60.html#NAW">33160.60</a><td>Brooks, Steven<td>4967<td>1<td>3<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="HB004" href="P_HB004.html#NAW">HB004</a><td>Buchanan, Harold<td>4967<td>1<td>3<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="60477.50" href="P_60477.50.html#NAW">60477.50</a><td>Johnston, Thomas D<td>4967<td>1<td>3<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="11225.01" href="P_11225.01.html#NAW">11225.01</a><td>Stevens, John F<td>4967<td>1<td>3<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="RF009" href="P_RF009.html#NAW">RF009</a><td>Flores, Rob<td>4963<td>1<td>2<td>0<td>0<td>0<td>2011-07-01
<tr><td><a name="ROV01" href="P_ROV01.html#NAW">ROV01</a><td>Vaugh, Rob<td>4963<td>1<td>2<td>0<td>0<td>0<td>2011-07-01
<tr><td><a name="GA009" href="P_GA009.html#NAW">GA009</a><td>Allbert, Geoffrey J<td>4958<td>6<td>12<td>0<td>3<td>0<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="17756.61" href="P_17756.61.html#NAW">17756.61</a><td>Casselberry, Mike<td>4956<td>2<td>8<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="60061.64" href="P_60061.64.html#NAW">60061.64</a><td>Drozd, Ted<td>4956<td>1<td>3<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="W3433" href="P_W3433.html#NAW">W3433</a><td>Engelmann, Noah<td>4955<td>7<td>23<td>0<td>3<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="ST015" href="P_ST015.html#NAW">ST015</a><td>Timpone, Steven<td>4953<td>2<td>7<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="DBRKH" href="P_DBRKH.html#NAW">DBrKh</a><td>Broh-Kahn, Daniel<td>4951<td>2<td>8<td>0<td>2<td>1<td>2013-08-04
<tr><td><a name="JI001" href="P_JI001.html#NAW">JI001</a><td>Izer, Jonathan<td>4951<td>3<td>8<td>0<td>2<td>1<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="W5704" href="P_W5704.html#NAW">W5704</a><td>Courtright, Joseph<td>4950<td>1<td>2<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="W4584" href="P_W4584.html#NAW">W4584</a><td>Driessen, Scott<td>4950<td>1<td>2<td>0<td>1<td>1<td>2013-08-04
<tr><td><a name="WM007" href="P_WM007.html#NAW">WM007</a><td>Mucklow, Wayne<td>4950<td>1<td>2<td>0<td>1<td>1<td>2013-08-04
<tr><td><a name="LMULL" href="P_LMULL.html#NAW">LMull</a><td>Mull, Larry<td>4950<td>1<td>2<td>1<td>1<td>1<td>2013-06-23
<tr><td><a name="W3692" href="P_W3692.html#NAW">W3692</a><td>Wilson, Robert<td>4950<td>1<td>2<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="01999.22" href="P_01999.22.html#NAW">01999.22</a><td>McCarthy, James<td>4949<td>2<td>7<td>0<td>1<td>1<td>2013-08-04
<tr><td><a name="JOB05" href="P_JOB05.html#NAW">JOB05</a><td>Borrie, Joel<td>4948<td>1<td>2<td>0<td>0<td>0<td>2011-07-01
<tr><td><a name="KYG01" href="P_KYG01.html#NAW">KYG01</a><td>Greenwood, Kyle<td>4948<td>2<td>7<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="EAGLE" href="P_EAGLE.html#NAW">Eagle</a><td>Prast, Richard<td>4948<td>8<td>10<td>2<td>1<td>1<td>2015-06-23
<tr><td><a name="TRW01" href="P_TRW01.html#NAW">TRW01</a><td>Wallman, Tracy<td>4948<td>1<td>2<td>0<td>0<td>0<td>2011-07-01
<tr><td><a name="AND01" href="P_AND01.html#NAW">AND01</a><td>Doughan, Andrew<td>4947<td>2<td>8<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="JN008" href="P_JN008.html#NAW">JN008</a><td>Nuwesra, Jonathan<td>4946<td>2<td>7<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="JH036" href="P_JH036.html#NAW">JH036</a><td>Heidman, Jeff<td>4942<td>2<td>7<td>0<td>2<td>1<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="WN003" href="P_WN003.html#NAW">WN003</a><td>Nowak, Walter<td>4942<td>3<td>11<td>0<td>2<td>0<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="BRODY" href="P_BRODY.html#NAW">Brody</a><td>Sherwood, Brody D<td>4940<td>2<td>3<td>0<td>0<td>0<td>2013-07-14
<tr><td><a name="TG006" href="P_TG006.html#NAW">TG006</a><td>Gagnon, Tim<td>4937<td>1<td>2<td>1<td>1<td>1<td>2013-06-23
<tr><td><a name="11040.60" href="P_11040.60.html#NAW">11040.60</a><td>Lawler, James<td>4936<td>2<td>7<td>0<td>2<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="01992.20" href="P_01992.20.html#NAW">01992.20</a><td>McCarthy, Paul<td>4936<td>2<td>6<td>0<td>2<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="11358.50" href="P_11358.50.html#NAW">11358.50</a><td>Stein, Peter<td>4936<td>4<td>10<td>3<td>2<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="W5088" href="P_W5088.html#NAW">W5088</a><td>Morgan, Justin<td>4935<td>7<td>13<td>0<td>2<td>1<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="20814.30" href="P_20814.30.html#NAW">20814.30</a><td>Mingo, Brett<td>4931<td>3<td>11<td>0<td>1<td>1<td>2013-08-04
<tr><td><a name="JB060" href="P_JB060.html#NAW">JB060</a><td>Boisvert, Jim<td>4929<td>3<td>9<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="W5312" href="P_W5312.html#NAW">W5312</a><td>Rodgers-Vargo, Eric<td>4929<td>3<td>8<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="22101.61" href="P_22101.61.html#NAW">22101.61</a><td>Reese, Peter<td>4924<td>3<td>12<td>0<td>2<td>1<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="TB031" href="P_TB031.html#NAW">TB031</a><td>Boisvert, Thomas<td>4923<td>3<td>12<td>0<td>2<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="BP012" href="P_BP012.html#NAW">BP012</a><td>Pisarik, Bart<td>4923<td>3<td>8<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="RO003" href="P_RO003.html#NAW">RO003</a><td>Olsson II, Robert<td>4922<td>3<td>12<td>0<td>3<td>1<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="08043.61" href="P_08043.61.html#NAW">08043.61</a><td>Luongo, Larry<td>4915<td>3<td>11<td>0<td>2<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="21218.10" href="P_21218.10.html#NAW">21218.10</a><td>Burman, Lawrence<td>4914<td>3<td>11<td>0<td>3<td>1<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="LB001" href="P_LB001.html#NAW">LB001</a><td>Bardecki, Llew<td>4910<td>9<td>16<td>0<td>4<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="18301.40" href="P_18301.40.html#NAW">18301.40</a><td>Barcafer, Phillip<td>4909<td>6<td>13<td>4<td>3<td>1<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="W4150" href="P_W4150.html#NAW">W4150</a><td>Rogozinski, Michael<td>4899<td>4<td>13<td>0<td>1<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="2W893" href="P_2W893.html#NAW">2W893</a><td>Benedict, Nicholas<td>4893<td>9<td>17<td>0<td>5<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="00580" href="P_00580.html#NAW">00580</a><td>Edwards III, William B<td>4882<td>3<td>7<td>2<td>1<td>1<td>2013-08-04
<tr><td><a name="2W468" href="P_2W468.html#NAW">2W468</a><td>Long, Dale<td>4879<td>5<td>11<td>0<td>3<td>1<td>2015-08-09
<tr><td><a name="HS006" href="P_HS006.html#NAW">HS006</a><td>Sparks, Herbert G<td>4878<td>5<td>17<td>0<td>3<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="AJS01" href="P_AJS01.html#NAW">AJS01</a><td>Sudy, Alan Joseph<td>4872<td>5<td>9<td>0<td>2<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="WK002" href="P_WK002.html#NAW">WK002</a><td>Kendrick, William<td>4864<td>5<td>18<td>0<td>4<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="JW021" href="P_JW021.html#NAW">JW021</a><td>Wilson, Johnny L<td>4862<td>3<td>6<td>3<td>1<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="00021" href="P_00021.html#NAW">00021</a><td>Cosmas, Graham A<td>4861<td>5<td>15<td>0<td>2<td>0<td>2012-08-05
<tr><td><a name="RM026" href="P_RM026.html#NAW">RM026</a><td>Monk, Randy<td>4854<td>3<td>6<td>3<td>1<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="07023.50" href="P_07023.50.html#NAW">07023.50</a><td>Wixson, Keith M<td>4848<td>15<td>28<td>0<td>4<td>0<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="19382.60" href="P_19382.60.html#NAW">19382.60</a><td>Salvatore, Scott<td>4844<td>6<td>13<td>0<td>2<td>1<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="LTDAN" href="P_LTDAN.html#NAW">LtDan</a><td>Brueland, Dakota<td>4837<td>3<td>5<td>3<td>1<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="W4853" href="P_W4853.html#NAW">W4853</a><td>Burtless, Bill<td>4831<td>19<td>32<td>0<td>5<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="01994.20" href="P_01994.20.html#NAW">01994.20</a><td>Boomer, Jesse G<td>4828<td>16<td>34<td>0<td>5<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="87120.60" href="P_87120.60.html#NAW">87120.60</a><td>Rice III, Henry<td>4817<td>5<td>15<td>2<td>2<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="MAH04" href="P_MAH04.html#NAW">MAH04</a><td>Hodgkinson, Mark G<td>4812<td>7<td>17<td>0<td>2<td>1<td>2013-08-04
<tr><td><a name="55403.62" href="P_55403.62.html#NAW">55403.62</a><td>Abruzzese, Angelo<td>4800<td>25<td>11<td>0<td>0<td>0<td>2016-06-19
<tr><td><a name="21001.62" href="P_21001.62.html#NAW">21001.62</a><td>Burch, Joseph<td>4793<td>6<td>13<td>0<td>3<td>1<td>2013-08-04
<tr><td><a name="22003.64" href="P_22003.64.html#NAW">22003.64</a><td>Rodrigues, Philip<td>4790<td>20<td>44<td>0<td>5<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="08809.01" href="P_08809.01.html#NAW">08809.01</a><td>Gutermuth Jr, Kenneth H<td>4765<td>16<td>26<td>3<td>2<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="22003.50" href="P_22003.50.html#NAW">22003.50</a><td>Clay, Gordon<td>4754<td>4<td>7<td>4<td>1<td>1<td>2013-12-31
<tr><td><a name="TWINE" href="P_TWINE.html#NAW">Twine</a><td>Day, Warren T<td>4739<td>75<td>23<td>5<td>3<td>1<td>2016-07-31
<tr><td><a name="17601.63" href="P_17601.63.html#NAW">17601.63</a><td>Russell, Matthew A<td>4614<td>11<td>18<td>0<td>3<td>1<td>2014-08-10
<tr><td><a name="KR003" href="P_KR003.html#NAW">KR003</a><td>Richards, Ken<td>4517<td>58<td>49<td>3<td>5<td>1<td>2013-12-31
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All actual work will be done on a Linux Xen server hosting a virtual Linux server per student. Ethernet is preferred, wireless is optional. Internet access is required.<br /><br />
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<h2>Black Hat USA 2010 Weekend Training Session</h2>
<h3>July 24 - 25 </h3>
<h2>Black Hat USA 2010 Weekday Training Session</h2>
<h3>July 24 - 27 </h3>
<!--<h2>Black Hat USA 2010 4-day Training Session</h2>
<h3>July 24 - 27 </h3>-->
<h1> Understanding and Deploying DNSSEC </h1>
<h2>Paul Wouters and Patrick Nauber</h2><br />
<a title="Black Hat USA 2010 Registration" href="../registration/bh-us-10-registration.html" >
<img src="../../../images/registernow.png" alt="Register Button" /></a>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>Overview:</strong><br />
<p>Fifteen TLD's, including &quot;.gov&quot; and &quot;.org&quot;, now use DNSSEC, and if all<br />
goes as planned, the root will be signed before Black Hat USA 2010 starts,<br />
with &quot;.com&quot; will follow in 2011. DNSSEC is here to stay, and sooner or<br />
later DNS administrators will have to know how to use it on their zones,<br />
and how to use it for their end-users. The US Government made DNSSEC<br />
mandatory to implement in 2010.</p>
<p>This course will teach the theory of DNSSEC as required from an<br />
operational perspective. You will lean how to use the available DNSSEC<br />
software such as Bind, Unbound and Microsoft DNS. You will learn how to<br />
create and publish a DNSSEC signed domain. And importantly, how to deal<br />
with the DNSSEC key management, the core complexity of using DNSSEC. It<br />
will teach how to configure DNS resolvers to take advantage of DNSSEC with<br />
minimal infrastructure changes. There are many pitfalls to be aware of,<br />
and these will be shown and taught.</p>
<p>The course is given over two days. Both days consist of a theoretical<br />
part and lab session in the morning, and another theoretical part and<br />
lab session in the afternoon.</p>
<p>Participants only need a laptop with an ssh client to participate.</p>
<p><strong>Course Length:</strong> Two days. All course materials, lunch and two coffee breaks will be provided. A Certificate of Completion will be offered. </p>
<h3>Trainers:</h3>
<h4>Paul Wouters</h4> <br />
<p>Paul Wouters has been involved with Linux networking and security since he co-founded the Dutch ISP Xtended Internet back in 1996, where he started working with FreeS/WAN IPsec in 1999 and with DNSSEC for the .nl domain in 2001.</p>
<p>He has been writing since 1997, when his first article about network security was published in LinuxJournal in 1997. Since then, he has written mostly for the Dutch spin-off of the German c't magazine, focusing on Linux, networking and the impact of the digital world on society. Paul is the principle author of the book “Building and Integrating Virtual Private Networks with Openswan”, published by Packt Publishing.</p>
<p>Paul has presented papers at SANS, OSA, CCC, HAL, Black Hat and Defcon, and several other smaller conferences.</p>
<p>He started working for Xelerance in 2003, focusing on IPsec, DNSSEC and delivering trainings.</p>
<p>Paul received a B.Ed Chemistry and Biology from the Noordelijke Hogeschool Leeuwarden in The Netherlands.</p><br />
<h4>Patrick Naubert</h4> <br />
<p>Patrick Naubert has been involved with network security since 1992 when he founded Resudox Online Services, one of the first ISP's in Ottawa, Canada. Patrick also co-founded Milkyway Networks in 1994, and founded Tyger Team Consultants in 1997. As part of Milkway Networks, Patrick installed and configured hundreds of firewall systems. Patrick trained and was responsible for the support of most of Milkway Networks' clients. As the head of Tyger Team Consultants, Patrick was continually involved in clients' vulnerability assessments and network architecture reviews.</p>
<p>In his spare time, Patrick is a CISSP trainer and also teaches Windows Vulnerability Countermeasures.</p>
<p>Patrick graduated from Universite de Sherbrooke in Canada in 1990, Bachelor of Computer Science with a Business minor. Patrick is delighted to have no criminal record at this time. </p><br />
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Early:<br />
Ends May 15</div>
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<p>Regular:<br />
Ends Jun 15</p>
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<p>Late:<br />
Ends Jul 23</p>
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<p ><strong>$2000</strong></p>
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<p ><strong>$2200</strong></p>
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<p ><strong>$2400</strong></p>
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<title>CSc 22000: Algorithms</title>
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</td>
<td align=center valign=top>
<h1 class="head">Fundamental Algorithms</h1>
<h2 class="title">CSc I0600&ndash;Fall 2021</h2>
</td>
<td align=center valign=center width="20%">
<font color=red size="-1">
<a href="http://www.ccny.cuny.edu">The City College of CUNY</a><br>
<a href="http://www-cs.ccny.cuny.edu/">Department of Computer Science</a>
</font>
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<p>
<b>Instructor</b>:
<a href="http://www-cs.ccny.cuny.edu/~fazio/">Prof. Nelly Fazio</a><br>
<b>Lectures</b>: Wednesday, 4:50pm&ndash;7:20pm, Online<br>
<b>Office hours</b>: Thursdays, 11:00am&ndash;12:00pm (and by
appointment), Online<br>
<b> Email</b>: fazio AT cs DOT ccny DOT cuny DOT edu
[<i>Put <font color=red>CScI0600</font> in Subject line</i>]
<hr>
<p class="centered">
[ <a href="#description">Course Description</a> |
<a href="#topics">List of Topics</a> |
<a href="#textbook">Textbook</a> |
<a href="#grading">Work Load & Grading</a> |
<a href="#integrity">CUNY Academic Integrity Policy</a> |
<a href="#assignments">Assignments</a> |
<a href="#schedule">Weekly Schedule</a> ]
</p>
<hr>
<h2 class="subtitle bar"><a name="description"></a>Course Description</h2>
From the course catalog: An intensive study of advanced non-numerical
programming techniques. Data representation; list, tree and string
manipulation algorithms. Recursive programming. Introduction to
searching and sorting. Storage management algorithms. Comparative
efficiency of algorithms.
<p>
Prerequisites: CSc 220.
<h2 class="subtitle bar"><a name="textbook"></a>Textbook</h2>
Required:
<ul>
<li> <b> Introduction to Algorithms. 3rd Edition</b><br>
T. Cormen, C. Leiserson, R. Rivest, C. Stein, 2009.<br>
ISBN-10: 0262033844 <br>
ISBN-13: 978-0262033848
</ul>
<h2 class="subtitle bar"><a name="grading"></a>Work Load & Grading</h2>
<ul>
<li><b>Work load</b><br>
2.5 hrs/week: Class attendance <br>
2.5 hrs/week: Readings<br>
5.0 hrs/week: Assignments
<li><b>Grading</b><br>
10%: Class participation <br>
20%: Quizzes <br>
30%: Midterm (Nov 3)<br>
40%: Final (Dec 15)
</ul>
<b>NOTE:</b> There will be NO make-up or substitute exams</b>
</center>
<h2 class="subtitle bar"><a name="integrity"></a>CUNY Academic Integrity
Policy</h2>
Cheating will not be tolerated. If you cheat, you risk losing your
position as a student in the department and the college. CUNY policy
on academic integrity can be found <a href="https://www.cuny.edu/about/administration/offices/legal-affairs/policies-procedures/academic-integrity-policy">here</a>.
Failure to understand and follow these rules will constitute cheating,
and will be dealt with as per university guidelines.
<h2 class="subtitle bar"><a name="assignments"></a>Assignments</h2>
Posted on blackboard.
<h2 class="subtitle bar"><a name="schedule"></a>Weekly Schedule <font color=red>(tentative)</font></h2>
<div align=center>
<table border=2 cellpadding=2>
<tr>
<td><b>Lecture</b></td>
<td><b>Topic</b></td>
<td><b>Readings</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1</b></td>
<td>Overview. Growth of functions. Asymptotic
notation. InsertionSort.<br>
Divide-and-Conquer. Examples. MergeSort.</td>
<td>CLRS 1&ndash;3 <br>
Review CLRS 10, 11, 12</font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2</b></td>
<td> Solving recurrence: Recursion-tree method. Examples.<br>
More on Divide-and-Conquer: Maximum Subarray. Matrix multiplication.</td>
<td>CLRS 4.1&ndash;4.2, 4.4. <br>
Review Appendix A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>3</b></td>
<td> Solving recurrences: Substitution method. Examples. <br>
Solving recurrences: Master method. Examples.</td>
<td>CLRS 4.3, 4.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>4</b></td>
<td>Sorting Algorithms: Heapsort.</td>
<td>CLRS 6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>5</b></td>
<td>Sorting Algorithms: Quicksort.</td>
<td>CLRS 7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>6</b></td>
<td>More on sorting: Lower bound and beyond.<br>
</td>
<td>CLRS 8</td>
</tr>
<!--<tr>
<td><b>7</b></td>
<td>Balanced Search Trees: Red-Black Trees.</td>
<td>CLRS 13<br>Review CLRS 12</td>
</tr>
-->
<tr>
<td><b>7</b></td>
<td>Balanced Search Trees: B-Trees.</td>
<td>CLRS 18</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>8</b></td>
<td>Dynamic Programming (I). Example: Rod Cutting.
</td>
<td>CLRS 15</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>9</b></td>
<td>Dynamic Programming (II). Example: Longest Common Subsequence.</td>
<td>CLRS 15</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>10</b></td>
<td>
<font color=red>Midterm Exam. (Nov. 3)<font>
</font>
</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>11</b></td>
<td>Greedy Algorithms. Huffman Codes.</td>
<td>CLRS 16</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>12</b></td>
<td>Graphs. BFS and DFS.
Topological Sort. SCC.</td>
<td>CLRS 22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>13</b></td>
<td>Minimum Spanning Trees.</td>
<td>CLRS 23</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>14</b></td>
<td>Shortest Paths: Bellman-Ford algorithm. <br>
Single-Source Shortest Paths for DAGs + Dijkstra.<br>
All-Pairs Shortest Paths: Floyd-Warshall.</td>
<td>CLRS 24, 25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><font color=red>Final Exam, Dec 15, 2021, 5:00-7:20pm</font></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<hr>
<p>
Copyright &copy; <a href="">Nelly Fazio</a>
</body>
</html>

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<h1 id="1">Old and New [ 2021-11-12 ]</h1>
<br>
I've been thinking recently about the emphasis put on "new", specifically for search engines, but the discussion has some merit even in a wider context. I will start wide and narrow down.<br>
<br>
It is common to conflate new with good, and most being young sometime between 1950-2000 will indeed have seen marvellous improvements in quality of life and technology with each passing year. In the light of that, it's at least easy to explain how one might confuse the two. <br>
<br>
Some even came to think that this period of stable prosperity, unlike the others that came before it, is somehow an exception, or that we are all an exception set apart from history. In practice and like all the other periods of stable prosperity, it seems to have been a historical fluke, a trend that if it hasn't outright reversed, has at least slowed down significantly. Change is inevitable, improvement is not.<br>
<br>
When something that we thought brought prosperity stops working, we have the unfortunate habit of doubling down on what is no longer working. Human sacrifice no longer appeases the gods? Sacrifice more humans! Change stopped bringing prosperity? Worship change harder.<br>
<br>
Progress has brought so many gifts that nobody seems to have even thought of asking the question "toward what?" Progress implies if not a destiny at least some destination. Well what do I know, maybe there is some MC Escher-alternative where we can keep progressing at the same rate forever toward nothing in particular.<br>
<br>
That was a bit of a tangent, but the point is that there is really no reason to think that new things are better or worse than old things. Oftentimes, the way things have gotten old is that they have worked so well nobody thought to replace them. In all times, there were good and bad things. The bad things rarely stick around, which means that the old things that do linger often have good reason to do so. The bar for good that new things must overcome keeps getting higher.<br>
<br>
The opposite isn't true either, old isn't necessarily better. The axes of old/new, good/bad are probably mostly orthogonal. <br>
<br>
<h2 id="1.1">Recency in Search</h2>
<br>
It seems important to some search engine developers, to pick up on changes very quickly. <br>
<br>
For of search results, oftentimes new is completely irrelevant. If I'm looking for a recipe, does it matter if it's a new recipe? Do I even want the newest recipe? Isn't it a selling point that it's your grandma's original recipe. I may want a novel recipe, one that I haven't tried, but that is not the same as saying it was just published. Of course it is a good thing if the food I eat is new, but food is perishable in a way that a recipe is not.<br>
<br>
The ones that mostly stand to benefit from search results being fresh are the websites. They want to make changes in people's behavior by making changes to their site. They want to watch in near real-time how the visitors come pouring in. Does that actually benefit the users in any way? <br>
<br>
Even in the case of news, new isn't always better. More often than not, news articles that deal with a current topic consist almost entirely of speculation, rumor, gossip and opinion. If ever, it is only much later, once the dust has settled that balanced factual information gets printed.<br>
<br>
From a practical standpoint, the most recently published documents are the documents a search engine knows the least about. They could be good or they could be bad. Keeping up with changes seems like a job for RSS. A search engine stands to benefit from being far more judicious.<br>
<br>
<h2 id="1.2">Topic</h2>
<br>
<a class="internal" href="/topic/astrolabe.gmi">/topic/astrolabe.gmi</a><br>
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<a href="#1" class="heading-1">1 Old and New [ 2021-11-12 ]</a>
<a href="#1.1" class="heading-2">1.1 Recency in Search</a>
<a href="#1.2" class="heading-2">1.2 Topic</a>
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<P><CENTER><B><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="+3" FACE="TIMES NEW ROMAN">the
napoleonic wars</FONT><FONT
COLOR="#000000" SIZE="+4" FACE="TIMES NEW ROMAN"> </FONT><FONT
COLOR="#000000" FACE="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT><FONT COLOR="#ffffff"
FACE="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT><FONT SIZE="+4" FACE="TIMES NEW ROMAN"><A
HREF="../century.htm"><IMG SRC="../images/Century.jpg" WIDTH="50"
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<CENTER>
<i><FONT COLOR="#000000" FACE="Times New Roman">Updated
April 25, 2014</FONT></i>
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<P><CENTER><B><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="+3">2013 WBC Report</FONT></B><FONT
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<!-- Detail Row 2 -->
<TD COLSPAN="2">
<P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="+1">&nbsp;</FONT><B><FONT COLOR="#000000"
SIZE="+1" FACE="TIMES NEW ROMAN">2014 Status: </FONT><FONT SIZE="+4"
FACE="TIMES NEW ROMAN"><A HREF="../century.htm"><IMG SRC="../images/Century.jpg"
WIDTH="50" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></A></FONT><FONT
COLOR="#000000" SIZE="+4" FACE="TIMES NEW ROMAN"> </FONT><FONT
COLOR="#000000" SIZE="+1" FACE="TIMES NEW ROMAN">pending 2014
</FONT><FONT SIZE="+1" FACE="TIMES NEW ROMAN"><A HREF="../orphans.htm">GM</A></FONT><FONT
COLOR="#000000" SIZE="+1" FACE="TIMES NEW ROMAN"> commitment</FONT></B></CENTER></TD>
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<TD HEIGHT="16">
<P><CENTER><B><FONT COLOR="#0000ff">Francis Czawlytko, MD</FONT></B></CENTER></TD>
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<P><CENTER><B><FONT COLOR="#0000ff">2013 Champion</FONT></B></CENTER></TD>
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<A HREF="http://www.boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/3409/the-napoleonic-wars"><IMG
SRC="/images/button-bgg.jpg" WIDTH="38" HEIGHT="38"
ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></A> <A HREF="http://talk.consimworld.com/WebX?8@@.ee6e9b5"><IMG
SRC="/images/button-csw.jpg" WIDTH="38" HEIGHT="39"
ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></A> <A HREF="http://www.gmtgames.com/t-GMTLivingRules.aspx#tnw"><IMG
SRC="/images/button-download.jpg" WIDTH="38"
HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></A></B></P>
<P><A HREF="https://sites.google.com/site/wilphe/home/tnw-2-5-2012"><B><IMG
SRC="/images/button-pbem.jpg" WIDTH="38" HEIGHT="38"
ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></B></A><B> <A
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<A HREF="../specific/wat08.htm"><IMG SRC="/images/button-wat.jpg"
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<P><A HREF="http://acts.warhorsesim.com/"><B><IMG SRC="/images/button-whs.jpg"
WIDTH="38" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></B></A><B>&nbsp;<A
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WIDTH="38" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></A></B>
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<TH COLSPAN="5"><FONT COLOR="#000080">Event History</FONT></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../yearbook03/nw5pge.htm">2003</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">Forrest Speck</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">67</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../yearbook04/nw5pge.htm">2004</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">David Gantt</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">64</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><A HREF="../yearbook05/nw5pge.htm"><FONT SIZE="-1">2005</FONT></A></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">Ed Rothenheber</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">50</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../yearbook06/nw5pge.htm">2006</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">Melvin Casselberry</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">55</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../yearbook07/nw5pge.htm">2007</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">Scott Fenn</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">52</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../yearbook08/nw5pge.htm">2008</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">Lane Hess</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">46</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><A HREF="../yearbook09/nw5pge.htm"><FONT SIZE="-1">2009</FONT></A></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">Henry Russell</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">45</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../yearbook10/nw5pge.htm">2010</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">Mike Casselberry</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">45</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../yearbook11/NW5pge.htm">2011</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">Bruce Young</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">54</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><A HREF="../yearbook12/NW5pge.htm"><FONT SIZE="-1">2012</FONT></A></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">John Emery</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">48</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="20"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../yearbook13/NW5pge.htm">2013</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="20">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="20"><FONT SIZE="-1">Francis Czawlytko</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="20">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="20"><FONT SIZE="-1">50</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></P>
<P><TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="2" CELLPADDING="0" HEIGHT="158"
WIDTH="206">
<!-- AREA Table -->
<TR>
<TH COLSPAN="5"><A HREF="../specific/wat08.htm">Waterloo</A><FONT
COLOR="#000080"> Event History</FONT></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../specific/wat03.htm">2003</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">BruceYoung</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">24</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../specific/wat04.htm">2004</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">Scott Moll</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">14</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../specific/wat05.htm">2005</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">Mark Hodgkinson</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp; <IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">24</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../specific/wat06.htm">2006</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">Kevin Sudy</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">32</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../specific/wat07.htm">2007</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">Kevin Sudy</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="21"><FONT SIZE="-1">28</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="20"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../specific/wat08.htm">2008</A></FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="20">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8"
HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="20"><FONT SIZE="-1">John Emery</FONT></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="20">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif"
WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="20"><FONT SIZE="-1">24</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="2" CELLPADDING="0" HEIGHT="42"
WIDTH="206">
<!-- AREA Table -->
<TR>
<TH COLSPAN="5"><FONT COLOR="#000080">PBeM Event History</FONT></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="20"><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="../yearbook14/nw5pge.htm">2014</A></FONT></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8"
NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD><FONT SIZE="-1">Rob Mull</FONT></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/redball.gif" WIDTH="8" HEIGHT="8"
NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD><FONT SIZE="-1">34</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<p>&nbsp;</p></TD>
<TD WIDTH="225" ALIGN="CENTER" VALIGN="TOP" BGCOLOR="#c0c0c0">
<P><TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="2" CELLPADDING="0" HEIGHT="40"
WIDTH="250">
<!-- AREA Table -->
<TR>
<TH COLSPAN="5"><A HREF="http://www.boardgamers.org/laurels.htm"><IMG
SRC="../images/laurel.jpg" WIDTH="20" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM"
BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></A>&nbsp;<A HREF="http://www.boardgamers.org/laurels.htm">Laurels</A></TH>
</TR>
</TABLE></P>
<PRE><B><U>Rank Name From Last Total</U></B>
1. Bruce Young SC 11 206
2. John Emery SC 13 198
3. Lane Hess PA 13 157
4. Ed Rothenheber MD 12 111
<U> 5. Francis Czawlytko MD 13 104</U>
6. Henry Russell PA 10 102
7. Melvin Casselberry PA 11 99
8. Scott Moll VA 05 80
9. Mike Casselberry PA 10 60
<U> 10. David Gantt SC 04 60</U>
11. Forrest Speck MD 03 60
12. Scott Fenn MD 14 55
13. Rob Mull CO 14 50
14. Mark Hodgkinson au 05 50
<U> 15. Scott Pfeiffer SC 08 48</U>
16. Lance Roberts AK 14 42
17. Bryan Collars SC 04 38
18. Tom Eskey MD 11 36
19. John Haas PA 03 36
<U> 20. Pat Duffy VA 08 32</U>
21. Frank Morehouse PA 13 30
22. Brian Sutton MD 12 30
23. Jim Savarick PA 11 30
24. Kevin Sudy VA 12 25
<U> 25. Harry Theodore NY 09 24</U>
26. Jesse Boomer KS 09 24
27. Jason White VA 04 24
28. Mark McCandless CT 03 24
29. Rich Shipley MD 14 20
<U> 30. Nick Frydas uk 11 18</U>
31. Daniel Broh-Kahn MD 10 18
32. Joe Burch MD 06 18
33. Josh Githens SC 04 18
34. Charley Hickok PA 04 17
<U> 35. Richard Beyma MD 08 16</U>
36. Keith Wixson NJ 04 16
37. Michael Day AZ 14 15
38. Chris Greenfield NY 13 15
39. Brian Sutton MD 07 15
<U> 40. James Eaton LA 03 15</U>
41. William Burch MD 04 14
42. Steve Jansen MD 05 12
43. George Young UT 03 12
44. Rachael Day AZ 14 10
<U> 45. Al Hurda on 12 10</U>
46. Alan Sudy VA 07 10
47. Fred Schachter NY 05 10
48. Kevin Emery SC 10 6
49. Robert Vollman ab 06 6
<U> 50. Edward Kendrick uk 03 6</U>
51. Daniel Blumentritt TX 13 5</PRE> </TD>
</TR><!--***** END MASTERTABLE, MasterROW 2 *****-->
<TR>
<TD COLSPAN="3" BGCOLOR="#c0c0c0">
<P><CENTER><TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="2" CELLPADDING="0">
<TR>
<TH>
<P ALIGN=LEFT><FONT COLOR="#000080" SIZE="+2">2013 Laurelists&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<I>Repeating
Laurelists:</I> </FONT><IMG SRC="../images/laurel.jpg" WIDTH="20"
HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"><IMG
SRC="../images/laurel.jpg" WIDTH="20" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM"
BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TABLE BORDER="1" BGCOLOR="GRAY" CELLSPACING="2" CELLPADDING="0">
<TR>
<!-- PAST WINNERS, ROW 1 -->
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" BGCOLOR="#c0c0c0" VALIGN="TOP">
<P><IMG SRC="/wingm/Morehouse_Frank_10.jpg" WIDTH="130"
HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">Frank Morehouse, PA<BR>
</FONT><B><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="+1">2</FONT><FONT COLOR="#000000"
SIZE="-1">nd</FONT></B>
</TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" BGCOLOR="#c0c0c0" VALIGN="TOP">
<P><IMG SRC="/wingm/HessLane.jpg" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="173"
ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></P>
<P><I><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">Lane Hess, PA<BR>
</FONT></I><B><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="+1">3</FONT><FONT COLOR="#000000"
SIZE="-1">rd</FONT></B>
</TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" BGCOLOR="#c0c0c0" VALIGN="TOP">
<P><IMG SRC="/wingm/Greefield_Chris.jpg" WIDTH="130"
HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">Chris Greenfield, NY<BR>
</FONT><B><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="+1">4</FONT><FONT COLOR="#000000"
SIZE="-1">th</FONT></B>
</TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" BGCOLOR="#c0c0c0" VALIGN="TOP">
<P><IMG SRC="/wingm/EmeryJ.jpg" WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="173"
ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></P>
<P><I><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">John Emery, SC<BR>
</FONT></I><B><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="+1">5</FONT><FONT COLOR="#000000"
SIZE="-1">th</FONT></B>
</TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" BGCOLOR="#c0c0c0" VALIGN="TOP">
<P><IMG SRC="/wingm/Blumentritt_Daniel_11.jpg" WIDTH="130"
HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">Daniel Blumentritt, TX<BR>
</FONT><B><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="+1">6</FONT><FONT COLOR="#000000"
SIZE="-1">th</FONT></B>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE><TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="2" CELLPADDING="0">
<TR>
<TH><FONT COLOR="#000080" SIZE="+2">Past Winners</FONT></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TABLE BORDER="1" BGCOLOR="GRAY" CELLSPACING="2" CELLPADDING="0"
WIDTH="99%" HEIGHT="459">
<TR>
<!-- PAST WINNERS, ROW 1 -->
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" BGCOLOR="#cccccc" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="146"
HEIGHT="226">
<P><IMG SRC="/wingm/Speck_Forrest_13.jpg" WIDTH="130"
HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></P>
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">Forrest Speck, MD<BR>
<B>2003</B></FONT>
</TD>
<TD ALIGN="CENTER" BGCOLOR="#cccccc" VALIGN="TOP" WIDTH="146"
HEIGHT="226"><IMG SRC="/wingm/Gantt_D.jpg" WIDTH="130"
HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3">
<P><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">David Gantt, SC<BR>
<B>2004</B></FONT>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH="146" BGCOLOR="#cccccc" HEIGHT="226">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/wingm/RothenhE.jpg" WIDTH="130"
HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">Ed Rothenheber, MD<BR>
<B>2005</B></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH="146" BGCOLOR="#cccccc" HEIGHT="226">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/wingm/CasslbyM.jpg" WIDTH="130"
HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">Melvin Casselberry,
PA<BR>
<B>2006</B></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH="8" BGCOLOR="#cccccc" HEIGHT="226">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/wingm/Fenn_Scott_10.jpg" WIDTH="130"
HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">Scott Fenn, MD<BR>
<B>2007</B></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="224" BGCOLOR="#cccccc">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/wingm/HessLane.jpg" WIDTH="130"
HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">Lane Hess, PA<BR>
<B>2008</B></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="224" BGCOLOR="#cccccc">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/wingm/RussellH.jpg" WIDTH="130"
HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">Henry Russell, PA<BR>
<B>2009</B></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="224" BGCOLOR="#cccccc">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/wingm/Casselberry_Mike.jpg" WIDTH="130"
HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">Mike Casselberry,
PA<BR>
<B>2010</B></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="224" BGCOLOR="#cccccc">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/wingm/YoungBru.jpg" WIDTH="130"
HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">Bruce Young, SC<BR>
<B>2011</B></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD HEIGHT="224" BGCOLOR="#cccccc">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/wingm/EmeryJ.jpg" WIDTH="130"
HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="2" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000" SIZE="-1">John Emery, SC<BR>
<B>2012</B></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE><TABLE CELLPADDING="3" BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="740">
<TR>
<TD>
<P><CENTER><TABLE WIDTH="750" BORDER="1" CELLSPACING="2" CELLPADDING="0">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="100%">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/candids/CD13-NW5-03.jpg"
WIDTH="729" HEIGHT="297" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="100%">
<P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1">&nbsp;Patrick Duffy, defending champ
John Emery and Ed Rothenheber</FONT></CENTER></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE><TABLE WIDTH="750" BORDER="1" CELLSPACING="2" CELLPADDING="0"
HEIGHT="276">
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="251">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/candids/CD13-NW5-01.jpg"
WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="240" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></TD>
<TD>
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/candids/CD13-NW5-05.jpg"
WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="240" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="16">
<P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1">Henry Russell, Joe Burch and Jim Savarick</FONT></CENTER></TD>
<TD>
<P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1">Calling out the Guard against the
Brits ... </FONT></CENTER></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><B><FONT SIZE="+2"><IMG SRC="/candids/CD13-NW5-07.jpg"
WIDTH="432" HEIGHT="576" ALIGN="RIGHT" BORDER="1" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3">Go
directly to St Helena, do not pass Elba, do not collect 100 days
...</FONT></B></CENTER></P>
<P>It was not a good year to be French. Even when uttered by
an Englishman that seemed to be true.</P>
<P>Monday night certainly belonged to the Tsar, with his men
picking up four victories, Justin Morgan leading the way with
eight VP. No would be Emperor finished better than fourth with
defending champion John Emery coming in dead last among the 30
players on hand with his -7 night. </P>
<P>Tuesday night attendance picked up, with the the British logging
three victories, the French two and Austria and Prussia splitting
the last two. Lane Hess scored best with a reported +8 whilst
John Emery bounced back with a decidedly better night for the
French win in the sole 4-player game. Four others tied for the
wooden spoon with -2 nights. Three new players participated in
the demo, in which the Hapsburg-Romanov Axis of Autocracy claimed
a narrow win.</P>
<P>Thursday continued a strong recovery on last year's numbers
which were depressed by the great AC Failure/Ice Cream conspiracy
of 2012. There was no thunderstorm. Rather, it was Fouche behind
the curtain rattling a sheet of aluminium. Anyway, the Prussian's
had their day and scored three victories while the British and
French managed one each. Chris Greenfield, Melvin Casselberry
and Wade Hyatt all scored eight VP for the evening's top honors.
Al Hurda's French brought up the rear with a -7 long night.</P>
<P>20 players appeared for the semifinals and the consensus was
overwhelming for four 5-player games rather than five 4's. While
2012 saw most people fond of Britain as first choice and witnessed
a France win, this year proved different. Again, Britain was
the popular pick, but it was Prussia that would prevail. True
to their form so far, France was everyone's third pick. </P>
<P><IMG SRC="/candids/CD13-NW5-14.jpg"
WIDTH="372" HEIGHT="467" ALIGN="LEFT" BORDER="1" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3">Three
winners and two runners-up would advance. Daniel Blumentritt
scored a win as Prussia with the fifth pick but was unable to
continue. The reigning champion had first draft rights and again
chose France, no doubt envisioning another one-turn blitz such
as brought him the crown in 2012. Frank Morehouse then selected
Britain and Lane Hess opted for Russia. Of the qualifying runners-up,
Francis Czawlytko chose Austria, leaving Prussia to Chris Greenfield. </P>
<P>Unlike last year's drought stricken Final, this one went four
rounds, and at the end of it France lay broken. Austria just
pipped Britain to the victory, enabling Francis to claim the
both the win and the vial of earth from Waterloo. This makes
Nappy the one game where you get sand for coming first.</P>
<P><B>Stats (5-player games only)</B></P>
<P><B>Wins</B>: Prussia 7, Britain 6, Russia 4, France 3, Austria
2</P>
<P><B>Best Winning Score/Worst Results:</B></P>
<P><B>France</B>: John Emery +10 / John Emery &shy; &quot;Lots&quot;
(Final)</P>
<P><B>Britain</B>: Chris Greenfield +8 (Semi) / Phil Rodrigues
(Semi) &amp; Justin Morgan -1</P>
<P><B>Austria</B>: Francis Czawlytko +11 (Final) / Noah Engelmann
-5</P>
<P><B>Russia</B>: Justin Morgan +8 / Rob Olsson -2</P>
<P><B>Prussia</B>: Wade Hyatt +8 / Dale Long -1</P>
<P><CENTER><TABLE WIDTH="750" BORDER="1" CELLSPACING="2" CELLPADDING="0"
HEIGHT="314">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="33%" HEIGHT="253">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/candids/CD13-NW5-06.jpg"
WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="240" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></TD>
<TD WIDTH="33%" HEIGHT="253">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/candids/CD13-NW5-11.jpg"
WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="240" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="33%" HEIGHT="16">
<P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1">Bill Banks, Llew Bardecki, Nick Benedict
and Mark Hodgkinson march to the guns.</FONT></CENTER></TD>
<TD WIDTH="33%" HEIGHT="16">
<P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1">Al Hurda, Francis Czawlytko, Bruce
Young, Scott Pfeiffer and Kevin Emery</FONT></CENTER></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="16">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/candids/CD13-NW5-12.jpg"
WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="240" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16">
<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="/candids/CD13-NW5-15.jpg"
WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="240" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></CENTER></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD HEIGHT="16">
<P><CENTER>&nbsp;<FONT SIZE="-1">Poor Daniel Blumentritt is outnumbered
by Mafia 3-1.</FONT></CENTER></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16">
<P><CENTER>&nbsp;<FONT SIZE="-1">The finalists before the blood
lettin'</FONT></CENTER></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<hr>
<p align="left"><I><a name="pbem" id="pbem"></a></I><A
HREF="http://www.abovethefields.com/top_pbem/"><IMG SRC="../images/email.jpg"
WIDTH="78" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="1" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></A>&nbsp;<B><FONT
SIZE="+2"><i><img src="/wingm/Mull_Rob_06.jpg" width="130"
height="173" align="RIGHT" border="2" naturalsizeflag="3"></i>Play By Email 2014</FONT></B></p>
<P align="left">A rather ambitious hybrid format consisting of three 3-player
games with each player playing a different side once followed
by the top six engaging in 2-player elimination rounds has ended
with Rob Mull triumphant over Lance Roberts with a French +10
VP win following a Turn 3 Peace die roll. The field of 34 also
provided laurels for Rich Shipley, Michael Day, Rachael Day and
Scott Fenn respectively finishing third through sixth.
</CENTER> </TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</CENTER></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD COLSPAN="3" BGCOLOR="#c0c0c0"><TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="2"
CELLPADDING="0" width="100%">
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="2"><FONT COLOR="#008000" SIZE="+3" FACE="TIMES NEW ROMAN">&nbsp;GM&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="200">&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/soldier.gif"
WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM"> &nbsp;<FONT
SIZE="-1">Gareth Williams &nbsp;[2nd Year]</FONT></TD>
<TD><IMG SRC="../images/house.gif" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"
ALIGN="BOTTOM"> &nbsp;&nbsp;<FONT SIZE="-1">NA</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../images/screen.gif" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14"
NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALIGN="BOTTOM"> &nbsp;<FONT SIZE="-1"><A
HREF="mailto:wilphe@gmail.com">wilphe@gmail.com</A></FONT></TD>
<TD><IMG SRC="../images/phone.gif" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"
ALIGN="BOTTOM">&nbsp;&nbsp; <FONT SIZE="-1">NA&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE><!--***** END MASTERTABLE *****-->
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="/yearbkex13/">2013 Previews</A> | <A HREF="key.htm">View the Icon Key</A> | <A HREF="/index.htm"TARGET="_top">Return to main BPA page</A></CENTER>
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<center><h3>Plato: Education and the Value of Justice</h3></center>
</div><h4><a name="women">Men and Women</a></h4><div>
<p>As an account of political organization on the larger scale, <a href="../ph/plat.htm"><em>Plato</em></a>'s defense of an aristocratic government was unlikely to win broad approval in democratic Athens.
He used the characters Glaucon and Adeimantus to voice practical objections against the plan.
They are especially concerned (as Plato's Athenian contemporaries may well have been) with some of its provisions for the guardian class,
including the participation of both men and women, the elimination of families, and the education of children.
<p>Most fifth-century Greeks, like many twentieth-century Americans, supposed that natural differences between males and females of the human species entail a significant differentiation of their proper social roles.
Although Plato granted that men and women are different in height, strength, and similar qualities, he noted that these differences are not universal;
that is, for example, although it may be true that most men are taller than most women, there are certainly some women who are taller than many men.
What is more, he denied that there is any systematic difference between men and women with respect to the abilities relevant to guardianship&#0151;the capacity to understand reality and make reasonable judgments about it.
(<a target="new" href="http://plato.evansville.edu/texts/jowett/republic19.htm#454d"><cite>Republic</cite> 454d</a>)
Thus, Plato maintained that prospective guardians, both male and female, should receive the same education and be assigned to the same vital functions within the society.
<p>In addition, Plato believed that the interests of the state are best preserved if children are raised and educated by the society as a whole, rather than by their biological parents.
So he proposed a simple (if startlingly unfamiliar) scheme for the breeding, nurturing, and training of children in the guardian class.
(Note that the same children who are not permitted to watch and listen to "dangerous" art are encouraged to witness first-hand the violence of war.)
The presumed pleasures of family life, Plato held, are among the benefits that the higher classes of a society must be prepared to forego.<br><br>
</div><h4><a name="forms">Philosopher / Kings</a></h4><div>
<p>A general objection to the impracticability of the entire enterprise remains.
Even if we are persuaded that <a href="../ph/plat.htm"><em>Plato</em></a>'s aristocracy is the ideal way to structure a city-state, is there any possibility that it will actually be implemented in a human society?
Of course there is a sense in which it doesn't matter; what ought to be is more significant for Plato than what is, and philosophers generally are concerned with a truth that transcends the facts of everyday life.
<p>But Plato also believed that an ideal state, embodying the highest and best capabilities of human social life, can really be achieved, if the right people are put in charge.
Since the key to the success of the whole is the wisdom of the rulers who make decisions for the entire city, Plato held that the perfect society will occur only when kings become philosophers or philosophers are made kings.
(<a target="new" href="http://plato.evansville.edu/texts/jowett/republic22.htm#473d"><cite>Republic</cite> 473d</a>)
<p>Only those with a philosophical temperament, Plato supposed, are competent to judge between <a href="../dy/a5.htm#apre">what merely seems to be the case and what really is</a>,
between the misleading, transient appearances of sensible objects and the the permanent reality of unchanging, abstract forms.
Thus, the theory of <a href="../dy/f5.htm#forms">forms</a> is central to Plato's philosophy once again: the philosophers who think about such things are not idle dreamers, but the true realists in a society.
It is precisely their detachment from the realm of sensory images that renders them capable of making accurate judgments about the most important issues of human life.
<p>Thus, despite prevalent public skepticism about philosophers, it is to them that an ideal society must turn for the wisdom to conduct its affairs properly.
But philosophers are made, not born.
So we need to examine the program of education by means of which Plato supposed that the future philosopher-kings can acquire the knowledge necessary for their function as decision-makers for the society as a whole.<br><br>
</div><h4><a name="line">The Strucure of Human Knowledge</a></h4><div>
<p>Since an ideal society will be ruled by those of its citizens who are most aware of what really matters, it is vital to consider how that society can best raise and educate its philosophers.
<a href="../ph/plat.htm"><em>Plato</em></a> supposed that under the usual haphazard methods of childrearing, accidents of birth often restrict the opportunities for personal development,
faulty upbringing prevents most people from achieving everything of which they are capable, and the promise of easy fame or wealth distracts some of the most able young people from the rigors of intellectual pursuits.
But he believed that those with the greatest ability&#0151;that is, people with a natural disposition fit for philosophical study&#0151;must receive the best education,
engaging in a regimen of mental discipline that grows more strict with every passing year of their lives.
<p>The highest goal in all of education, Plato believed, is knowledge of the Good; that is, not merely an awareness of particular benefits and pleasures, but acquaintance with the Form itself.
Just as the sun provides illumination by means of which we are able to perceive everything in the visual world, he argued,
so the Form of the Good provides the ultimate standard by means of which we can apprehend the reality of everything that has value.
(<a target="new" href="http://plato.evansville.edu/texts/jowett/republic27.htm#508e"><cite>Republic</cite> 508e</a>)
Objects are worthwhile to the extent that they participate in this crucial form.
<p>So, too, our apprehension of reality occurs in different degrees, depending upon the nature of the objects with which it is concerned in each case.
Thus, there is a fundamental difference between the mere
<a href="../dy/o.htm#opin">opinion</a> (Gk. <a href="../dy/d9.htm#doxa">&delta;&omicron;&xi;&alpha; [d&oacute;xa]</a>) we can have regarding the visible realm of sensible objects and the genuine
<a href="../dy/k9.htm#knowth">knowledge</a> (Gk. <a href="../dy/e5.htm#eptm">&epsilon;&pi;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&eta;&mu;&eta; [epist&ecirc;m&ecirc;]</a>) we can have of the invisible realm of the Forms themselves.
In fact, Plato held that each of these has two distinct varieties, so that we can picture the entire array of human cognition as a line divided proportionately into four segments.
(<a target="new" href="http://plato.evansville.edu/texts/jowett/republic28.htm#509d"><cite>Republic</cite> 509d</a>)
<p>At the lowest level of reality are shadows, pictures, and other images, with respect to which
<a href="../dy/i.htm#imgn">imagination</a> (Gk. <a href="../dy/e.htm#eika">&epsilon;&iota;&kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&alpha; [eik&aacute;sia]</a>) or conjecture is the appropriate degree of awareness, although it provides only the most primitive and unreliable opinions.
<p>The visible realm also contains ordinary physical objects, and our perception of them provides the basis for
<a href="../dy/b2.htm#bel">belief</a> (Gk. <a href="../dy/p5.htm#pistis">&pi;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&iota;&sigmaf; [p&iacute;stis]</a>), the most accurate possible conception of the nature and relationship of temporal things.
<p>Moving upward into the intelligible realm, we first become acquainted with the relatively simple Forms of numbers, shapes, and other mathematical entities;
we can achieve systematic knowledge of these objects through a disciplined application of the
<a href="../dy/u.htm#unds">understanding</a> (Gk. <a href="../dy/d5.htm#dian">&delta;&iota;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&iota;&alpha; [di&aacute;noia]</a>).
<p>Finally, at the highest level of all, are the more significant Forms&#0151;true Equality, Beauty, Truth, and of course the Good itself.
These permanent objects of knowledge are directly apprehended by
<a href="../dy/i9.htm#intu">intuition</a> (Gk. <a href="../dy/n9.htm#noesis">&nu;&omicron;&eta;&sigma;&iota;&sigmaf; [n&oacute;&ecirc;sis]</a>), the fundamental capacity of human reason to comprehend the true nature of reality.<br><br>
</div><h4><a name="cave">The Allegory of the Cave</a></h4><div>
<p><a href="../ph/plat.htm"><em>Plato</em></a> recognized that the picture of the Divided Line may be difficult for many of us to understand.
Although it accurately represents the different levels of reality and corresponding degrees of knowledge, there is a sense in which one cannot appreciate its full significance without first having achieved the highest level.
So, for the benefit of those of us who are still learning but would like to grasp what he is talking about,
Plato offered a simpler story in which each of the same structural components appears in a way that we can all comprehend at our own level.
This is the <a target="new" href="http://www.rivertext.com/platoscave.html">Allegory of the Cave</a>.
<p>Suppose that there is a group of human beings who have lived their entire lives trapped in a subterranean chamber lit by a large fire behind them.
Chained in place, these cave-dwellers can see nothing but shadows (of their own bodies and of other things) projected on a flat wall in front of them.
Some of these people will be content to do no more than notice the play of light and shadow, while the more clever among them will become highly skilled observers of the patterns that most regularly occur.
In both cases, however, they cannot truly comprehend what they see, since they are prevented from grasping its true source and nature.
(<a target="new" href="http://plato.evansville.edu/texts/jowett/republic29.htm#514a"><cite>Republic</cite> 514a</a>)
<p>Now suppose that one of these human beings manages to break the chains, climb through the torturous passage to the surface, and escape the cave.
With eyes accustomed only to the dim light of the former habitation, this individual will at first be blinded by the brightness of the surface world, able to look only upon the shadows and reflections of the real world.
But after some time and effort, the former cave-dweller will become able to appreciate the full variety of the newly-discovered world, looking at trees, mountains, and (eventually) the sun itself.
<p>Finally, suppose that this escapee returns to the cave, trying to persuade its inhabitants that there is another, better, more real world than the one in which they have so long been content to dwell.
They are unlikely to be impressed by the pleas of this extraordinary individual, Plato noted, especially since their former companion, having travelled to the bright surface world, is now inept and clumsy in the dim realm of the cave.
Nevertheless, it would have been in the best interest of these residents of the cave to entrust their lives to the one enlightened member of their company, whose acquaintance with other things is a unique qualification for genuine knowledge.
<p>Plato seriously intended this allegory as a representation of the state of ordinary human existence.
We, like the people raised in a cave, are trapped in a world of impermanence and partiality, the realm of sensible objects.
Entranced by the particular and immediate experiences these things provide, we are unlikely to appreciate the declarations of philosophers,
the few among us who, like the escapee, have made the effort to achieve eternal knowledge of the permanent forms.
But, like them, it would serve us best if we were to follow this guidance, discipline our own minds, and seek an accurate understanding of the highest objects of human contemplation.<br><br>
</div><h4><a name="edu">An Educational Program</a></h4><div>
<p>Having already described <a href="2g.htm#training">the elementary education and physical training</a> that properly occupy the first twenty years of the life of prospective guardians,
<a href="../ph/plat.htm"><em>Plato</em></a> applied his account of the structure of human knowledge in order to prescribe the disciplined pursuit of their higher education.
<p>It naturally begins with mathematics, the vital first step in learning to turn away from the realm of sensible particulars to the transcendent forms of reality.
Arithmetic provides for the preliminary development of abstract concepts, but Plato held that geometry is especially valuable for its careful attention to the eternal forms.
Study of the (mathematical, not observational) disciplines of astronomy and harmonics encourage the further development of the skills of abstract thinking and proportional reasoning.
<p>Only after completing this thorough mathematical foundation are the future rulers of the city prepared to begin their study of philosophy, systematizing their grasp of mathematical truth,
learning to recognize and eliminate all of their presuppositions, and grounding all genuine knowledge firmly on the foundation of their intuitive grasp of the reality of the Forms.
Finally, an extended period of apprenticeship will help them to learn how to apply everything they have learned to the decisions necessary for the welfare of the city as a whole.
Only in their fifties will the best philosophers among them be fit to rule over their fellow-citizens.<br><br>
</div><h4><a name="kinds">Kinds of State or Person</a></h4><div>
<p>In order to explain the distinction between justice and injustice more fully, <a href="../ph/plat.htm"><em>Plato</em></a> devoted much of the remainder of <i>The Republic</i> to a detailed discussion
of five different kinds of government (and, by analogy, five different kinds of person), ranked in order from best to worst:
<p>A society organized in <a href="2g.htm#virtues">the ideally efficient way</a> Plato has already described is said to have an <b>aristocratic</b> government.
Similarly, an aristocratic person is one whose <a href="2g.htm#souls">rational, spirited, and appetitive souls</a> work together properly.
Such governments and people are the most genuine examples of true justice at the social and personal levels.
<p>In a defective <b>timocratic</b> society, on the other hand, the courageous soldiers have usurped for themselves the privilege of making decisions that properly belongs only to its better-educated rulers.
A timocratic person is therefore someone who is more concerned with belligerently defending personal honor than with wisely choosing what is truly best.
<p>In an <b>oligarchic</b> government, both classes of guardian have been pressed into the service of a ruling group comprising a few powerful and wealthy citizens.
By analogy, an oligarchic personality is someone whose every thought and action is devoted to the self-indulgent goal of amassing greater wealth.
<p>Even more disastrously, a <b>democratic</b> government holds out the promise of equality for all of its citizens
but delivers only the anarchy of an unruly mob, each of whose members is interested only in the pursuit of private interests.
The parallel case of a democratic person is someone who is utterly controlled by desires, acknowledging no bounds of taste or virtue in the perpetual effort to achieve the momentary satisfaction that pleasure provides.
<p>Finally, the <b>tyrranic</b> society is one in which a single individual has gained control over the mob, restoring order io place of anarchy, but serving only personal welfare instead of the interests of the whole city.
A tyrranic person, then, must be one whose entire life is focussed upon the satisfaction of a single desire at the expense of everything else that truly matters.
Governments and people of this last variety are most perfectly unjust, even though they may appear to be well-organized and effective.
<p>Although Plato presents these five types of government or person as if there is a natural progression from each to the next, his chief concern is to exhibit the relative degree of justice achieved by each.
The most perfect contrast between justice and injustice arises in a comparison between the aristocratic and the tyrranic instances.<br><br>
</div><h4><a name="value">Justice is Better than Injustice</a></h4><div>
<p>Thus, we are finally prepared to understand the full force of <a href="../ph/plat.htm"><em>Plato</em></a>'s answer to the
<a href="2g.htm#challenge">original challenge</a> of showing that justice is superior to injustice.
He offered three arguments, each of which is designed to demonstrate the
<a href="../dy/i9.htm#intr">intrinsic</a> merits of being a just person.
<p>First, Plato noted that the just life of an aristocratic person arises from an effortless harmony among internal elements of the soul,
while the unjust life of a tyrranic person can maintain its characteristic imbalance only by the exertion of an enormous effort.
Thus, it is simply easier to be just than to be unjust.
(<a target="new" href="http://plato.evansville.edu/texts/jowett/republic37.htm#580a"><cite>Republic</cite> 580a</a>)
This argument makes sense even independently of Plato's larger theory;
it is a generalized version of the fairly common notion that it is easier to be honest than to keep track of the truth along with a number of false stories about it.
<p>Second, Plato claimed that tyrranic individuals can appreciate only pleasures of the body, monetary profits, and the benefits of favorable public reputation, all of which are by their nature transitory.
Aristocratic people, on the other hand, can accept these things in moderation but also transcend them in order to enjoy the delights of intellectual achievement through direct acquaintance with the immutable Forms.
(<a target="new" href="http://plato.evansville.edu/texts/jowett/republic37.htm#583a"><cite>Republic</cite> 583a</a>)
This argument relies more heavily upon adoption of Plato's entire theory of human nature, as developed in <i>The Republic</i> and other dialogues;
it is likely to influence only those who have already experienced the full range of intellectual advantages for themselves.
<p>Finally, Plato resorted to myth (just as he had at the close of the <i>Phaedo</i> by imagining that justice will be rewarded with steady progression in a series of lives hereafter.
This "Myth of Er" isn't philosophical argument at all.
Even if it were literally true and demonstrable that the just are rewarded in the afterlife, that would be only an extrinsic motive for being just, not a proof of its intrinsic value.<br><br>
<p>Although it is a masterly treatment of human nature and politics, <i>The Republic</i> was not Plato's only discussion of these significant issues.
His dialogue <a target="new" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/gorgias.html"><i>Gorgias</i></a> includes an eloquent appeal on behalf of the life of justice and personal non-violence in all things.
The <i>Statesman</i> devotes extended attention to the practical matter of securing effective government under the less-than-ideal conditions most of us commonly face.
And the unfinished
<a target="new" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=plat.+laws+624a&vers=greek">&Lambda;&epsilon;&gamma;&epsilon;&iota;&sigma;</a>
(<a target="new" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/laws.html"><i>Laws</i></a>) is a lengthy analysis of the history of Athenian political life.
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<H1 ALIGN="center">Plato's<br><I>Republic</I></H1>
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<P><blockquote><center><font size=+3>&#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b5;&#x03c9;&#x03bc;&#x03ad;&#x03c4;&#x03c1;&#x03b7;&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03c2; &#x03bc;&#x1f74; &#x03b5;&#x1f30;&#x03c3;&#x03af;&#x03c4;&#x03c9;</font><br>
<font size=+2>Without Geometry, Enter Not.</font>
<P>Sign over the door of the Academy<br>John Philoponus, <I>In Aristotelis De anima libros commentaria,<br>Commentaria in Aristotelem graeca</I>, XV,<br>ed. M. Hayduck, Berlin, 1897, p.117,27 [<a href="#note-0">note</a>]</center>
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<P><font size=+1>&#x1f18;&#x1f70;&#x03bd; &#x03bc;&#x03ae;, &#x1f26;&#x03bd; &#x03b4;&#x1fbd; &#x1f10;&#x03b3;&#x03ce;, &#x1f22; &#x03bf;&#x1f31; &#x03c6;&#x03b9;&#x03bb;&#x03cc;&#x03c3;&#x03bf;&#x03c6;&#x03bf;&#x03b9; &#x03b2;&#x03b1;&#x03c3;&#x03b9;&#x03bb;&#x03b5;&#x03cd;&#x03c3;&#x03c9;&#x03c3;&#x03b9;&#x03bd; &#x1f10;&#x03bd; &#x03c4;&#x03b1;&#x1fd6;&#x03c2; &#x03c0;&#x03cc;&#x03bb;&#x03b5;&#x03c3;&#x03b9;&#x03bd; &#x1f22; &#x03bf;&#x1f31; &#x03b2;&#x03b1;&#x03c3;&#x03b9;&#x03bb;&#x03b5;&#x1fd6;&#x03c2; &#x03c4;&#x03b5; &#x03bd;&#x1fe6;&#x03bd; &#x03bb;&#x03b5;&#x03b3;&#x03cc;&#x03bc;&#x03b5;&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03b9; &#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x1f76; &#x03b4;&#x03c5;&#x03bd;&#x03ac;&#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03b1;&#x03b9; &#x03c6;&#x03b9;&#x03bb;&#x03bf;&#x03c3;&#x03bf;&#x03c6;&#x03ae;&#x03c3;&#x03c9;&#x03c3;&#x03b9; &#x03b3;&#x03bd;&#x03b7;&#x03c3;&#x03af;&#x03c9;&#x03c2; &#x03c4;&#x03b5; &#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x1f76; &#x1f31;&#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x03bd;&#x1ff6;&#x03c2; &#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x1f76; &#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6;&#x03c4;&#x03bf; &#x03b5;&#x1f30;&#x03c2; &#x03c4;&#x03b1;&#x03c5;&#x03c4;&#x1f78;&#x03bd; &#x03be;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03c0;&#x03ad;&#x03c3;&#x1fc3;, &#x03b4;&#x03c5;&#x03bd;&#x03b1;&#x03bc;&#x03af;&#x03c2; &#x03c4;&#x03b5; &#x03c0;&#x03bf;&#x03bb;&#x03b9;&#x03c4;&#x03b9;&#x03ba;&#x1f74; &#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x1f76; &#x03c6;&#x03b9;&#x03bb;&#x03bf;&#x03c3;&#x03bf;&#x03c6;&#x03af;&#x03b1;, &#x03c4;&#x1ff6;&#x03bd; &#x03b4;&#x1f72; &#x03bd;&#x1fe6;&#x03bd; &#x03c0;&#x03bf;&#x03c1;&#x03b5;&#x03c5;&#x03bf;&#x03bc;&#x03ad;&#x03bd;&#x03c9;&#x03bd; &#x03c7;&#x03c9;&#x03c1;&#x1f76;&#x03c2; &#x1f10;&#x03c6;&#x1fbd; &#x1f10;&#x03ba;&#x03ac;&#x03c4;&#x03b5;&#x03c1;&#x03bf;&#x03bd; &#x03b1;&#x1f31; &#x03c0;&#x03bf;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03b1;&#x1f76; &#x03c6;&#x03cd;&#x03c3;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03c2; &#x1f10;&#x03be; &#x1f00;&#x03bd;&#x03ac;&#x03b3;&#x03ba;&#x03b7;&#x03c2; &#x1f00;&#x03c0;&#x03bf;&#x03ba;&#x03bb;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03c3;&#x03b8;&#x1ff6;&#x03c3;&#x03b9;&#x03bd;, <font color=red>&#x03bf;&#x1f50;&#x03ba; &#x1f14;&#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03b9; &#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x03ba;&#x1ff6;&#x03bd; &#x03c0;&#x03b1;&#x1fe6;&#x03bb;&#x03b1;</font>, &#x1f66; &#x03c6;&#x03af;&#x03bb;&#x03b5; &#x0393;&#x03bb;&#x03b1;&#x03cd;&#x03ba;&#x03c9;&#x03bd;, &#x03c4;&#x03b1;&#x1fd6;&#x03c2; &#x03c0;&#x03cc;&#x03bb;&#x03b5;&#x03c3;&#x03b9;, &#x03b4;&#x03bf;&#x03ba;&#x1ff6; &#x03b4;&#x1fbd; &#x03bf;&#x1f50;&#x03b4;&#x1f72; &#x03c4;&#x1ff7; &#x1f00;&#x03bd;&#x03b8;&#x03c1;&#x03c9;&#x03c0;&#x03af;&#x03bd;&#x1ff3; &#x03b3;&#x03ad;&#x03bd;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;.
<P>"Unless," said I, "either philosophers become kings in the cities or those now called kings and rulers love wisdom seriously and adequately, and there is a conjunction of these two things, political power and philosophy, while the motley horde of the natures who at repesent pursue either apart from the other are excluded by force, <font color=red>there will be no end of evils</font>, dear Glaucon, for the cities, nor, I think, for the human race either."</font>
<P>Plato, <I>Republic</I>, 473c-d, <I>Republic I</I>, translated by Paul Shorey, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1930, 1969, p.509, color added, translation modified.
<hr>
<P><font size=+1>&#x03a4;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6;&#x03c4;&#x03bf; &#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03af;&#x03bd;&#x03c5;&#x03bd; &#x03c4;&#x1f78; &#x03c4;&#x1f74;&#x03bd; &#x1f00;&#x03bb;&#x03ae;&#x03b8;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03b1;&#x03bd; &#x03c0;&#x03b1;&#x03c1;&#x03ad;&#x03c7;&#x03bf;&#x03bd; &#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x1fd6;&#x03c2; &#x03b3;&#x03b9;&#x03b3;&#x03bd;&#x03c9;&#x03c3;&#x03ba;&#x03bf;&#x03bc;&#x03ad;&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03b9;&#x03c2; &#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x1f76; &#x03c4;&#x1ff7; &#x03b3;&#x03b9;&#x03b3;&#x03bd;&#x03ce;&#x03c3;&#x03ba;&#x03bf;&#x03bd;&#x03c4;&#x03b9; &#x03c4;&#x1f74;&#x03bd; &#x03b4;&#x03cd;&#x03bd;&#x03b1;&#x03bc;&#x03b9;&#x03bd; &#x1f00;&#x03c0;&#x03bf;&#x03b4;&#x03b9;&#x03b4;&#x1f78;&#x03bd; <font color=red>&#x03c4;&#x1f74;&#x03bd; &#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6; &#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b1;&#x03b8;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6; &#x1f30;&#x03b4;&#x03ad;&#x03b1;&#x03bd;</font> &#x03c6;&#x03ac;&#x03b8;&#x03b9; &#x03b5;&#x1f36;&#x03bd;&#x03b1;&#x03b9;, &#x03b1;&#x1f30;&#x03c4;&#x03af;&#x03b1;&#x03bd; &#x03b4;&#x1fbd; &#x1f10;&#x03c0;&#x03b9;&#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03ae;&#x03bc;&#x03b7;&#x03c2; &#x03bf;&#x1f56;&#x03c3;&#x03b1;&#x03bd; &#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x1f76; &#x1f00;&#x03bb;&#x03b7;&#x03b8;&#x03b5;&#x03af;&#x03b1;&#x03c2; &#x1f61;&#x03c2; &#x03b3;&#x03b9;&#x03b3;&#x03bd;&#x03c9;&#x03c3;&#x03ba;&#x03bf;&#x03bc;&#x03ad;&#x03bd;&#x03b7;&#x03c2; &#x03bc;&#x1f72;&#x03bd; &#x03b4;&#x03b9;&#x03b1;&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6;...
<P>This reality, then, that gives their truth to the objects of knowledge and the power of knowing to the knower, you must say is the <font color=red>idea of the good</font>, and you must conceive it as being the cause of knowledge [&#x1f10;&#x03c0;&#x03b9;&#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03ae;&#x03bc;&#x03b7;] and of truth [&#x1f00;&#x03bb;&#x03ae;&#x03b8;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03b1;] in so far as known.</font>
<P>Plato, <I>Republic</I>, 508e, <I>Republic II</I>, translated by Paul Shorey, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1930, 1969, pp.102-105, color added.</blockquote>
<p><center><img src="images/bar.gif"></center>
<P><table cellpadding=5 border=3 bgcolor=white align=right width=300>
<tr><th><img src="images/greek/plato.jpg" width=290></th></tr>
<tr><th><I>Scuola di Atene</I>, <I>School of Athens</I>, 1511,<br>by Raffaello Santi/Sanzio da <a href="italia.htm#urbino">Urbino</a> (1483-1520), detail of Plato, Vatican Apartments, Rome; Raphael modeled the face of Plato on Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)</th></tr>
</table>
<B>Plato</B> (<I>c.</I>429-347 BC) is reported by ancient historians to have been born <font size=+1>&#x1f08;&#x03c1;&#x03b9;&#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03ba;&#x03bb;&#x1fc6;&#x03c2;</font> or, in Latin, Aristocles. This not attested in contemporary sources, and so is now often doubted. In turn, the name "Plato," <font size=+1>&#x03a0;&#x03bb;&#x03ac;&#x03c4;&#x03c9;&#x03bd;</font>, "Broad," looks like a nickname, and it goes along with stories that Plato not only was broad shouldered but that his build enabled him to actually compete in the <a href="apology.htm#note-1">Olympic Games</a> as a wrestler. Again, this is not attested from his own time, and we are left to doubt its veracity. When Socrates was executed in 399, Plato was 28 years-old. He even went into exile for a while, but then returned to found the <font size=+1>&#x1f08;&#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x03b4;&#x03ae;&#x03bc;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03b1;</font>, the <I>Academy</I>, in the so-named grove of trees just outside the walls of Athens (a short walk from the now excavated Dipylon Gate), in the period from 387 to 385 -- an area that is now completely surrounded by modern Athens. His later adventures in <a href="archon.htm#syracuse">Sicily</a> were the result of foolish ideas about educating a tyrant into philosophy, and of disdain for democracy. Both tendencies we can detect in the <I>Republic</I>.
<P>Plato usually wrote relatively short pieces, like the <a href="euthyph.htm"><I>Euthyphro</I></a>, <I>Meno</I>, etc. In all his writings there are only two book length works, the <I>Republic</I> and the <I>Laws</I>. The <I>Laws</I> was the last thing Plato wrote, at eighty, and it is a grim and terrifying culmination of the totalitarian tendencies in his earlier political thought. It is also pretty dull, since Plato had all but abandoned his earlier lively dialogue format. The <I>Republic</I>, however, is the supreme product of Plato's most mature years, thought, and style. It contains virtually the entire universe of Plato's philosophy.
<P>The word "republic" is from Latin: <I>Res publica</I> means "public matters" or "the state." In Greek, the title of our book was the <font size=+1>&#x03a0;&#x03bf;&#x03bb;&#x03b9;&#x03c4;&#x03b5;&#x03af;&#x03b1;</font>, <I>Polite&iacute;a</I>, which means the <I>Constitution</I>. In the Middle Ages, Greek <font size=+1>&#x03a0;&#x03bf;&#x03bb;&#x03b9;&#x03c4;&#x03b5;&#x03af;&#x03b1;</font> translated <I>Respublica</I> as the <I>kind</I> of government of the Roman Republic and Empire. See recent discussion in <a href="republic.htm"><I>The Byzantine Republic</I></a>. But Plato's <I>Republic</I> does not start out about politics. It is initially a familiar kind of Socratic dialogue about justice, just as the <I>Euthyphro</I> is about piety and the <I>Meno</I> is about virtue. The <I>Republic</I> is divided into ten Books. Each of these was originally what would fit onto one papyrus scroll. By late Roman times, the scrolls were cut up and sewn together into <I>codices</I>, or the kind of bound books that we continue to use.
<P>The entire first Book of the <I>Republic</I> may originally have been one of the standard early dialogues that Plato wrote about Socrates. Later it was expanded. Unusual features of the dialogue, however, are (1) that Socrates [note well that Plato continues to use Socrates to speak <I>Plato's</I> ideas in all his mature works] actually narrates the entire thing, (2) that he speaks with a large number of people, not just one, (3) that these include two brothers of Plato himself (Glaucon and Adeimantus), and (4) that, after the dialogue about justice proceeds in the fashion that we expect of Socrates, things take an unexpected turn: One of the characters, the sophist Thrasymachus, begins to object that he knows quite well what justice is, and that the kinds of definitions the others have been giving are nonsense.
<P><a name="text-6"><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<P>Thrasymachus says:
<P><blockquote><font size=+1>&#x03c6;&#x03b7;&#x03bc;&#x1f76; &#x03b3;&#x1f70;&#x03c1; &#x1f10;&#x03b3;&#x1f7c; &#x03b5;&#x1f36;&#x03bd;&#x03b1;&#x03b9; &#x03c4;&#x1f78; &#x03b4;&#x03af;&#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x03b9;&#x03bf;&#x03bd; &#x03bf;&#x1f50;&#x03ba; &#x1f04;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03bf; &#x03c4;&#x03b9; &#x1f22; &#x03c4;&#x1f78; &#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6; <font color=red>&#x03ba;&#x03c1;&#x03b5;&#x03af;&#x03c4;&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font> &#x03be;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03c6;&#x03ad;&#x03c1;&#x03bf;&#x03bd;.</font>
<P>For I declare justice is nothing but the advantage of the stronger. [<I>Republic</I> 338c, <a href="#note-6">note</a>]</blockquote>
<P>Robbery and violence are normally called "injustice," but when they are practiced wholesale by rulers, they are justice, i.e. the interest of the stronger, the rulers. Thus, when we consider ordinary citizens, "the just man comes off worse than an unjust man everywhere" (343d). Since the rulers do not obey the principles they impose on the citizens, they are in those terms "unjust." So Thrasymachus says, "You will understand it most easily, if you come to the most perfect injustice, which makes the unjust man most happy, and makes those who are wronged and will not be unjust most miserable" (344a).
<P><blockquote>...Tyranny is not a matter of minor theft and violence, but of wholesale plunder, sacred and profane, private or public. If you are caught committing such crimes in detail you are punished and disgraced; sacrilege, kidnapping, burglary, fraud, theft are the names we give to such petty forms of wrongdoing. But when a man succeeds in robbing the whole body of citizens and reducing them to slavery, they forget these ugly names and call him happy and fortunate, as do all others who hear of his unmitigated wrongdoing. [<I>Republic</I> 344a-c, H.D.P. Lee translation, Penguin Books, 1955, p.73.]</blockquote>
<P>Thus to Thrasymachus the <a href="greek.htm#tyrant">tyrant</a> is happy and fortunate, and he is so precisely because he breaks the rules ("justice") that he imposes on the weak. What the weak call "justice" is really slavery, and no one truly strong would act that way. Such sentiments are familiar in modern philosophy from the still popular and influential German philosopher <a href="nietzsch.htm">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> (1844-1900).
<P><a name="text-2">In Book</a> I Socrates proceeds to refute Thrasymachus and does so. If the weak, after all, can prevent the strong from taking what they want or can prevent someone from becoming a tyrant, then <I>they</I> are the strong! Thrasymachus is finally quieted. At the beginning of Book II however, Socrates is told by Glaucon and the others that this was all too easy. They argue that anyone would be unjust, given the opportunity, just as Gyges seduced and murdered his way to the throne of <a href="greek.htm#lydia">Lydia</a>, once he had found a ring that made him invisible, because everyone believes that injustice leads to happiness, if only one can get away with it [<a href="#gyges">note</a>]. They want Socrates to prove that it is better to be just than to be unjust even if the unjust man is praised, celebrated, and rewarded and the just man is reviled, punished, and rejected. Socrates must prove that such a just man is actually happy and such an unjust man (a tyrant perhaps) is unhappy.
<P>As I have examined <a href="domain.htm">elsewhere</a>, the Greek virtue of being "just," <font size=+1>&#x03b4;&#x03af;&#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x03b9;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>, <I>d&iacute;kaios</I>, is often more what in English we would call "right" or "righteous." In Greek, "right, correct, straight" is <font size=+1>&#x1f40;&#x03c1;&#x03b8;&#x03cc;&#x03c2;</font>, <I>orth&oacute;s</I>, which is really not used in this moral sense. In Latin, <font size=+1>&#x03b4;&#x03af;&#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x03b9;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font> would be <I>jus</I>, "right," which gives us <I>justitia</I>, i.e. "justice," while <font size=+1>&#x1f40;&#x03c1;&#x03b8;&#x03cc;&#x03c2;</font> would be <I>rectus</I>, "straight," which is itself a cognate of "right." Thus, the question of the <I>Republic</I> might be better put as "Why be righteous?" rather than "Why be just?" We will then not be surprised when there is nothing in the <I>Republic</I> about lawcourts or even law, which we now associate the most directly with justice -- and which are even used by the <a href="key.htm#positive">judicial positivists</a> to define "justice."
<P>The rest of the <I>Republic</I> answers Glaucon's challenge. It does so by way of an analogy. Socrates says that it is difficult to distinguish what is going on in the soul, but it is easier to see what is going on in the state. Thus the state will be examined by analogy to the soul. Now we would say -- Plato doesn't use this terminology -- that the state is the <I>macrocosm</I> (<font size=+1>&#x03bc;&#x03b1;&#x03ba;&#x03c1;&#x03cc;&#x03c2;</font>, <I>makros</I>, "large," <font size=+1>&#x03ba;&#x03cc;&#x03c3;&#x03bc;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>, <I>kosmos</I>, "universe"), the large scale analogue, and the soul is the <I>microcosm</I> (<font size=+1>&#x03bc;&#x03b9;&#x03ba;&#x03c1;&#x03cc;&#x03c2;</font>, <I>mikros</I>, "small"), the small scale analogue. When matters are sorted out for the state, then the soul can be understood in its own right.
<P><a name="table">As it happens, Plato ends up using the theory of the soul that he also proposes in the <I>Phaedrus</I>. The soul, on this view, has three parts, which correspond to three different kinds of interests, three kinds of virtues, three kinds of personalities -- depending on which part of the soul is dominant -- and so, properly, to three kinds of social classes that should be based on the three personalities, interests, and virtues.
<P><center><table border cellpadding=5 bgcolor=white>
<tr><th>SOUL</th><th>INTEREST</th><th colspan=2>CLASS</th><th>METAL</th><th colspan=2>VIRTUE</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ff00ff"><td><img src="images/greek/logismos.gif" align=middle><br>reason</td><td><img src="images/greek/episteme.gif" align=middle><br>knowledge</td><td rowspan=2 bgcolor="#ffaa00"><img src="images/greek/guards.gif" align=middle><br>guardians</td><td><img src="images/greek/philosos.gif" align=middle><br>philosophers</td><td><img src="images/greek/gold.gif" align=middle><br>gold</td><td><img src="images/greek/sophia.gif" align=middle><br>wisdom</td><td rowspan=4 bgcolor=yellow><img src="images/greek/dike.gif" align=middle><br>justice</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ff0000"><td><img src="images/greek/spirit.gif" align=middle><br>spirit</td><td><img src="images/greek/honor.gif" align=middle><br>honor</td><td><img src="images/greek/assists.gif" align=middle><br>auxiliaries,<br><img src="images/greek/soldiers.gif" align=middle><br>warriors</td><td><img src="images/greek/silver.gif" align=middle><br>silver</td><td><img src="images/greek/andreia.gif" align=middle><br>courage</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#00ff00"><td rowspan=2><img src="images/greek/desire.gif" align=middle><br>desire</td><td rowspan=2><img src="images/greek/pleasurs.gif" align=middle><br>pleasures</td><td colspan=2>commoners, farmers<br><img src="images/greek/farmers.gif" align=middle></td><td><img src="images/greek/iron.gif" align=middle><br>iron</td><td rowspan=2><img src="images/greek/sophrosu.gif" align=middle><br>temperance</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#00ffff"><td colspan=2><img src="images/greek/workers.gif" align=middle><br>craftsmen</td><td><img src="images/greek/copper.gif" align=middle><br>copper</td></tr>
</table></center>
<P>"Spirit," <font size=+1>&#x03b8;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03cc;&#x03c2;</font>, is in the sense of a "spirited" horse. Plato thinks that this is the energy that drives the soul and may be used to reason to keep desire in line. Temperance, or moderation, <font size=+1>&#x03c3;&#x03c9;&#x03c6;&#x03c1;&#x03bf;&#x03c3;&#x03cd;&#x03bd;&#x03b7;</font>, will mean the <I>limitation</I> of desires. The word "temperance" is now a little archaic, and it tends to suggest "temperance" as it came to mean abstention from alcohol, as was advocated in the early days of this century by Cary Nation and the Women's Christian Temperance Union, who brought about Prohibition. The three parts of the soul also correspond to places in the body: reason to the head, spirit to the heart, and desire to the organs of desire, mostly in the abdomen. Plato simply made a good guess that reason had something to do with the brain. There wasn't a lot of evidence about this; and many people, including the Egyptians and Aristotle, thought that intelligence was centered in the heart. When the Egyptians mummified bodies, they actually used to throw the brain away, while the heart was carefully prepared and replaced in the body. Remember later in the course to compare Plato's parts of the soul and social classes with the doctrine of the gunas and the varnas later in Indian philosophy.
<P><a name="text-3">Now, Plato was originally looking for justice, but justice does not appear in the list of virtues. The answer is that justice applies to them <I>all</I> in the sense of their organization. Reason (and the philosophers) should be in control, with the help of spirit (and the warriors). The philosophers and the warriors are thus the "Guardians," <font size=+1>&#x03c6;&#x03cd;&#x03bb;&#x03b1;&#x03ba;&#x03b5;&#x03c2;</font> (singular <font size=+1>&#x03c6;&#x03cd;&#x03bb;&#x03b1;&#x03be;</font>), of Plato's ideal state. This does not seem like a familiar sort of definition for justice, but the result, Plato says, is that each interest is satisfied to the proper extent, or, in society, everyone has what is theirs. The philosophers have the knowledge they want; the warriors have the honors they want; and the commoners have the goods and pleasures they want, in the proper moderation maintained by the philosophers and warriors. The root of all trouble, as far as Plato is concerned, is always unlimited desire [<a href="#note-3">note</a>].
<P>John E.E.D. Acton, or Lord Acton (1834-1902) famously said, "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely." Even Plato was aware of this and that commoners might be envious of the power of the Guardians, desiring it for themselves so as to obtain greater goods and pleasures. Thus Plato proposes a set of rules for his Guardians that would render their position undesirable to the commoners:
<ol>
<P><li>The Guardians must live in poverty, with any possessions they do have held in common. The very things, then, that mean the most to the commoners will be denied to the rulers. Historically, the precedent for something like this was Sparta, though the Spartans didn't go quite this far. This does seems to be the first serious proposal in political history for something like complete communism, though it does only apply to the Guardians. It doesn't seem like a bad idea even today to apply to politicians.
<P>When I used to live in Honolulu, occasionally I liked to visit the State Legislature when it was in session. The Hawaii State Capitol is unique, with an open central courtyard instead of the traditional dome and rotunda. On each side of the courtyard, you can look through windows down into sunken chambers for the two houses of the legislature. When the legislature is in session, you can enter a visitors balcony through doors in the windows. You sit in the balcony, however, on hard wooden benches, like church pews, while the legislators below sit on huge, stuffed, reclining, leather chairs that look good enough to sleep in -- and you will often see the lawmakers, indeed, sleeping in them. This has always struck me as just the opposite of what Plato would have required. It is the visitors, the commoners, who should have the comfort and the "servants of the people," the politicians who should have the Spartan conditions -- but what we see now suits the comfort and status of the <a href="ruling.htm">ruling class</a>.
<P><li>The Guardians will even have their families in common. Children will be raised in common and will not know who their real parents are. These children will also not be randomly conceived. They will be bred deliberately to produce the best offspring, as though the Guardians were a pack of hunting dogs. Even Plato realizes that such cold blooded match making might be too much for the Guardians, so he proposes that the process be kept secret from most of them. Every year, after the breeding committee, or whatever, secretly makes its choices, there is to be a kind of fertility festival. Everyone chooses names by lot, and the name they draw, or no name, is the choice of the gods for them. This is the kind of thing that Plato calls a "some one noble lie," <font size=+1>&#x03b3;&#x03b5;&#x03bd;&#x03bd;&#x03b1;&#x1fd6;&#x03bf;&#x03bd; &#x03c4;&#x03b9; &#x1f13;&#x03bd; &#x03c8;&#x03b5;&#x1fe6;&#x03b4;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font> [<I>Republic</I> 414c]; for the lottery is to be rigged by the breeding committee. Everyone will actually draw the name designated for them; and those who draw a blank were simply thought undesirable for offspring. The idea that people should be bred just like animals is usually called "eugenics" (<font size=+1>&#x03b5;&#x1f56;</font>, <I>eu</I>, "well," and <font size=+1>&#x03b3;&#x03af;&#x03b3;&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03bc;&#x03b1;&#x03b9;</font>, <I>gignomai</I>, "come into being" or "born") and was popular early in this century; but the only regime that has tried to formally implement eugenics was Nazi Germany. So it is not surprising that Plato thought this should all be kept secret.
<P><li>After two fairly disturbing proposals, Plato gets to one that is more congenial. At the beginning of Book V Adeimantus brings to Socrates's attention his casual remark that wives and children will be held in common by the Guardians, which makes it seem as though women are going to <I>be</I> Guardians along with the men. Socrates says that he hesitated to make an issue out of it, but that, yes, there will be women Guardians. Women have all the same parts of the soul and so all the same interests, virtues, and personality types as men. Since children will be raised in common, individual women will not be burdened with the task of child rearing and will be free to take their places in their proper occupations along with the men. If the warrior women are not as strong as the men, then they may not be at the forefront of the battle, but they should be <I>at</I> the battle. This equality even extends to athletics, which is somewhat shocking, since Greek athletes went naked. Words like "gymnasium" and "gymnastics" both derive from <font size=+1>&#x03b3;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03bd;&#x03cc;&#x03c2;</font>, <I>gymnos</I> "naked." The Greeks rather prided themselves on not thinking that it was shameful or ridiculous to go naked, as all the "barbarians," their neighbors, thought. But Socrates says that nothing is ridiculous except what is wrong, and that in time people would get used to naked women athletes just as at one time they got used to naked men. This all, of course, has not come entirely true, since no athletes go naked today. But the male and female nude torso statues that were installed in front of the L.A. Colosseum at the time of the 1984 Olympic Games do reflect Plato's version of the Greek ideal of physical beauty.
<P>With these views about nudity, the Greeks were all the more impressed with India when Alexander the Great arrived there and found naked holy men. These were Jain monks, and others, who had renounced the world even to the extent of renouncing clothing also. The Greeks called them the <font size=+1>&#x0393;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03c3;&#x03bf;&#x03c6;&#x03b9;&#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03b1;&#x03af;</font>, <I>gymnosophistai</I> "naked philosophers" (well, "sophists"); and Greek philosophers like <a href="hist-1.htm#hellen">Pyrrho of Elis</a>, who was with Alexander's army, reportedly spent a great deal of time talking with them. Pyrrho, at least, seems to have actually picked up some ideas from Indian philosophy thereby. Naked monks still exist in India. They are called <img src="images/greek/digambar.gif" align=middle>, <I>digambara</I> or "sky-clad," since the sky is their only covering.
<P><li>The last rule is not just for the Guardians. Plato realizes that even with his breeding program, there will be children born to the Guardians who do not belong there. That is especially likely when we realize that it is not <I>intelligence</I> that distinguishes Plato's philosophers but the dominance of a particular kind of <I>interest</I>. Anyone dominated by desire, however intelligent, belongs among the commoners. There will also be children born to the commoners who belong among the Guardians, and so there must be some way to sort everyone out. That will be a universal system of education. A very large part of the <I>Republic</I> is about education. Those who go all the way in that system and will be qualified to be the philosopher rulers will actually be nearly fifty before they have finished all the requirements -- although this does sound like a saying of the <a href="sangoku.htm#t'ang">T'ang</a> dynasty, that "One who becomes a <I>chin-shih</I> [<img src="images/hiero/advance.gif" align=middle><img src="images/hiero/four-sch.gif" align=middle>, a doctoral graduate or "presented scholar" of the Chinese <a href="confuci.htm#note-8">examination system</a>] at fifty is still comparatively young." The Chinese system is in traditional societies perhaps the institution closest to what Plato imagined for the Guardians -- with some of the negative effects, such as the dynamics of <a href="bureau.htm">bureaucracy</a>, that we might anticipate from Plato's vision.
</ol>
<P>Of all the serious criticisms that can be made against Plato's ideal state, I think that a couple of the most telling are that his theory involves two serious <I>internal</I> contradictions:
<ol>
<P><li>That, although Plato, like Socrates, had always <I>defined</I> philosophers as those who <I>know</I> they are ignorant, he always talks about the philosopher Guardians as though they will actually be <I>wise</I>. But if a philosopher is <I>not</I> wise, then he may not make any better a ruler than someone who is virtuous because of correct belief (as described at the end of the <I>Meno</I>). Plato's theory, therefore, really depends on philosophy actually be able to <I>produce</I> wise people. In two thousand years, that has clearly not happened. It is fairly obvious that philosophy professors are, on the whole, no wiser as persons than anyone else; and in academic philosophy departments most professors are not even <I>trying</I> to pursue wisdom in any ordinary meaning of the word.
<P><li>That, although Plato defines the soul as consisting of three parts for everyone, he really talks about each of his social classes as though they only had <I>one</I> part of the soul, the dominant part. Thus, he can contemplate the Guardians living in poverty because he disregards the fact that philosophers and warriors <I>will</I> have desires and so are not likely to be happy in circumstances that deny the existence of desire. Plato's life for the Guardians violates human nature, not just as any reasonable person would see it, but as Plato defines human nature himself. It is easy to see how Plato could have stumbled into this mistake by the nature of his analogy between soul and state: the soul has three simple parts, but the state has three parts that consists of things that each have three parts. Some people, like Leo Strauss, have consequently argued that Plato's theory of the state is not meant to be taken seriously and is only a device of argumentation. Possibly, but the <I>Republic</I> sounds pretty serious -- and the <I>Laws</I> even more so.
</ol>
<P><a name="decay"><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<P>Taking Plato's theory at face value, however, does not answer the whole challenge originally posed by Thrasymachus. This might give us a definition of justice, after a fashion, but it does not show why it is better to be just or why the just person is happier. Plato does that in Book VIII of the <I>Republic</I> by examining "imperfect" states. He imagines what would happen if his ideal state decays.
<ol>
<P><li>The ideal state itself Plato calls an "aristocracy," <font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03c1;&#x03b9;&#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03ba;&#x03c1;&#x03b1;&#x03c4;&#x03af;&#x03b1;</font>, <I>aristokrat&iacute;a</I> (<font size=+1>&#x1f04;&#x03c1;&#x03b9;&#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>, <I>&aacute;ristos</I>, "best," and <font size=+1>&#x03ba;&#x03c1;&#x03b1;&#x03c4;&#x03b5;&#x1fd6;&#x03bd;</font>, <I>krate&icirc;n</I>, "to rule"), the rule of the best. The principle of this state is the reason of the philosophers. The danger he sees to this state is that Guardian parents might not wish to give up children who do not belong among them. If they do not give up the children to become commoners, then some other interest will come to operate among the philosophers. They will cease to be philosophers and so will not be respected by the warriors or commoners.
<P><li><img src="images/gov-1.gif" align=right>The warriors will take over. They have the monopoly of force anyway, so they decide to use it. The kind of state they will establish Plato's calls a "timocracy," <font size=+1>&#x03c4;&#x03b9;&#x03bc;&#x03bf;&#x03ba;&#x03c1;&#x03b1;&#x03c4;&#x03af;&#x03b1;</font>, <I>timokrat&iacute;a</I>, or "timarchy," <font size=+1>&#x03c4;&#x03b9;&#x03bc;&#x03b1;&#x03c1;&#x03c7;&#x03af;&#x03b1;</font>, <I>timarkh&iacute;a</I> (from <font size=+1>&#x03c4;&#x03b9;&#x03bc;&#x03ae;</font>, <I>tim&ecirc;</I>, "honor" and <font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03c1;&#x03c7;&#x03ae;</font>, <I>arch&ecirc;</I>, "beginning," "power" "sovereignty"), the rule of honor. The principle of this state is the spirit of the warriors. We may say that this kind of state has actually existed, not only with <a href="greek.htm#sparta">Sparta</a> in Plato's day, as Plato says himself, but in mediaeval Europe or <a href="sangoku.htm#japan">Japan</a>, or among the Kshatriya caste in <a href="caste.htm">India</a>, with the kind of feudal military society that they all had. European or Japanese nobility felt themselves superior to the desire for wealth (although they didn't always live in poverty) and tended to fight each other over issues of honor. This kind of state will decay, however, when the children of the warriors fall to the temptation to use their military power to obtain wealth.
<P><li>The rulers thus become the rich. Plato calls this an "oligarchy," <font size=+1>&#x1f40;&#x03bb;&#x03b9;&#x03b3;&#x03b1;&#x03c1;&#x03c7;&#x03af;&#x03b1;</font>, <I>oligarkh&iacute;a</I> (<font size=+1>&#x1f40;&#x03bb;&#x03af;&#x03b3;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>, <I>oligos</I>, "few"), the rule of the few. A more appropriate term, however, might be one that we use, "plutocracy," <font size=+1>&#x03c0;&#x03bb;&#x03bf;&#x03c5;&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03ba;&#x03c1;&#x03b1;&#x03c4;&#x03af;&#x03b1;</font>, <I>ploutokrat&iacute;a</I> (from <font size=+1>&#x03c0;&#x03bb;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6;&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>, <I>plo&ucirc;tos</I>, "wealth," and so the god of the underworld, <font size=+1>&#x03a0;&#x03bb;&#x03bf;&#x03cd;&#x03c4;&#x03c9;&#x03bd;</font>, Pluto), the rule of wealth. The principle of this state is the desire of the rich; but it is still a very disciplined desire, for no one can become or stay rich if they simply indulge themselves in pleasure and spending. We can certainly say that there have been such states. Commercial republics like <a href="romania.htm#doges">Venice</a>, <a href="italia.htm#genoa">Genoa</a>, and the <a href="lorraine.htm#netherlands">Netherlands</a> come to mind. The limitation of desire is also evident in many of the so-called "robber baron" industrialists of American history. Someone like <a href="capit-1.htm#johnd">John D. Rockefeller</a> (1839-1937), the often reviled founder of Standard Oil, lived simply and almost ascetically. By the time he died he had actually <I>given away</I> about $550,000,000 ($8.25 <I>billion</I> in 1995 dollars), more money than any American had actually possessed before him. The plutocratic kind of state will decay when the children of the rich decide simply to enjoy themselves and dissipate their wealth, or when the poor decide to take advantage of their numbers by overthrowing the rich. The phenomenon of families losing their wealth because they spent and forget how to earn it is best illustrated by the <a href="flanders.htm#vanderbilt">Vanderbilts</a>.
<P><li>The result is a "democracy," <font size=+1>&#x03b4;&#x03b7;&#x03bc;&#x03bf;&#x03ba;&#x03c1;&#x03b1;&#x03c4;&#x03af;&#x03b1;</font>, <I>d&ecirc;mokratia</I> (from <font size=+1>&#x03b4;&#x1fc6;&#x03bc;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>, <I>d&ecirc;mos</I>, "people"), the rule of the people. Plato pays grudging respect to democracy as the "fairest" (<font size=+1>&#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03af;&#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03b7;</font>, <I>kallist&ecirc;</I>, "most beautiful") of constitutions. The principle of this state is the desire of the many. This is "democratic" in the sense that all desires are equally good, which means anything goes. Because the desires and possessions of some inevitably interfere with the desires and acquisitiveness of others, Plato thinks that democracies will become increasing undisciplined and chaotic. In the end, people will want someone to institute law and order and quiet things down. Giving sufficient power to someone to do that leads to the next kind of state.
<P><li>The tyrant succeeds in quieting things down. Then he establishes a new kind of government, a tyranny (<font size=+1>&#x03c4;&#x03c5;&#x03c1;&#x03b1;&#x03bd;&#x03bd;&#x03af;&#x03c2;</font>, <I>tyrannis</I>, "tyranny," from <font size=+1>&#x03c4;&#x03cd;&#x03c1;&#x03b1;&#x03bd;&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>, <I>tyrannos</I>, "tyrant"). The principle of this state is still desire, but now it is just the desire of the tyrant himself. Many have noted that nothing quite like this actually happened in Greek history. Tyrannies tended to <I>precede</I>, not follow, democracies. That is what happened at Athens. Consequently, a better case can be made that the whole pattern of "imperfect governments" was a device Plato used for argumentation. However, while the collapse of democracies into tyrannies did not occur in Greek history, it has ironically occurred several times in the 20th century. The precise process described by Plato occurred in <a href="francia.htm#italministers">Italy</a> when Mussolini came to power and in <a href="francia.htm#third">Germany</a> when Hitler came to power. <a name="text">We can now say that it has happened with Vladimir Putin in <a href="russia.htm#president">Russia</a> in the 21st century. The English historian Thomas Babington, better known as Lord Macaulay (1800-59), believed that democracy would survive only until people got the idea that they could vote themselves wealth (though this principle has been attributed to many others). Since that wealth must be taken from the people who create it, they are not going to like that, and the incentive for them to create it in the first place will be, to a greater or lesser extent, removed. [<a href="#note">note</a>]
</ol>
<P>Recent economists in the area of Public Choice theory [e.g. James M. Buchanan and the Virginia School of <a href="rent.htm">Public Choice</a>], have described how the politicization of economic goods inevitably creates increased public conflict as the sense grows that wealth is something to be seized and distributed through state action. As everyone comes to believe that their prosperity depends on political success and consequent government largess, such a dynamic will tend to destabilize democracy, since in politics there are always losers and they begin to think that they are victims of the regime and have no stake in it. Capitalism is often disparaged as a system with "winners and losers," but the losers in capitalism are just the unsuccessful businesses, while the winners do win by providing what is most agreeable to consumers. In politics, the "winners and losers" are both consumers, and the losers are those who are then legally robbed to pay off the winners, who have the power of the state to take what they want (if you rob Peter to pay Paul, you can at least get Paul to vote for you). One would think that the United States Constitution shuts off any drift towards a regime of seizure and redistribution because of the "Takings" clause of the Fifth Amendment: "Nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation." The Takings clause, however, was an early casualty of enthusiasm over the New Deal and has steadily eroded ever since. It is only now that a movement has developed, and received some attention from the Supreme Court, to enforce it -- though the recent <a href="quiz.htm#2005"><I>Kelo v. City of New London</I></a> decision represents a setback.
<P>For Plato's argument, the tyrannical state is the final refutation of Thrasymachus. It is clearly the most unhappy kind of state. Thrasymachus, of course, can argue that he doesn't care. It is Plato's analogy, not his. All that matters is whether the tyrant <I>himself</I> is happy or unhappy. Plato's answer to that is to identify the nature of the "tyrannical personality": since the tyrant is subject to completely unlimited desire, he can never be satisfied with anything he has. He will always want more. That is also the answer in a famous scene in the 1948 movie <I>Key Largo</I>, with Humphrey Bogart and Edward G. Robinson. Robinson is a gangster holding a hotel full of people, including Bogart, hostage. Bogart at one point asks him what he really wants out of all this. Robinson can't say, so Bogart, like Socrates, makes a suggestion: is it that what he really wants is just <I>more</I>? Robinson says, yes, yes, he wants <I>more</I>, <I><B>more!</B></I> That is the tyrannical personality.
<P>In our century, it is not hard to find tyrannical personalities to fit Plato's description. Both <a href="francia.htm#third">Hitler</a> and <a href="francia.htm#italministers">Mussolini</a> were undone by their inability to be satisfied with their successes. When Hitler had conquered France, there was only one country left in the world at war with him, Britain. Stalin's Soviet Union was busy mollifying Hitler by supplying him anything he needed. If Hitler had been content to absorb his conquests and develop Germany's potential, there is no doubt that he would have been in little danger for some time to come. He destroyed himself because he just <I><B>had</B></I> to invade Russia. Similarly, Mussolini was cautious enough that Italy remained neutral when Britain and France declared war on Germany for invading Poland. He lost his caution when he saw France defeated and decided to jump on Hitler's bandwagon. It meant, literally, his death. Otherwise Mussolini might have ridden out the war and died peacefully in bed, like his colleague the dictator of Spain, Francisco Franco.
<P><a href="perifran.htm#spainpms">Franco</a>, however, is one of the people who spoils Plato's argument. Hitler <I>really</I> wanted Franco in the war. And he knew that Franco, and Spaniards in generally, really wanted to recover <a href="newspain.htm#british">Gibraltar</a>, after over two hundred years, from Britain. [Gibraltar was captured by Britain in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession and ceded to Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 -- one of the British admirals leading the capture had the extraordinary name of "Clowdisley Shovell."] Since Gibraltar was a thorn in the side of German and Italian operations in the Mediterranean, Hitler told Franco that if Spain entered the war, German troops would take Gibraltar and then <I>give</I> it to Spain. It was the kind of offer Franco couldn't refuse, but he did. Franco knew how to limit his desire, but that didn't prevent him from being a serious tyrant -- and now we know that Hitler's own envoy to Franco, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, was actually advising him <I>against</I> accepting Hilter's offer! [Eventually, in 1944, Hiltler learned that Canaris had been working against him and had him executed.] Worse is the case of <a href="russia.htm#soviet">Josef Stalin</a>, who had an uncanny ability to bide his time and to take advantage of every opportunity. To the embarrassment of Western leftists, World War II itself began with Hitler and Stalin actually partitioning <a href="perifran.htm#modest">Poland</a> between them. When Stalin subsequently invaded <a href="perifran.htm#modnor">Finland</a>, there was a moment when it looked like the Soviet Union might join Germany as the common totalitarian enemy of the Western democracies. When Stalin became an ally of the West instead (when Hitler invaded Russia), he could cash in his position with a post-war empire than would have been the envy of the Tsars. Poor Poland, whose fate called Britain and France to war in 1939, and whose exiled citizens fought bravely in many of the major actions of World War II, including many Polish pilots in the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain, was at Yalta left to Stalin without argument by <a href="presiden.htm#32">Franklin Roosevelt</a> and remained a vassal state of the Soviet Union until 1989.
<P><a name="er"><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<P>Although Plato didn't know about such a <I>variety</I> of tyrannical personalities, he seems to have felt that his ultimate argument about the unhappiness of the tyrant was not strong enough. To seal the argument, he ended the <I>Republic</I> with a myth: &nbsp;the Myth of Er. Er was supposed to have been a soldier who was struck down and left for dead in a battle. When the bodies were collected after ten days for burning, Er revived and said that he had seen the reward of the good and the punishment of the wicked in the hereafter. After the judgment of the gods, the souls of the dead went to a place of reward in heaven or a place of punishment in the underworld. Since Plato believed in reincarnation there were no <I>eternal</I> rewards or punishments -- except for an evil few who were not allowed out of Hades (as in <a href="elements.htm#note-6">Buddhism</a>). All the others had to face the prospect of their next life, and they were given the opportunity to choose the character of their next life from a variety of alternatives.
<P>The <I>Republic</I> thus ends rather lamely with the argument that we better be good or the gods will punish us. We hardly needed to go through the whole book just to be told that. But in the midst of this there comes a very striking moment. Er describes the souls choosing their next life. The first one he sees doing this <I>chooses badly</I> (as in <I>Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</I>, 1989) -- the life of a tyrant who is fated "to eat his children and suffer other horrors" [<I>Republic</I> 619b-c, Rouse p.420]. Plato's comment about this reveals an important principle of his thought: This was a person who had lived a good life and had just returned from a reward for it in heaven. But, says Plato, he had "some share of virtue which came by habit without philosophy." That is how Rouse puts it, p.420. Lee's translation is, "having owed his goodness to habit and custom and not to knowledge," p.399. The terms in Greek are <font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03c1;&#x03b5;&#x03c4;&#x03ae;</font>, <I>aret&ecirc;</I>, "virtue"; <font size=+1>&#x1f14;&#x03b8;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>, <I>ethos</I>, "custom," "habit" (only one word in Greek); and <font size=+1>&#x03c6;&#x03b9;&#x03bb;&#x03bf;&#x03c3;&#x03bf;&#x03c6;&#x03af;&#x03b1;</font>, <I>philosophia</I>. So Rouse's translation is more literal.
<P>This was a prescient critique of Plato's own student Aristotle, who later believed that virtue actually was a matter of habit and that the good had no independent nature to know, as Socrates and Plato had thought. Plato, of course, can allow for Aristotle's kind of virtue, but he regards it, as at the end of the <a href="knowledg.htm#note"><I>Meno</I></a>, as a matter of correct opinion only, not knowledge. The shortcoming of that kind of virtue is that, being habitual, it is effective only in habitual circumstances. In unfamiliar circumstances, where novel cases of good and evil must be recognized, the person does not possess the knowledge that would make that recognition possible. Socrates had asked Eurthyphro for a definition of piety so that he would "look upon it" and "use it as a model" (<I>Euthyphro</I> 6d) to recognize novel cases of piety and impiety. The soul that picks the terrible life of a tyrant obviously has no model and doesn't know what it is doing. This is why Meno actually makes a good observation at <I>Meno</I> 97c, when he says, "he who has knowledge will always succeed, while he who has right opinion will sometimes succeed, sometimes not." Although Socrates oddly disagrees with this, the point is to be well taken that right opinion will only work for a limited sphere of possibilities, the familiar ones, while knowledge will always work.
<P><a name="sun"><center><img src="images/key.gif" align=middle></center>
<P>In the end, probably the most enduring image of the entire <I>Republic</I>, as an expression of Plato's view of life and the world, is the Allegory (or Simile) of the <B>Cave</B>. This occurs in Book VII (at 514), following his discussion of the Divided Line (in Book VI), <img src="images/line.gif" align=right>which illustrated the levels of knowledge and reality in the discussion of the nature of philosophy and the good. (At right, the Divided Line is in black and the elements of the Allegory of the Cave are in red.) Plato says that we are all like prisoners chained up on the floor of a cave. We are so restricted that we can only look in one direction, and there we see shadows on the wall that seem to talk and move around. We and our fellow prisoners observe, discuss, and remember what these shadows do or say. But, what happens if we happen to be released from our chains? We stand up and look around, and we see a fire burning at the back of the cave. In front of the fire is a low wall, and on the wall puppets are manipulated, which cast the shadows that are all we have ever seen. So suddenly we realize that all the things we have ever known all our lives were not the true reality at all, but just shadows [<font size=+1>&#x03c3;&#x03ba;&#x03b9;&#x03b1;&#x03af;</font>, <I>skiai</I> -- significantly the same word that occurs at the end of the <I>Meno</I>, when Plato says that the statesman who can teach his virtue and make another into a statesman will be like the only true reality compared with shadows (100a)]. But there is more. There is an exit from the cave, which leads up to the surface. There we are at first blinded, but then begin to see trees, animals, etc. which in the cave were only represented by puppets. Eventually we notice that all those things exist and are knowable because of the sun. Returning to the cave, we would at first be blinded by the darkness, and our fellow prisoners would have no idea what we were doing or saying -- they would probably regard us as insane -- but we could not, of course, take them seriously for an instant.
<P>In modern terms, Plato's description of the cave bears an uncanny resemblance to a movie theater. There we do indeed sit in the dark with our fellow movie goers, not looking at them but at the screen. Instead of a fire and puppets, we have a projector light and film. Instead of shadows, we have focused images -- much more compelling than shadows, but something about whose possibility Plato did not have a clue. But what we <I>see</I> on the movie screen, in turn, usually bears no more resemblance to reality than what Plato expected from the shadows on the cave wall.
<P>The freed prisoner is, of course, the philosopher. The cave itself represents the world of Becoming and its fire the physical sun in the sky. The world on the surface outside of the cave represents the world of Being, where the individual objects are the Forms -- <I>e&iacute;d&ecirc;</I>, <font size=+1>&#x03b5;&#x1f34;&#x03b4;&#x03b7;</font> (singular <I>e&icirc;dos</I>, <font size=+1>&#x03b5;&#x1f36;&#x03b4;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>) or <I>id&eacute;ai</I>, <font size=+1>&#x1f30;&#x03b4;&#x03ad;&#x03b1;&#x03b9;</font> (singular <I>id&eacute;a</I>, <font size=+1>&#x1f30;&#x03b4;&#x03ad;&#x03b1;</font>). Two peculiarities of the Allegory of the Cave, however, are the status of the shadows, as opposed to the puppets, and the nature of the sun. If the puppets are the actual objects in the world of Becoming, then the shadows must be people's opinions. We do mostly go through life paying attention to people's opinions rather than to the things themselves, so that is suitable. Plato, of course, thinks that even the things themselves are like shadows of the Forms. The sun, in turn, is a unique kind of Form: <B>the Form of the Good</B>, <font size=+1>&#x1f21; &#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6; &#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b1;&#x03b8;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6; &#x1f30;&#x03b4;&#x03ad;&#x03b1;</font> [508e].
<P>This is a unique moment in Plato's writings, since he does not elsewhere single out any Form as different in kind from the others, and he does not elsewhere pay any sustained attention to the good as such. He has already said in the <I>Republic</I> (at 506) that he cannot really give a definition of the good. He will only give us an analogy, that the good is to knowledge and truth what the sun is to light and sight.
<P><blockquote><a name="text-5">Then what gives the objects of knowledge their truth and the mind the power of knowing is the Form of the Good. It is the cause of knowledge and truth, and you will be right to think of it as being itself known, and yet as being something other than, and even higher than, knowledge and truth. And just as it was right to think of light and sight as being like the sun, but wrong to think of them as being the sun itself, so here again it is right to think of knowledge and truth as being like the Good, but wrong to think of either of them as being the Good, which must be given a still higher place of honor.... [<a href="#note-5">note</a>]
<P>The Good therefore may be said to be the source not only of the intelligibility of the objects of knowledge, but also of their existence and reality; yet it is not itself identical with reality, but is beyond reality, and superior to it in dignity and power. [508e-509b, Lee translation, p.273.]</blockquote>
<P>This is suggestive and intriguing, and Plato's own students wanted to hear more. Once Plato even promised to give a <a href="good.htm">lecture on the good</a>. But when the day came, all he did was do a geometry proof. So we are left at a kind of incomplete pinnacle of Plato's thought, with a sense of how important in reality the good is, but with mostly metaphorical statements about it. That was either the best Plato thought he could do or, like the Pythagoreans, he thought that his most serious views should not be spoken in public. Later the <a href="hist-1.htm#late">Neoplatonists</a> would simply conclude that the Form of the Good was God, but there is no hint of that in Plato. He goes so far and then, like <a href="greek.htm#parmenides">Parmenides</a>, leaves us to continue the quest.
<P>Plato's actual argument for <I>why</I> we should be just suffers from a fundamental misconception. He is always recommending justice from <I>prudential</I> considerations, i.e. we should be just because of our own <I>best interest</I>, either to be happy (the main argument) or to avoid the punishment of the gods (in the Myth of Er). If there is a difference between moral and merely prudent action, however, Plato has misdirected us. Instead, morality may require actions that are not in our self-interest. This is agreed upon by <a href="moral-1.htm">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="confuci.htm">Confucius</a>, and even the <a href="gita.htm"><I>Bhagavad Gita</I></a>. Thus, Confucius holds that righteouness, <img src="images/yi2.gif" align=middle>, is to do what is right, regardless of the consequences. That is how Kant defined the "categorical imperative," the moral command (the imperative) that is to no ulterior purpose (i.e. it is categorical). Similarly, the <I>Gita</I> says, "Set thy heart upon thy work, but never on its reward. Work not for a reward; but never cease to do thy work" [2:47]. This might not satisfy Thrasymachus; but then, with someone of that sort, while we may argue the issues, the ultimate point is not alone to persuade him, but to stop him. That is the surest way to prevent the tyrant from being happy.
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<p><a name="note-0"><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<H3 ALIGN="center">Plato's <I>Republic</I>, Note 1</H3>
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<P>The famous sign about geometry at the Academy is surprisingly attested only in very late sources. First of all is <a href="hist-1.htm#impetus">John Philoponus</a>, who of course did not live until the remarkable Age of <a href="romania.htm#justin">Justinian</a> in the 6th Century AD. He tells us that it said <font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b5;&#x03c9;&#x03bc;&#x03ad;&#x03c4;&#x03c1;&#x03b7;&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03c2; &#x03bc;&#x1f74; &#x03b5;&#x1f30;&#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03af;&#x03c9;</font>, "Without geometry, enter not." We get a slightly different version from another commentator on Aristotle, Elias, a younger contemporary of Philoponus, who reports it as <font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b5;&#x03c9;&#x03bc;&#x03ad;&#x03c4;&#x03c1;&#x03b7;&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03c2; &#x03bc;&#x1f74;&#x03b4;&#x03b5;&#x1f76;&#x03c2; &#x03b5;&#x1f30;&#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03af;&#x03c9;</font>, "Without geometry, no one enter" [<I>In Porphyrii Isagogen et Aristotelis Categorias commentaria, Commentaria in Aristotelem graeca</I>, XVIII, ed. Adolfus Busse, Berlin, 1900, p.118,18-19]. Either of these is commonly translated in such terms as, "Let no one ignorant of geometry enter."
<P>We have no notion where Philoponus or Elias got their information on Plato's Academy, although there were certainly sources available in their day, and which were still available for centuries (as we know from <a href="romania.htm#photius">Photius</a>), that are now lost. There is also the curious dynamic that even later authors have more elaborate versions of the sign. In the 12th century, John Tzetzes in the <I>Chiliades</I> reported the sign as, <font size=+1>&#x03bc;&#x1f74;&#x03b4;&#x03b5;&#x1f76;&#x03c2; &#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b5;&#x03c9;&#x03bc;&#x03ad;&#x03c4;&#x03c1;&#x03b7;&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03c2; &#x03b5;&#x1f30;&#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03af;&#x03c9; &#x03bc;&#x03bf;&#x03c5; &#x03c4;&#x1f74;&#x03bd; &#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03ad;&#x03b3;&#x03b7;&#x03bd;</font>, "Let no one ignorant of geometry enter [under] my roof." I originally found this on a webpage, which transcribed the quote with anomalous accents. For all I knew, John himself used the anomalous accents. Now I have consulted the original text (which is available in a print-on-demand photocopy from the University of Michigan Library), and the accents are as shown here, which are not anomalous [Ioannis Tzetzae, <I>Historiarum Variarum Chiliades</I>, Leipzig, 1826, VIII, 973, p.322]. John knew his Greek, apparently better than the author of the webpage (transcribing Greek without <a href="tombs.htm#preston">mangling</a> it seems to be a general challenge). It is unlikely that Tzetzes had better sources than Philoponus and Elias, but we don't know what they were either.
<P>In any case, the sentiment seems characteristic of Plato, as I discuss in relation to the <a href="euthyph.htm#academy2"><I>Euthyphro</I></a>. It is consistent with his provision that philosophy should not be taught to just anyone, while he has himself withdrawn his instruction from the streets of Athens to the removed campus of the Academy.
<P><a href="#">Return to Text</a>
<p><a name="note-6"><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<H3 ALIGN="center">Plato's <I>Republic</I>, Note 2</H3>
<p><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<P>The Greek text here is from the Loeb Classical Library <I>Republic I</I>, translated by Paul Shorey [Harvard University Press, 1930, 1969, p.46]. The translation given is that of W.H.D. Rouse in his <I>Great Dialogues of Plato</I> [Mentor Books, 1956, p.137]. The following two citations in the text above are Rouse's translation also.
<P>However, Rouse seems to have taken some liberties with the Greek here. A more literal translation would be, <font size=+1>&#x03c6;&#x03b7;&#x03bc;&#x1f76; &#x03b3;&#x1f70;&#x03c1; &#x1f10;&#x03b3;&#x03ce;</font>, "For I say," <font size=+1>&#x03b5;&#x1f36;&#x03bd;&#x03b1;&#x03b9; &#x03c4;&#x1f78; &#x03b4;&#x03af;&#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x03b9;&#x03bf;&#x03bd;</font>, "the just to be," <font size=+1>&#x03bf;&#x1f50;&#x03ba; &#x1f04;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03bf; &#x03c4;&#x03b9;</font>, "nothing other," <font size=+1>&#x1f22;</font>, "than," <font size=+1>&#x03c4;&#x1f78; &#x03be;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03c6;&#x03ad;&#x03c1;&#x03bf;&#x03bd;</font>, "the advantage," <font size=+1>&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6; <font color=red>&#x03ba;&#x03c1;&#x03b5;&#x03af;&#x03c4;&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font></font>, "of the stronger." We see <font color=red size=+1>&#x03ba;&#x03c1;&#x03b5;&#x03af;&#x03c4;&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>, "stronger" (in the genitive), in the description of Constantinople as <font size=+1 color=red>&#x03ba;&#x03c1;&#x03b5;&#x03af;&#x03c4;&#x03c4;&#x03c9;&#x03bd;</font> (in the nominative) by <a href="romania.htm#psellus">Michael Psellus</a>, in the neuter as <font size=+1 color=red>&#x03ba;&#x03c1;&#x03b5;&#x1fd6;&#x03c4;&#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x03bd;</font> in the physics of <a href="archon.htm#stronger">John Philoponus</a>, and (the same way) in a statement by Aristotle about <a href="hist-1.htm#female">male & female</a>.
<P>A key word here, naturally, is <font size=+1>&#x03be;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03c6;&#x03ad;&#x03c1;&#x03bf;&#x03bd;</font>, "advantage." This is an adjective, a participle from the verb <font size=+1>&#x03c3;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03c6;&#x03ad;&#x03c1;&#x03c9;</font> (infinitive <font size=+1>&#x03c3;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03c6;&#x03ad;&#x03c1;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03bd;</font>) -- the word in Plato begins with a <font size=+1>&#x03be;</font>, <I>ksi</I>, rather than a <I>sigma</I>, because that is the Attic <a href="archon.htm#dialects">dialect</a> of Athens. The verb is defined by Liddell & Scott as, "to confer a benefit, be useful or profitable, is of use, is profitable, expedient" [<I>Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon</I>, Oxford, 1889, 1964, p.764]. For the participle (not in Attic) -- <font size=+1>&#x03c3;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03c6;&#x03ad;&#x03c1;&#x03c9;&#x03bd;</font> (masculine), <font size=+1>&#x03c3;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03c6;&#x03ad;&#x03c1;&#x03bf;&#x03c5;&#x03c3;&#x03b1;</font> (feminine), and <font size=+1>&#x03c3;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03c6;&#x03ad;&#x03c1;&#x03bf;&#x03bd;</font> (neuter) -- Liddell & Scott say, "useful, expedient, fitting." These are all suitable to translate what Thrasymachus says.
<P>The interest of the verb increases when we realize that it figures in the famous statement of the High Priest Caiaphas at John 11:47-50:
<P><blockquote>"You know nothing at all," <font size=+1>&#x1f51;&#x03bc;&#x03b5;&#x1fd6;&#x03c2; &#x03bf;&#x1f50;&#x03ba; &#x03bf;&#x1f34;&#x03b4;&#x03b1;&#x03c4;&#x03b5; &#x03bf;&#x1f50;&#x03b4;&#x03b5;&#x03bd;</font>, "nor do you stop to consider that it is <font color=red>expedient</font> for you," <font size=+1>&#x03bf;&#x1f50;&#x03b4;&#x03b5; &#x03bb;&#x03bf;&#x03b3;&#x03af;&#x03b6;&#x03b5;&#x03c3;&#x03b8;&#x03b5; &#x1f45;&#x03c4;&#x03b9; <font color=red>&#x03c3;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03c6;&#x03ad;&#x03c1;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;</font> &#x1f51;&#x03bc;&#x1fd6;&#x03bd;</font>, "that one man should die," <font size=+1>&#x1f35;&#x03bd;&#x03b1; &#x03b5;&#x1f37;&#x03c2; &#x1f04;&#x03bd;&#x03b8;&#x03c1;&#x03c9;&#x03c0;&#x03bf;&#x03c2; &#x1f00;&#x03c0;&#x03bf;&#x03b8;&#x03ac;&#x03bd;&#x1fc3;</font>, "for the people [<font size=+1>&#x03bb;&#x03b1;&#x03cc;&#x03c2;</font>]," <font size=+1>&#x1f51;&#x03c0;&#x1f72;&#x03c1; &#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6; &#x03bb;&#x03b1;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6;</font>, "that the whole nation [<font size=+1>&#x1f14;&#x03b8;&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>] should not perish," <font size=+1>&#x03ba;&#x03b1;&#x1f76; &#x03bc;&#x1f74; &#x1f45;&#x03bb;&#x03bf;&#x03bd; &#x03c4;&#x1f78; &#x1f14;&#x03b8;&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03c2; &#x1f00;&#x03c0;&#x03cc;&#x03bb;&#x03b7;&#x03c4;&#x03b1;&#x03b9;</font>.</blockquote>
<P>Here we get the third person singular use of <font size=+1>&#x03c3;&#x03c5;&#x03bc;&#x03c6;&#x03ad;&#x03c1;&#x03c9;</font>. The moral issues involved, which are very different from the argument of Thrasymachus, are discussed under the treatment of <a href="machiav.htm">Niccol&ograve; Machiavelli</a>. While the verb in the Bible is generally translated "expedient," which gives it a sense of unprincipled opportunism, the meaning, as we see, is more general, although still amenable to such an interpretation. Thrasymachus, of course, uses his prinicple to justify any crime, for the benefit of the "stronger," while both Caiaphas and Machiavelli appeal to the principle of <I>necessity</I> (Italian <I>necessitato</I>) for the benefit, not of the "stronger," but of the people, <font size=+1>&#x1f41; &#x03bb;&#x03b1;&#x03cc;&#x03c2;</font>, the nation, <font size=+1>&#x03c4;&#x1f78; &#x1f14;&#x03b8;&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>, or the state, <font size=+1>&#x1f21; &#x03c0;&#x03cc;&#x03bb;&#x03b9;&#x03c2;</font>. Also, while Thrasymachus is willing to <I>redefine</I> justice, Machiavelli is clear that, in the dilemma of statecraft, injustice must sometimes be practiced.
<P><a href="#text-6">Return to Text</a>
<P><a name="gyges"><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<H3 ALIGN="center">Plato's <I>Republic</I>, Note 3</a><br>
The Ring of Gyges, <I>Hollow Man</I>, and <I>The Tempest</I></H3>
<p><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<P><blockquote><blockquote><font size=+1><I>Prospero</I> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;I have bedimmed<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;The noontide sun, called forth the mutinous winds,<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;And 'twixt the green sea and the azured vault<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Set soaring war. To the dread rattling thunder<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Have I given fire, and rifted Jove's stout oak<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;With his own bolt. The strong-based promontory<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Have I made shake, and by the spurs plucked up<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;The pine, and cedar. Graves at my command<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Have waked their sleepers, op'd, and let 'em forth<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;By my so potent art. <font color=red>But this rough magic<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;I here abjure.</font> And when I have required<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Some heavenly music (which even now I do)<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;To work mine end upon their senses, that<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;This airy charm is for, <font color=red>I'll break my staff,<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bury it certain fathoms in the earth,<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;And deeper than did ever plummet sound<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;I'll drown my book.</font></font></blockquote>
<P><a href="tempest.htm"><I>The Tempest</I></a>, William Shakespeare, Act 5, Scene 1:42-57</blockquote>
<p><center><img src="images/bar.gif"></center>
<P>The "Ring of Gyges," which confers invisibility, is used in Plato's <a href="#"><I>Republic</I></a> as a thought experiment to argue that a person with such a ring, whether previously just or unjust, would use it to commit as many crimes as necessary to get what they want [Book II, 359d]. Plato does not agree with this. The argument of the rest of the <I>Republic</I>, consequently, is that the just man would not be tempted by invisibility to commit crimes, because he would know that crime itself makes one unhappy and that he is better off to remain just.
<P>The issue of the ring has recently emerged in popular culture, with the Paul Verhoeven movie <I>Hollow Man</I> [Columbia Pictures, 2000]. In publicity and documentary interviews, Verhoeven explicitly invokes Plato to explain the theme of the movie. However, the moral of the film appears to be quite the opposite of what Plato intended. When actor Kevin Bacon becomes invisible, he very soon begins committing rape and murder. It may be that this was the result of flaws in his character, but such a question is unanswered by the story, since there is no comparison with anyone who resists the temptations of the power conferred by invisibility. One is left to suppose that anyone would act this way, and Verhoeven appears to see that as, indeed, the point. We would not know from Verhoeven's statements that Plato had something different in mind.
<P>A fictional character who displays Platonic virtue is Prospero, the deposed Duke of <a href="italia.htm#milan">Milan</a> in Shakespeare's <I>The Tempest</I>. In the epigraph above, Prospero provides a rather chilling catalogue of his powers, which apparently extend to raising the dead, and which in the play have called forth the storm that delivers his enemies to his island of exile. Prepared for a terrible revenge, Prospero instead forgives:
<P><blockquote><font size=+1><I>Prospero</I> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The rarer action is<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; In virtue than in vengeance. They, being penitent,<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The sole drift of my purpose doth extend<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Not a frown further.</font>
<P>Act 5, Scene 1: 27-30</blockquote>
<P>Having merely righted the wrongs done, regained his Dukedom, and arranged the marriage of his daughter Miranda to Ferdinand, son of the King of <a href="italia.htm#naples-2">Naples</a>, Prospero surrenders his power. Although certainly "the rarer action" in history, this does happen, from the retirement of <a href="romania.htm#tetrarch">Diocletian</a> to the refusal of a Third Term by <a href="presiden.htm#1">George Washington</a>.
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<p><a name="note-3"><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<H3 ALIGN="center">Plato's <I>Republic</I>, Note 4;<br>Plato's Typology</H3>
<p><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<P>Plato's theory of the three parts of the soul in effect produces a <a href="types.htm">typology</a> of personalities, such as has become popular in modern psychology. Instead of any emphais on this, Plato's system mostly gets compared to the <a href="caste.htm">Caste System</a> of India, with which it shares some features and where <B>Georges Dum&eacute;zil</B> speculated that the notion of a triple social division, found in Plato, Greek mythology, Ireland, <a href="greek.htm#persia">Iran</a>, and India (in terms of the Twice Born), goes back to an original common Indo-European ideology. In these terms, it is noteworthy that the theory of the <a href="key.htm#class">Chinese</a> social classes works rather differently,
<table border cellpadding=5 align=right bgcolor="#aaaaaa">
<tr><th>SOUL</th><th>INTEREST</th><th>CLASS</th><th>CASTE</th></tr>
<tr bgcolor=white><td>reason</td><td>knowledge</td><td>philosophers</td><td>Brahmins, <img src="images/greek/varna-1.gif" align=middle></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor=red><td>spirit</td><td>honor</td><td>warriors</td><td>Ks.atriyas, <img src="images/greek/varna-2.gif" align=middle></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#cc8800"><td>desire</td><td>pleasures</td><td>commoners</td><td>Vaishyas, <img src="images/greek/varna-3.gif" align=middle></td></tr>
</table>
with (<a href="six.htm#confucian">Confucian</a>) philosophers replacing priests, as in Plato, but with no place for warriors or their values in the system. Dum&eacute;zil's theory has been doubted, but here I wish to address the psychological rather than the sociological side of the matter.
<P>What has become a significant matter in the interpretation of Plato is the notion that Plato's typology abridges or compromises the previous principle of Socratic philosophy that "<a href="apology.htm#better">virtue is knowledge</a>," or that to know the good is to do the good. If we stipulate that Plato's theory is not about the <I>intelligence</I> of individuals, but about their <I>interest</I>, then we could imagine that warriors or commoners would be smart enough to <I>know the good</I> but then would not <I>do it</I> because this would conflict with their interest. Thus, Plato may be said to have added a necessary condition to the Socratic priniciple, namely that one must know the good and also possess the requisite psychological interest. So Professor Moriarty has no difficulty knowing what is right, but he just doesn't want to do it. In Plato's political theory, a tyrant, dominated by desire, may be an evil genius but will have no desire ever to do the good. Some may comfort themselves that, for instance, the <a href="francia.htm#third">Nazis</a> were just stupid; but intelligence tests given after World War II to high value Nazi prisoners revealed that many were of unusual intelligence. This is a frightening circumstance in itself, but especially when the modern <a href="rand.htm#modern">Left</a>, containing many evil geniuses, flatters itself about its own brilliance and has come to dominate American <a href="public.htm">education</a>.
<P>But Plato's typology may not compromise or contradict the Socratic principle at all. The first and most important point, of which people are now becoming more sensible, is that intelligence is not one undifferentiated thing, for which all kinds of knowledge are equal. This is the most conspicuous in individuals called "idiot savants," but also in those with various degrees of autism, who may have extraordinary abilities is certain areas, especially with memory or calculation but also sometimes even in art, but who may be lacking social skills or common sense at the most elementary levels. More specifically, the kind of knowledge relevant to Socratic inquiry, namely what would contribute to <a href="wisdom.htm">wisdom</a> as the "<a href="apology.htm#excellence">human and political kind of virtue</a>," is not something for everyone, not even to the very brilliant people one may find in philosophy departments or in the history of philosophy (e.g. <a href="why.htm#note-3">Bertrand Russell</a>, a brilliant fool if there ever was one).
<P>Thus, we must consider that Plato's typology of interest is itself also a <I>typology of intelligence</I>, with intelligence itself differentiated by its own objects of interest. The intelligent warrior or commoner may seek knowledge in their own ways, but they are not going to be looking for wisdom the way Socrates was. They will be impatient and uninterested in the kinds of questions he asked, or even contemptuous of his preoccupations. People with any philosophical interests, for epistemology or metaphysics as well as ethics, may find other very intelligent people, lawyers or scientists, who dismiss the whole business as pointless or ridiculous. We have no reason to doubt the brilliance of <a href="feynman.htm">Richard Feynman</a>, but we have his own testimony that nothing that was ever said in any of his philosophy classes, when he was a student, ever made the slightest sense to him. He then avoided any such classes that were not requirements, where he was lucky to have passing grades.
<P>Consequently, it is not like the evil genius, the brilliant tyrant, or the even the sharp lawyer or great physicist is going to be seeking or knowing the <I>same things</I> as Plato's philosophers. Socrates allowed for this himself, in that he found that the "craftsmen" knew what they were doing and to that extent "were wiser than I" [<a href="apology.htm#craftsmen"><I>Apology</I></a>, 22c-d]. But they were not wise about the right things, which we are left to infer means the "human and political kind of virtue." This can be generalized far beyond the craftsmen. Russell or Feynman, despite great brilliance is certain matters, could not be said by Socrates to be any wiser about the right things.
<P>Of course, this is all <I>ex hypothese</I>. We do not need to worry about counterexamples of the wise tyrant, not only because there has never been such a thing, but because on Socratic principles there has never been anyone wise whatsoever. So it is not like all sorts of intelligent people have known the good and not done it, but that no one at all has known it. This is not difficult to believe when the elite of American intellectuals and academics is dominated by <a href="marx.htm">socialists</a>, whose cognitive achievements are often expressed in the form of pronouncements that are little more than mindless slogans. The academy is not ruled by wisdom, but by many of the most painfully evident forms of folly and even of evil -- a combination of what <a href="arthur.htm">Schopenhauer</a> described as the "absurd and perverse" [<I>Absurde und Verkehrte</I>] and the "wicked and fraudulent" [<I>B&ouml;se und Hinterlistige</I>].
<P>In <I>The Republic</I> we can even detect a particular form of folly that is still popular, namely that the problem of politics consists of not having the right people in charge. Plato thought that these people should be the philosophers, because they are the ones distinguished by wisdom, even though the very Socratic definition of the philosopher is the person who recognizes his own <a href="socrates.htm">ignorance</a> and his <I>lack of wisdom</I>. In the recent experience of history, some of the most educated political leaders have turned out to be the worst rulers. The shambles of the <a href="presiden.htm#44">Obama Presidency</a> is obvious at the moment, but we have the even more chilling examples of the French educated Pol Pot in <a href="perigoku.htm#cambodia">Cambodia</a>, who thought that killing a large percentage of his own people would produce the desirable workers' paradise. It is not difficult to gather where Pol Pot got these ideas, when it was the common currency of the post-War world that Communism had failed in Spain and Greece because not enough people were <a href="marx.htm">killed</a>.
<P>Of course, Schopenhauer, not unlike Socrates, would have thought real wisdom <I>impossible</I> in the practical affairs of this world. Even the most intelligent, in any area of knowledge, are perverted by interests, especially self-interest, that warps their judgment. Socrates said that only the gods are wise, and we are left to soberly reflect on the possible wisdom of this viewpoint.
<P><a href="#text-3">Return to Text</a><p>
<a href="ethics.htm">Ethics</a>
<p><a name="note"><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<H3 ALIGN="center">Plato's <I>Republic</I>, Note 5;<br>
Machiavelli's View of Government</H3>
<p><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<P><img src="images/gov-1.gif" align=left>In his <I>Discourses Upon the First Ten Books of Titus Livy</I>, <a href="machiav.htm"><B>Niccol&ograve; Machiavelli</B></a>, more famous for <I>The Prince</I>, describes the "various kinds of states" in a fashion similar, but in some important ways different, from Plato. Machiavelli repeats in detail the analysis of government, formulated to explain the success of the Roman Republic, intiated by the Greek historian <B>Polybius of Megalopolis</B> (c.200-120 BC) in Book VI of his <I>Histories</I>. After the Roman defeat of the <a href="hist-1.htm#leagues">Achaean League</a> in 167 BC, Polybius was held by the Romans as a hostage; but this allowed him direct familiarity with Roman institutions, practices, and the events of the age. Machiavelli, following Cicero and Livy, continues the form of analysis begun by Polybius.
<P>Plato's description (at left) is really a thought experiment of how his ideal state, the <B>Aristocracy</B> of philosophers, would decay. His description is generational, that unworthy children fail to perpetuate the virtues of their parents. Thus, the <B>Timarchy</B> is produced by children who value themselves just for their honor and ability to use force, the <B>Oligarchy</B> is produced by children who decide to use their force to become wealthy, the <B>Democracy</B> is produced by children who think they have a right to that wealth just by being citizens, and the <B>Tyranny</B> is produced by children whose total lack of discipline and restraint produces a chaos that is only ended by one of their number seizing personal power. True to his generation, the tyrant uses his power to take whatever he wants. Plato's description is often <I>psychologically true</I> of many specific events and persons in history.
<P>Machiavelli's description is also generational, but it also introduces another principle, and it results in a kind of conclusion foreign to Plato's thinking. The principle that Machiavelli uses is simply that of a classification by the distribution to power, i.e. power is exercised by one, by a few, or by the many. This is a useful device, and is used here in the theory of <a href="quiz.htm#three">Liberties in Three Dimensions</a>. <img src="images/gov-2.gif" align=right>Thus, power exercised by one is a <B>Monarchy</B>, by a few, an <B>Aristocarcy</B>, and by the many, a <B>Democracy</B>. However, Machiavelli (with Polybius) allows that there are good and bad versions of each of these, reserves these terms for the <I>good</I> forms, and introduces "<B>Tyranny</B>," "<B>Oligarchy</B>," and "<B>Anarchy</B>" for the <I>bad</I> versions of rule by one, the few, and the many, respectively. These terms are conveniently schematic and descriptive and ignore a utopian possibility like Plato's government of philosophers.
<P>Upon the scheme, Machiavelli imposes his generational thought experiment, beginning with a "<a href="nature.htm">state of nature</a>" origin for Monarchy of a sort that we still find later in <B>Thomas Hobbes</B> or <a href="locke.htm"><B>John Locke</B></a>. The good monarch, however, is succeeded by corrupt rulers who begin to use their power for their own gain, becoming tyrants. The tyrant is then overthrown, and the rebels decide to retain power among themselves collectively, producing an Aristocracy. The aristocrats are succeeded by a generation that again begins to use its power to oppress the people, producing the Oligarchy, and so they end up getting overthrown like the tyrant. Now political power passes to the people, making for Democracy. Unlike Plato, Machiavelli, does not view democracy <I>per se</I> as worse than the other "good" forms of government. Indeed, Machiavelli includes a chapter in the <I>Discourses</I> (Book II Chapter LVIII) on how "The Multitude is Wiser and More Constant than a Prince." The propensity of Democracy to decay into Anarchy, which Machiavelli describes in much the same terms as Plato, is therefore no more a failing of Democracy than the similar propensities were of Monarchy and Aristocracy. The only difference might be in the next step: &nbsp;Plato sees a tyrant benefiting from the Anarchy produced by Democracy, while Machiavelli brings his thought experiment full circle by having Anarchy, which mimics the "state of nature," followed once again by Monarchy. As a matter of historical fact, we have no difficulty finding chaotic conditions that led to both tyrants (Hitler) and virtuous monarchs (<a href="romania.htm#tetrarch">Diocletian</a>).
<P>Machiavelli's thought experiment, like Plato's, would seem to be entirely pessimistic. Plato's only hope would be his government of philosophers where precautions are taken to prevent the principle of hereditary succession from beginning. Machiavelli also sees hereditary succession as a source of evil; but, as a realist and a historian, he does not imagine that it can be long prevented, especially when people are inherently bad. His solution for the corruption of the "good" governments must therefore come from a different direction.
<P><img src="images/gov-3.gif" align=right>His inspiration turns out to be a historical one, the <a href="rome.htm">Roman Republic</a>, which, although followed by the Empire, nevertheless endured for several centuries and accomplished great things. Following the original argument of Polybius, the strength of the Republic, according to Machiavelli, depended on its combination of the devices of the "good" forms of government:
<P><blockquote>I say, therefore, that all these kinds of government are harmful in consequence of the short life of the three good ones and the viciousness of the three bad ones. Having noted these failings, prudent lawgivers rejected each of these forms individually and chose instead to combine them into one that would be firmer and more stable than any, <b>since each form would serve as a check upon the others in a state having monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy at one and the same time.</B> [<I>The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli, With selections from THE DISCOURSES</I>, translated by Daniel Donno, Bantam, 1981, p. 94, boldface added]</blockquote>
<P>The Roman Republic thus had monarchical authority in the Consuls, aristocratic authority in the Senate, and popular authority in the Tribunes. In Machiavelli's phrase, "...since each form would serve as a check upon the others," we see the idea of <I>checks and balances</I> as means to prevent the corruption and oppression of government. If people <a href="fallen.htm"><I>cannot</I></a> be good, then we must have a government where the interests and power of some work to secure the conscientiousness and honesty of others. This idea is later expanded by 17th and 18th century thinkers, until we have the great system of the <B>Executive</B>, <B>Legislative</B>, and <B>Judiciary</B>, and the <B>States</B> and the <B>Federal Governments</B>, designed as checks upon each other in the <B>United States Constitution</B>.
<P>That this system has now <B>failed</B> to actually protect <a href="corrupt.htm">freedom</a> and virtue is a consequence of <a href="civil.htm">historical</a> circumstances, <a href="errors.htm">failure</a> in the original design, and changing, fallacious, unsympathetic <a href="sayslaw.htm">ideology</a>. Nevertheless, it is clear that the principle is sound and is able to secure responsible government for extended periods. The fallacy in Plato is exposed: &nbsp;the problem is not <I>who</I> is in power, since <a href="socrates.htm"><I>none</I></a> is wise.
<P>Over time, of course, what we see is that the ingenuity of those in power never ceases to <I>undermine</I> the limitations of their power, and the cupidity of some citizens never tires in the hope of extracting the <I>substance</I> of their less politically powerful fellows. Our challenge, then, is simply to perfect the design and prepare the ground so that, when the next <B>Franklin</B>, <a href="presiden.htm#1">Washington</a>, <a href="presiden.htm#3">Jefferson</a>, and <a href="presiden.htm#4">Madison</a> come along, it may be put to the test -- hopefully to even more enduring results.
<p><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
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<a href="machiav.htm">Machiavelli and the Moral Dilemma of Statecraft</a><p>
<a href="republic.htm"><I>The Byzantine Republic</I>, by Anthony Kaldellis</a><p>
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<H3 ALIGN="center">Plato's <I>Republic</I>, Note 6</H3>
<p><center><img src="images/key.gif"></center>
<P>With Plato's reference to the Form of the Good, <font size=+1>&#x1f21; &#x03c4;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6; &#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b1;&#x03b8;&#x03bf;&#x1fe6; &#x1f30;&#x03b4;&#x03ad;&#x03b1;</font>, we get something similar in another word. Where Plato says, "it is right [<font size=+1>&#x1f40;&#x03c1;&#x03b8;&#x03cc;&#x03c2;</font>] to think [<font size=+1>&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03bc;&#x03af;&#x03b6;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03bd;</font>] of knowledge [<font size=+1>&#x1f10;&#x03c0;&#x03b9;&#x03c3;&#x03c4;&#x03ae;&#x03bc;&#x03b7;</font>] and truth [<font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03bb;&#x03ae;&#x03b8;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03b1;</font>] as being like-the-Good [<font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b1;&#x03b8;&#x03bf;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03b4;&#x03ae;&#x03c2;</font>, hyphens added to Loeb translation], but to think [<font size=+1>&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03bc;&#x03af;&#x03b6;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03bd;</font>] that either of them is the good is not right [<font size=+1>&#x03bf;&#x1f50;&#x03ba; &#x1f40;&#x03c1;&#x03b8;&#x03cc;&#x03c2;</font>]."
<P>The Loeb translator, Paul Shorey, says, "<font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b1;&#x03b8;&#x03bf;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03b4;&#x1fc6;</font> [the accusative of <font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b1;&#x03b8;&#x03bf;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03b4;&#x03ae;&#x03c2;</font>] occurs only here in classical Greek literature. Plato quite probably coined it for this purpose" [Volume II, p.105 note d]. The Unabridged Liddell & Scott Lexicon, which gives full citations for references, only gives this passage in the <I>Republic</I>, "509a"; so that is consistent with Shorey's statement. Their definition is "<I>like good, seeming good,</I> opp. <font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b1;&#x03b8;&#x03cc;&#x03c2;</font>" [Liddell & Scott, p.4]. Plato has just used another word, <font size=+1>&#x1f25;&#x03bb;&#x03b9;&#x03bf;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03b4;&#x03ae;&#x03c2;</font>, with the same form, meaning, with respect to light [<font size=+1>&#x03c6;&#x1ff6;&#x03c2;</font>] and vision [<font size=+1>&#x1f44;&#x03c8;&#x03b9;&#x03c2;</font>], being "like the sun" [509a] -- "sun" being <a href="atoms.htm#VIIIA"><font size=+1>&#x1f25&#x03bb;&#x03b9;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font></a>.
<P>While <font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b1;&#x03b8;&#x03bf;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03b4;&#x03ae;&#x03c2;</font> looks like a combination of <font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b1;&#x03b8;&#x03cc;&#x03c2;</font> and <font size=+1>&#x03b5;&#x1f36;&#x03b4;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>, and could mean "Form of the Good," the word is actually a third declension adjective (<font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b1;&#x03b8;&#x03bf;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03b4;&#x03ae;&#x03c2;</font> in masculine and feminine, <font size=+1>&#x1f00;&#x03b3;&#x03b1;&#x03b8;&#x03bf;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03b4;&#x03ad;&#x03c2;</font> in the neuter), and, as we see, Plato uses it to deny that knowledge and truth are the same thing as the Good, but only "like" the Good. So <font size=+1>&#x03b5;&#x1f36;&#x03b4;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font> means more like "image" than the Platonic metaphysical entity of the "Form." In this passage, <font size=+1>&#x1f30;&#x03b4;&#x03ad;&#x03b1;</font> does the work of the latter.
<P>See discussion of <font size=+1>&#x1f40;&#x03c1;&#x03b8;&#x03cc;&#x03c2;</font> <a href="domain.htm#text">here</a>. The word <font size=+1>&#x1f44;&#x03c8;&#x03b9;&#x03c2;</font> can mean "face" or "countenance," besides "vision," and is related to <font size=+1>&#x1f64;&#x03c8;</font>, "eye, face," one of whose forms we see in the name of the Muse <font size=+1>&#x039a;&#x03b1;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03b9;&#x03cc;&#x03c0;&#x03b7;</font>, <a href="domain.htm#beauty">Calliope</a>, "Beautiful Face." Both words come from one of the roots used for "<a href="system.htm#note-3">see</a>" in Greek, which turns up in the future form <font size=+1>&#x1f44;&#x03c8;&#x03bf;&#x03bc;&#x03b1;&#x03b9;</font>, "I will see." Otherwise, we get <font size=+1>&#x1f41;&#x03c1;&#x03ac;&#x03c9;</font> in the present, "I see," and <font size=+1>&#x03b5;&#x1f36;&#x03b4;&#x03bf;&#x03bd;</font> in the past, "I saw." The latter, of course, has the same root as Plato's term <font size=+1>&#x03b5;&#x1f36;&#x03b4;&#x03bf;&#x03c2;</font>.
<P>Meanwhile, the verb <font size=+1>&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03bc;&#x03af;&#x03b6;&#x03b5;&#x03b9;&#x03bd;</font> (the infinitive of <font size=+1>&#x03bd;&#x03bf;&#x03bc;&#x03af;&#x03b6;&#x03c9;</font>), "to deem, hold, believe," is an issue in the <a href="apology.htm">trial</a> of Socrates, where Socrates is accused of not believing in the gods. Attempts to misrepresent Socrates are examined <a href="impiety.htm#nomizo">here</a>.
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="description" content="A Short Story by Andy Weir."><meta name="author" content="Clemens Scott"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="nchrs%20the%20egg_files/nchrs_favicon.png"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="nchrs%20the%20egg_files/main.css"><title>nchrs: the egg</title><meta property="og:title" content="the egg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:description" content="A Short Story by Andy Weir."><meta property="og:site_name" content="nchrs"><meta property="og:url" content="https://nchrs.xyz/site/the_egg.html"><meta property="og:image" content="https://nchrs.xyz/media/icon/nchrs_favicon.png"></head><body><nav><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/home.html"><img src="nchrs%20the%20egg_files/nchrs_favicon.png" alt="nchrs" height="100"></a><ul><li><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/linux.html">linux</a></li><li><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/programming.html">programming</a></li><li><b><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/words.html">words/</a></b></li><li><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/language.html">language</a></li><li><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/photography.html">photography</a></li><li><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/knots.html">knots</a></li><li><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/classics.html">classics</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/availability.html">availability</a></li><li><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/permaculture.html">permaculture</a></li><li><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/solar_punk.html">solar punk</a></li><li><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/a_thousand_marbles.html">a thousand marbles</a></li><li><b><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/the_egg.html">the egg/</a></b></li><li><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/the_virus.html">the virus</a></li><li><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/fabian_delursi.html">fabian delursi</a></li><li><a href="https://nchrs.xyz/site/speaking.html">speaking</a></li></ul><ul></ul></nav><main><h1>A Short Story by Andy Weir.</h1><article>The Egg
You were on your way home when you died.
It was a car accident. Nothing particularly remarkable, but fatal nonetheless. You left behind a wife and two children. It was a painless death. The EMTs tried their best to save you, but to no avail. Your body was so utterly shattered you were better off, trust me.
And that’s when you met me.
“What… what happened?” You asked. “Where am I?”
“You died,” I said, matter-of-factly. No point in mincing words.
“There was a… a truck and it was skidding…”
“Yup,” I said.
“I… I died?”
“Yup. But don’t feel bad about it. Everyone dies,” I said.
You looked around. There was nothingness. Just you and me. “What is this place?” You asked. “Is this the afterlife?”
“More or less,” I said.
“Are you god?” You asked.
“Yup,” I replied. “I’m God.”
“My kids… my wife,” you said.
“What about them?”
“Will they be all right?”
“That’s what I like to see,” I said. “You just died and your main concern is for your family. That’s good stuff right there.”
You looked at me with fascination. To you, I didn’t look like God. I just looked like some man. Or possibly a woman. Some vague authority figure, maybe. More of a grammar school teacher than the almighty.
“Don’t worry,” I said. “They’ll be fine. Your kids will remember you as perfect in every way. They didn’t have time to grow contempt for you. Your wife will cry on the outside, but will be secretly relieved. To be fair, your marriage was falling apart. If it’s any consolation, she’ll feel very guilty for feeling relieved.”
“Oh,” you said. “So what happens now? Do I go to heaven or hell or something?”
“Neither,” I said. “You’ll be reincarnated.”
“Ah,” you said. “So the Hindus were right,”
“All religions are right in their own way,” I said. “Walk with me.”
You followed along as we strode through the void. “Where are we going?”
“Nowhere in particular,” I said. “It’s just nice to walk while we talk.”
“So what’s the point, then?” You asked. “When I get reborn, I’ll just be a blank slate, right? A baby. So all my experiences and everything I did in this life won’t matter.”
“Not so!” I said. “You have within you all the knowledge and experiences of all your past lives. You just don’t remember them right now.”
I stopped walking and took you by the shoulders. “Your soul is more magnificent, beautiful, and gigantic than you can possibly imagine. A human mind can only contain a tiny fraction of what you are. It’s like sticking your finger in a glass of water to see if it’s hot or cold. You put a tiny part of yourself into the vessel, and when you bring it back out, you’ve gained all the experiences it had.
“You’ve been in a human for the last 48 years, so you haven’t stretched out yet and felt the rest of your immense consciousness. If we hung out here for long enough, you’d start remembering everything. But there’s no point to doing that between each life.”
“How many times have I been reincarnated, then?”
“Oh lots. Lots and lots. An in to lots of different lives.” I said. “This time around, you’ll be a Chinese peasant girl in 540 AD.”
“Wait, what?” You stammered. “You’re sending me back in time?”
“Well, I guess technically. Time, as you know it, only exists in your universe. Things are different where I come from.”
“Where you come from?” You said.
“Oh sure,” I explained “I come from somewhere. Somewhere else. And there are others like me. I know you’ll want to know what it’s like there, but honestly you wouldn’t understand.”
“Oh,” you said, a little let down. “But wait. If I get reincarnated to other places in time, I could have interacted with myself at some point.”
“Sure. Happens all the time. And with both lives only aware of their own lifespan you don’t even know it’s happening.”
“So what’s the point of it all?”
“Seriously?” I asked. “Seriously? You’re asking me for the meaning of life? Isn’t that a little stereotypical?”
“Well it’s a reasonable question,” you persisted.
I looked you in the eye. “The meaning of life, the reason I made this whole universe, is for you to mature.”
“You mean mankind? You want us to mature?”
“No, just you. I made this whole universe for you. With each new life you grow and mature and become a larger and greater intellect.”
“Just me? What about everyone else?”
“There is no one else,” I said. “In this universe, there’s just you and me.”
You stared blankly at me. “But all the people on earth…”
“All you. Different incarnations of you.”
“Wait. I’m everyone!?”
“Now you’re getting it,” I said, with a congratulatory slap on the back.
“I’m every human being who ever lived?”
“Or who will ever live, yes.”
“I’m Abraham Lincoln?”
“And you’re John Wilkes Booth, too,” I added.
“I’m Hitler?” You said, appalled.
“And you’re the millions he killed.”
“I’m Jesus?”
“And you’re everyone who followed him.”
You fell silent.
“Every time you victimized someone,” I said, “you were victimizing yourself. Every act of kindness you’ve done, you’ve done to yourself. Every happy and sad moment ever experienced by any human was, or will be, experienced by you.”
You thought for a long time.
“Why?” You asked me. “Why do all this?”
“Because someday, you will become like me. Because that’s what you are. You’re one of my kind. You’re my child.”
“Whoa,” you said, incredulous. “You mean I’m a god?”
“No. Not yet. You’re a fetus. You’re still growing. Once you’ve lived every human life throughout all time, you will have grown enough to be born.”
“So the whole universe,” you said, “it’s just…”
“An egg.” I answered. “Now it’s time for you to move on to your next life.”
And I sent you on your way.
/Andy Weir
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<h1 class="style10">Strongly Connected Components</h1>
<p class="style5"><font size="4"><img SRC="../../../Maingif/redline.gif" height=2 width=640/></font></p>
<p class="style1"><span class="style13">D</span>ecomposing a directed graph into its strongly connected
components is a classic application of depth-first search. The problem of
finding connected components is at the heart of many graph application.
Generally speaking, the connected components of the graph correspond to
different classes of objects. The first linear-time algorithm for strongly
connected components is due to Tarjan (1972). Perhaps, the algorithm in the CLRS
is easiest to code (program) to find strongly connected components and is due to
Sharir and Kosaraju.</p>
<p class="style1">Given digraph or
directed graph G = (V, E), a strongly connected component (SCC) of G is a
maximal set of vertices C subset of V, such that for all <em>u</em>, <em>v</em>
in C, both
<em>u</em> <span class="style16">Þ</span> <em>v</em> and <em>v</em>
<span class="style16">Þ</span> <em>u</em>;
that is, both <em>u</em> and <em>v</em> are reachable from each other. In other words, two
vertices of directed graph are in the same component if and only if they are
reachable from each other.</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style10"><img alt="SSC example" src="Gifs/ssc4.gif" />&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style10"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class="style15">&nbsp;&nbsp; C<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
C<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
C<sub>3</sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
C<sub>4</sub></span></strong></p>
<p class="style14"><span class="style1">The above directed graph has 4 strongly
connected components: C</span><sub><span class="style1">1</span></sub><span class="style1">,
C</span><sub><span class="style1">2</span></sub><span class="style1">, C</span><sub><span class="style1">3</span></sub><span class="style1">
and C</span><sub><span class="style1">4</span></sub><span class="style1">. If G
has an edge from some vertex in </span>C<sub><em><span class="style1">i</span></em></sub><span class="style1">
to some vertex in </span>C<sub><em><span class="style1">j</span></em></sub><span class="style1">
where </span><em><span class="style1">i</span></em><span class="style1"> ≠
</span><em><span class="style1">j</span></em><span class="style1">, then one can
reach any vertex in </span>C<sub><em><span class="style1">j</span></em></sub><span class="style1">
from any vertex in </span>C<sub><em><span class="style1">i</span></em></sub><span class="style1">
but not return. In the example, one can reach any vertex in C</span><sub><span class="style1">2</span></sub><span class="style1">
from any vertex in C</span><sub><span class="style1">1</span></sub><span class="style1">
but cannot return to C</span><sub><span class="style1">1</span></sub><span class="style1">
from C</span><sub><span class="style1">2</span></sub>.</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1">The algorithm in CLRS for finding strongly connected
components of G = (V, E) uses the transpose of G, which define as:</p>
<ul class="style6">
<li>
<p class="style1">G<sup>T</sup> = (V, E<sup>T</sup>), where E<sup>T</sup> = {(<em>u</em>,
<em>v</em>): (<em>v</em>, <em>u</em>) in E}.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="style1">G<sup>T</sup> is G with all edges reversed.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="style1">From the given graph G, one can create G<sup>T</sup> in linear time
(i.e., &#x398;(V + E)) if using adjacency lists.</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Observation: </strong> </p>
<p class="style1">The graphs G and G<sup>T</sup> have the <span class="style4">same</span> SCC&#39;s. This means that
vertices <em>u</em> and <em>v</em> are reachable from each other in G if and only if reachable
from each other in G<sup>T</sup>.</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Component Graph</strong></p>
<p class="style1">The idea behind the computation of SCC comes from a key
property of the component graph, which is defined as follows:</p>
<p class="style3">G<sup>SCC</sup> = (V<sup>SCC</sup>, E<sup>SCC</sup>), where V<sup>SCC</sup>
has one vertex for each SCC in G and E<sup>SCC </sup>has an edge if there&#39;s an
edge between the corresponding SCC&#39;s in G.</p>
<p class="style1">For our example (above) the G<sup>SCC</sup> is:</p>
<p class="style5"><img alt="SSC example" src="Gifs/ssc5.gif" />&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1">The key property of G<sup>SCC</sup> is that the component graph is a dag,
which the following lemma implies.</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Lemma</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; G<sup>SCC</sup> is a dag. More formally, let C and C&#39; be
distinct SCC&#39;s in G, let u, v in C, u&#39;, v&#39; in C&#39;, and suppose there is a path
<em>u</em>
<span class="style16">Þ</span> <em>u</em>&#39; in G. Then there cannot also be a path v&#39;
<span class="style16">Þ</span> v in G.</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Proof</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Suppose there is a path
<em>v</em>&#39; <span class="style16">Þ</span> <em>v</em> in G. Then there are paths <em>u</em>
<span class="style16">Þ</span> <em>u</em>&#39; <span class="style16">Þ</span> <em>v</em>&#39; and <em>v</em>&#39;
<span class="style16">Þ</span> <em>v</em> <span class="style16">Þ</span> <em>u</em> in G. Therefore,
<em>u</em> and <em>v</em>&#39; are reachable from each
other, so they are not in separate SCC&#39;s. </p>
<p class="style1">This completes the proof.</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style7"><strong>ALGORITHM</strong></p>
<p class="style1">A DFS(G) produces a forest of DFS-trees. Let C be any strongly
connected component of G, let <em>v</em> be the first vertex on C discovered by
the DFS and let T be the DFS-tree containing <em>v</em> when DFS-visit(<em>v</em>)
is called all vertices in C are reachable from <em>v</em> along paths containing
visible vertices; DFS-visit(<em>v</em>) will visit every vertex in C, add it to
T as a descendant of <em>v</em>.</p>
<p class="style2">STRONGLY-CONNECTED-COMPONENTS (G)</p>
<p class="style2">&nbsp;1. <strong>Call</strong> DFS(G) to compute finishing
times f[u] for all <em>u</em>.<br />
&nbsp;2. <strong>Compute</strong> G<sup>T</sup><br />
&nbsp;3.<strong> Call</strong> DFS(G<sup>T</sup>), but in the main loop,
consider vertices in order of decreasing f[<em>u</em>] (as computed in first DFS)<br />
<strong>&nbsp;</strong>4.<strong> Output</strong> the vertices in each tree of
the depth-first forest formed in second DFS as a separate SCC.</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Time</strong>: The algorithm takes linear time i.e.,
θ(V + E), to compute SCC of a digraph G.</p>
<p class="style1">From our <strong>Example</strong> (above): </p>
<p class="style11">1. Do DFS<br />
2. G<sup>T</sup><br />
3. DFS (roots blackened)</p>
<p class="style5"><img alt="SSC example" src="Gifs/ssc6.gif" /></p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Another Example</strong> (CLRS)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Consider a graph G = (V, E).</p>
<p class="style1">1. Call DFS(G)</p>
<p class="style5"><font size="4"><img border="0" src="Gifs/ssc1.gif" width="381" height="148"></font></p>
<p class="style1">2. Compute G<sup>T</sup></p>
<p class="style5"><font size="4"><img border="0" src="Gifs/ssc2.gif" width="379" height="149"/></font></p>
<p class="style1">3. Call DFS(G<sup>T</sup>) but this time consider the vertices
in order to decreasing finish time.</p>
<p class="style5">
<font size="4">
<img border="0" src="Gifs/ssc3.gif" width="322" height="108"/></font></p>
<p class="style1">4. Output the vertices of each tree in the DFS-forest as a
separate strongly connected components.</p>
<p class="style5">{<em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>e</em>}, {<em>c</em>, <em>d</em>},
{<em>f</em>, <em>g</em>}, and {<em>h</em>}</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1"><span class="style8"><strong>Now the question is how can this possibly work</strong></span>?</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Idea</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; By considering vertices in second DFS in decreasing order of
finishing times from first DFS, we are visiting vertices of the component graph
in topological sort order.</p>
<p class="style1">To prove that it really works, first we deal with two notational
issues:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p class="style1">We will be discussing d[<em>u</em>] and f[<em>u</em>]. These
always refer to the <span class="style4">first</span> DFS in the above algorithm.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="style1">We extend notation for <em>d</em> and <em>f</em> to sets of
vertices U subset V:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p class="style1">d(U) = min<sub>u in U</sub>
{d[<em>u</em>]}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
(earliest discovery time of any vertex in U)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="style1">f(U) = min<sub>u in U</sub>
{f[<em>u</em>]}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
(latest finishing time of any vertex in U)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Lemma</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Let C and C&#39; be distinct SCC&#39;s in G = (V, E). Suppose there is
an edge (<em>u</em>, <em>v</em>) in E such that <em>u</em> in C and
<em>v</em> in C&#39;.
Then f(C) &gt; f(C&#39;).</p>
<p class="style5"><img alt="scc6-Lemma1" src="Gifs/scc6-lemma.gif" />&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Proof</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; There are two cases, depending on which SCC had the first
discovered vertex during the first DFS.</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Case i.</strong> If d(C) &gt; d(C&#39;), let <em>x</em> be the first vertex discovered
in C. At time d[<em>x</em>], all vertices in C and C&#39; are white. Thus, there exist paths
of white vertices from <em>x</em> to all vertices in C and C&#39;.</p>
<p class="style1">By the white-path theorem, all vertices in C and C&#39; are
descendants of <em>x</em> in depth-first tree.</p>
<p class="style1">By the parenthesis theorem, we have f[<em>x</em>] = f(C) &gt; f(C&#39;).</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Case ii.</strong> If d(C) &gt; d(C&#39;), let <em>y</em> be the first vertex discovered
in C&#39;. At time d[<em>y</em>], all vertices in C&#39; are white and there is a white path from
<em>y</em> to each vertex in C. This implies that all vertices in C&#39; become descendants
of <em>y</em>. Again, f[y] = f(C&#39;).</p>
<p class="style1">At time d[<em>y</em>], all vertices in C are white.</p>
<p class="style1">By earlier lemma, since there is an edge (<em>u</em>, <em>v</em>), we cannot
have a path from C&#39; to C. So, no vertex in C is reachable from <em>y</em>. Therefore, at
time f[<em>y</em>], all vertices in C are still white. Therefore, for all <em>w</em> in C, f[<em>w</em>] &gt;
f[<em>y</em>], which implies that f(C) &gt; f(C&#39;).</p>
<p class="style1">This completes the proof.</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Corollary</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Let C and C&#39; be distinct SCC&#39;s in G = (V, E). Suppose there is
an edge (<em>u</em>, <em>v</em>) in E<sup>T</sup> where <em>u</em> in C and
<em>v</em> in C&#39;. Then f(C) &lt;
f(C&#39;).</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Proof</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Edge (<em>u</em>, <em>v</em>)
in E<sup>T</sup> implies (<em>v</em>,
<em>u</em>) in E.
Since SCC&#39;s of G and G<sup>T</sup> are the same, f(C&#39;) &gt; f(C). This completes
the proof.</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Corollary</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Let C and C&#39; be distinct SCC&#39;s in G = (V, E), and suppose that
f(C) &gt; f(C&#39;). Then there cannot be an edge from C to C&#39; in G<sup>T</sup>.</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Proof Idea</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; It&#39;s the contrapositive of the previous corollary.</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style9"><strong>Now, we have the intuition to understand why the SCC procedure
works.</strong></p>
<p class="style1">When we do the second DFS, on G<sup>T</sup>, start with SCC C
such that f(C) is maximum. The second DFS starts from some <em>x</em> in C, and it visits
all vertices in C. Corollary says that since f(C) &gt; f(C&#39;) for all C&#39;
<span class="style17">≠</span> C, there
are no edges from C to C&#39; in G<sup>T</sup>. Therefore, DFS will visit only vertices in C.</p>
<p class="style1">Which means that the depth-first tree rooted at <em>x</em> contains
<span class="style4">exactly</span> the vertices of C.</p>
<p class="style1">The next root chosen in the second DFS is in SCC C&#39; such that
f(C&#39;) is maximum over all SCC&#39;s other than C. DFS visits all vertices in C&#39;, but
the only edges out of C&#39; go to C, <span class="style4">which we&#39;ve already visited</span>.</p>
<p class="style1">Therefore, the only tree edges will be to vertices in C&#39;.</p>
<p class="style1">We can continue the process.</p>
<p class="style1">Each time we choose a root for the second DFS, it can reach
only</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p class="style1">vertices in its SCC&nbsp; &#x203E;&nbsp; get tree edges to these,</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="style1">vertices in SCC&#39;s <span class="style4">already visited</span> in second
DFS&nbsp; &#x203E;&nbsp; get <span class="style4">no</span> tree edges to these.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="style1">We are visiting vertices of (G<sup>T</sup>)<sup>SCC</sup> in reverse of
topologically sorted order. [CLRS has a formal proof.]</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1">Before leaving strongly connected components, lets prove that
the component graph of G = (V, E) is a directed acyclic graph.</p>
<p class="style1"><br />
<strong>Proof</strong> (by contradiction)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Suppose component
graph of G = (V, E) was not a DAG and G comprised of a cycle consisting of
vertices v<sub>1</sub>, v<sub>2</sub> , . . . , v<sub>n</sub> . Each <em>v<sub>i</sub></em>
corresponds to a strongly connected component (SCC) of component graph G. If v<sub>1</sub>,
v<sub>2</sub> , . . . , v<sub>n</sub> themselves form a cycle then each <em>v<sub>i</sub></em>
( <em>i</em> runs from 1 to <em>n</em>) should have been included in the SCC
corresponding to <em>v<sub>j</sub></em> ( <em>j</em> runs from 1 to <em>n</em>
and <em>i <span class="style17">≠</span> j</em>). But each of the vertices is a vertex from a
difference SCC of G. Hence, we have a contradiction! Therefore, SCC of G is a
directed acyclic graph.<br />
</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1"><strong>Related Problems</strong></p>
<p class="style11">1. Edge-vertex connectivity problem.<br />
2. Shortest path&nbsp;problem.</p>
<p class="style1">&nbsp;</p>
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<p class="style5">
<a href="../../algorithm.html">
<font size="4">
<img src="../../../Maingif/back.gif" border=0 height=47 width=49/></font></a></p>
<p class="style12">Updated: March 13, 2010.</p>
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&copy; 1996
<A HREF="mailto:bernard.suzanne@polytechnique.org">Bernard SUZANNE </A>
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<FONT SIZE="-1">
Last updated November 21, 1998
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<TD COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="CENTER"> <FONT SIZE=-1>Plato and his dialogues&nbsp;:
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<H2>E-mail Archives :<BR>
Mathematical entities in Plato's <I>Republic</I></H2>
<P><FONT SIZE=+1>August 13-15, 1996</FONT></P>
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<P><FONT SIZE="-1">This page is part of the "e-mail archives" section of a site, <A HREF="../plato.htm">Plato and his dialogues</A>, dedicated to developing a new interpretation of Plato's dialogues.
The "e-mail archives" section includes HTML edited versions of posts that I submitted on various e-mail discussion lists about Plato and ancient philosophy.
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<P><I>From: Yves Bastarache &lt;Yves_Bastarache@itr.qc.ca&gt;<BR>
To: plato &lt;PLATO@freelance.com&gt;<BR>
Date: August 13, 1996 22:38:32<BR>
Subject: mathematical entities in the simile of the line</I></P>
<P><I>First of all I beg your comprehension for my poor english. I am a
francophone. I read well your language but I have some difficulties to
write it.</I></P>
<P><I>I would be very grateful if someone could explain me the status of
mathematical entities in the simile of the line. They puzzle me when I
try to explain them to my students. The passage from images to sensibles
objects seem to me quite clear. I can also make sense of the line when
I link sensibles objects to Forms. How should I understand the place and
role of math. entities? If possible, join exemples to your explication.</I></P>
<P><I>Thanks in advance!</I></P>
<P><I>Yves Bastarache<BR>
Trois-Rivi&egrave;res, Qu&eacute;bec.</I></P>
<P>
<HR WIDTH="100%">To: plato &lt;plato@freelance.com&gt;<BR>
Date : August 14, 1996, 09:21:18<BR>
Subject: Re: mathematical entities in the simile of the line</P>
<P>Yves,</P>
<P>To answer your request, I think there are two things you must notice:</P>
<P>1) Whereas Plato describes the two segments of the visible in termes
of <B>beings</B> (images and &quot;originals&quot;), he only describes
the two segments of the intelligible in terms of <B>processes</B> (from
axioms taken for granted <B>down</B> to consequences and from hypotheses
to broader hypotheses all the way <B>up</B> to the first principle);</P>
<P>2) He only uses mathematics <B>as an example</B>!</P>
<P>Plato doesn't care about mathematics and mathematical entities <I>per
se</I>. He only uses them as the most readily available example of abstract
constructs, as a &quot;gymnastic of the mind&quot;. For instance, in the
<I>Meno</I>, they provide, for a guy who only cares about hard facts, an
experimental proof of 1) the difference between opinion and knowledge and
2) the fact that you can look for something you don't know yet, and find
it even if you don't have the words to say it yet (the slave doesn't know
the word &quot;diagonal&quot; until after he has found the answer, and
it is the last word of Socrates to him once he <B>knows</B> what it is).</P>
<P>In the simile of the line, they provide for an <B>example</B> of a way
of reasoning. But Plato's ultimate purpose is not to locate &quot;mathematical
entities&quot; on one segment, and least of all to make them one of the
segments. Cursed be Aristotle who messed all this up!...</P>
<P>So, if mathematics don't play their role of example and cloud the issue
rather than clarify it, forget about them and look for other examples.</P>
<P>Let me try with another example, much more in line (if you allow me
the pun!) with what is Plato's ultimate goal, to know what it is to be
a man (&quot;know thyself...&quot;).</P>
<P>1) First there is my image in a mirror, a picture of me taken by somebody
else, or, if I were rich enough and famous, a painting by some future Rembrant
or Van Gogh: no problem there, we are in the first segment, looking at
&quot;images&quot; of one man.</P>
<P>2) Next, there is you and me and all the list members, and my wife and
kids, and my neighbours walking in the street, and... : no problem either
there, these are &quot;real&quot; men and women in time and space.</P>
<P>And now, <I>en route</I> for the harder part!</P>
<P>3) Then, there is the &quot;concept&quot; of man, the thing I refer
to when using the word &quot;man&quot;. It is to all men what &quot;square&quot;
is to all squares I may reason upon. It is born from the &quot;images&quot;
I get through my senses of actual men and put as an unproven &quot;hypothesis&quot;
that I can analyse but that is &quot;evident&quot; for everybody (even
for Aristotle!). It is an animal with two arms, two legs, a head and so
on. It is endowed with the ability to speak and think, and has <I>logos</I>,
whatever that be. But it doesn't give me yet the <B>principle</B> of &quot;man&quot;!
It doesn't tell me what it is to be a man. The point is, I am perfectly
able to recognize a man when I see one, as I could recognize a square,
in this world of becoming, but I don't <B>know</B> yet the ultimate truth
about man.</P>
<P>And if you think <B>this</B> is the <B>idea</B> of man, then you are
open to Aristotle (and Plato's, see the <I>Parmenides</I>) argument of
the third man. It may be a &quot;form&quot; of man, but certainly not the
ultimate <B>idea</B> of man, for Plato at least, in my humble opinion...
This, and all like constructs of our mind, exist only as &quot;images&quot;
of what we see and feel with our senses. We &quot;put&quot; them without
futher demonstration and deem them &quot;evident&quot;.</P>
<P>4) So, what is left? What is left is whatever might ultimately answer
the question &quot;what is it to be a man?&quot; And this, for Plato, I
think, is <B>the idea of justice</B> as described at length in the <I>Republic</I>,
and as &quot;evoqued&quot; by a summary of the <B>principles</B> of the
<I>Republic</I> at the start ot the <I>Tim&aelig;us</I>, <B>before the
myth starts</B>, to better show it is outide space and time, before other
&quot;forms&quot; of man will be described within the myth, within time
and space: the &quot;form&quot; of matter he is made of, the form of his
body, the form of his soul.</P>
<P>Such an idea doesn't stem from images of &quot;live&quot; entities in
the visible world. It is a pure idea. A just man, be it Socrates, is no
more &quot;justice&quot; than a beautiful girl is <I>to kalon</I> (see
<I>Hippias Major</I>). And, if it is an &quot;image&quot; of justice, it
is in a very remote sense. It is rather the &quot;participation&quot; of
a visible being to the &quot;idea&quot; that will in the end give him purpose,
unity and &quot;being&quot;, but not being in the world of becoming, in
time and space, rather &quot;being&quot; in eternity...</P>
<P>And the only way we may reach this &quot;idea&quot; is by going from
idea to idea from the &quot;hypothesis&quot; of man up to virtue, beauty,
courage, and the like, from the &quot;hypothesis&quot; of man to the new
hypothesis of &quot;soul&quot; to the structure of the soul and to the
larger hypothesis of <I>logos</I>, and so on, all that under the &quot;light&quot;
of the idea of the &quot;good&quot; as the leading principle, until I figure
out what the true &quot;good&quot; of man is, and I find it in the idea
of &quot;justice&quot;, but a justice that is no longer limited to &quot;social&quot;
justice, but starts as &quot;internal&quot; justice between the various
parts of my being, of my soul, as a foundation for justice in my relationship
with fellow men.</P>
<P><B>This</B> is what Plato cares for! And if you stumble on some of the
&quot;blocks&quot; he uses to pave the way in trying to help, forget about
those blocks and keep going. Those who, like Aristotle, drawn in the river
of mathematics and never reach the &quot;promised land&quot; are the same
who miss the end of Atlantis' story by Critias and never get to work on
the <I>Laws</I>... </P>
<P>
<HR WIDTH="100%"></P>
<P><I>From: Michael Chase &lt;GOYA@UVVM.UVIC.CA&gt;<BR>
To: plato &lt;plato@freelance.com&gt;<BR>
Date : August 14, 1996, 11:24:48<BR>
Subject: mathematical entities </I>[original in French, my translation]</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING=5 WIDTH="100%" VALIGN="TOP" >
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="50%"><I>Cher Yves,</I></TD>
<TD WIDTH="50%">Dear Yves,</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="50%"><I>Vous avez r&eacute;cemment pos&eacute; la
question de savoir ce qu'il en &eacute;tait des objets math&eacute;matiques
de Platon. Vous y avez d&eacute;j&agrave; re&ccedil;u de tr&egrave;s utiles
r&eacute;ponses, qui contiennent, sans doute, tout ce qu'il serait utile
d'enseigner &agrave; une classe d'&eacute;tudiants d&eacute;butants.</I></TD>
<TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="50%">You recently asked what was the status of Plato's
mathematical objects. You already received several quite useful answers,
containing, no doubt, all that should be taught to a class of beginners.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="50%"><I>Mais il n'en reste pas moins, &agrave; mon
avis, que la d&eacute;marche de M. Suzanne est totalement ill&eacute;gitime.
Nous ne pouvons pas ne pas prendre en consid&eacute;ration les longs d&eacute;veloppements
qu'Aristote consacre &agrave; la th&eacute;orie platonicienne des nombres
id&eacute;aux. En effet, le Stagirite nous dit, en d&eacute;tail et &agrave;
maintes reprises, que Platon enseignait l'existence d'un domaine de l'existence
interm&eacute;diaire entre les Id&eacute;es et le monde sensible; domaine
constitue pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment par les Nombres Id&eacute;aux. Aristote
nous dit </I>expressis verbis<I> que Platon avait transmis ces doctrines
dans son enseignement oral. Or m&ecirc;me si l'on pense, avec M. Suzanne,
qu'Aristote etait - quoi? B&ecirc;te? Fou? D&eacute;lirant? - il n'est
pas possible de n'accorder aucun cr&eacute;dit &agrave; la tradition mill&eacute;naire
du N&eacute;oplatonisme, dont les repr&eacute;sentants - depuis Jamblique,
Syrianus et Proclus jusqu'&agrave; Michel Psellus - ont d&eacute;velopp&eacute;
ces aspects de la doctrine platonicienne, notamment en ce qui concerne
le rapport &eacute;troit qui lie ces choses math&eacute;matiques au niveau
psychique de la r&eacute;alit&eacute;.</I></TD>
<TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="50%">Yet, there remains the fact that, in my opinion,
M.&nbsp;Suzanne's approach is totally illegitimate. We cannot not take
into account the lengthy developments that Aristotle devotes to the Platonic
theory of ideal numbers. Indeed, the Stagirian tells us, in details and
numerous times, that Plato was teaching the existence of a sphere of beings
intermediate between the forms and the visible world, a sphere of beings
precisely made up of the Ideal Numbers. Aristotle tells us <I>expressis
verbis</I> that Plato transmitted these doctrines in his oral teaching.
Yet, even if one thinks with M. Suzanne that Aristotle was - what? Dumb?
Fool? Delirious? - it is impossible not to give creance to the millenary
tradition of Neoplatonism, whose followers - starting with Jamblicus, Syrianus
and Proclus down to Michel Psellus - developed those aspects of platonician
doctrine, especially as regards the close relationship between those mathematical
beings and the psychical dimension of reality.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="50%"><I>Recevez, cher Yves, mes meilleurs salutations
depuis la c&ocirc;te Pacifique, de la part de</I></TD>
<TD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="50%">Please accept, dear Yves, my best greetings
from the Pacific coast, from</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="50%"><I>Michael Chase<BR>
University of Victoria. </I></TD>
<TD WIDTH="50%">Michael Chase<BR>
University of Victoria</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<P>
<HR WIDTH="100%"></P>
<P>To: plato &lt;plato@freelance.com&gt;<BR>
Date : August 15, 1996, 10:51:12<BR>
Subject: Re: mathematical entities</P>
<P>Dear Yves and Michael,</P>
<P>my purpose, in the answer to Yves, was not to dismiss the constant and
sustained interest Plato always had in mathematics, but only to put it
in perspective with respect to what was foremost to him, the &quot;know
thyself&quot;.</P>
<P>Obviously Plato spent a large share of his time dealing with mathematics
and &quot;sciences&quot; in general, and everybody knows the Academy hosted
renowed mathematicians during his lifetime. In the <I>Tim&aelig;us</I>,
Plato is the first one (at least the first whose works are extant) to offer
a mathematical model of matter (based on triangles). And if the model is
largely outdated by now, the process that leads to it, the way of approaching
things, is more than ever relevant today (and I was stressing in my answer
to Yves that Plato defines the two segments of the intelligible in terms
of <B>processes</B>, not <B>entities</B>). The <B>Tim&aelig;us</B> may
be viewed, from this standpoint, as an example of the <B>descending</B>
approach (the one in the first segment of intelligible) starting from the
smallest possible number of simple hypotheses to build from them a <B>scientific
model</B> of the universe. Yet, it doesn't move upward toward the anhypotetical
principle, because triangles are neither good nor bad, neither just nor
injust. They are, that's all. That's one more way to say that matter as
such is neither good nor bad, but simply subject to its own laws; it is
necessity, <I>anagk&egrave;</I>, with which you have to make do.</P>
<P>For Plato, mathematics are an example of abstraction proving, as others
with whom I fully agree said in their answers to Yves, that the whole of
being is not limited to material, sensible beings, to what is within time
and space. And the <I>the&ocirc;ria</I> of the world is to us an example
of order, of <I>kosmos</I>, we should use as a <B>model</B> to bring order
to our cities and our lives through laws stemming from our <I>logos</I>.
For that reason, it all deserves our consideration and the time Plato and
his pupils spend on it. But, and that was my point, this is still no more
that <B>means</B> toward a higher end, the building of man in time and
space. Mathematics, like all other sciences and technics, are <B>neutral</B>.
They don't tell us how we should use them for good or bad. This is the
whole message of the <I>Hippias minor</I>, and already of the <I>Charmides</I>.
That is why they only belong to the first segment of the intelligible.</P>
<P>That Plato spent a lot of time trying to categorize the various orders
of &quot;reality&quot;; that, while doing so, he gave a key role to mathematical
constructs he used, as I already said, as <B>examples</B>; this is more
than likely. That, in this work, discussion with students and colleagues,
including Aristotle, lead him to overstate his case, might not be surprising.
But I doubt very much that he held mathematical entities as the ultimate
reality, as the highest order of &quot;ideas&quot;. This would seem to
me in complete contradiction with everything he says elsewhere and with
Socrates influence on him and what he tells us in his &quot;intellectual
autobiography&quot; in the <I>Ph&aelig;do</I>. </P>
<P>About Aristotle now. I don't consider Aristotle as a dumb, or a fool,
or a mad person, but as one of Plato's brightest students, and, I might
add, as a &quot;good student&quot; with all the drawback this implies.
I believe that, despite all his gifts, Aristotle was unable to follow Plato
all the way &quot;upward&quot; where Plato reached. Aristotle was full
of &quot;common sense&quot; and most likely received a solid &quot;scientific&quot;
education owing to his familial origins. But he was also too much of a
&quot;materialist&quot;, too keen of &quot;hard facts&quot; to follow Plato
to the level of abstraction he wanted to lead him to. Besides, he was too
fond of &quot;showing up&quot;, too anxious to give the right answers,
to show that he understood. Plato spent his life trying to help students
find <B>within themselves</B> answers to the ultimate questions. Aristotle
on the other hand spent his life trying to give others the right answers.
Aristotle, as Taylor said somewhere (using the French expression) was a
&quot;platonist <I>malgr&eacute; lui</I>&quot;. He tried to folow Plato's
approach of &quot;modeling&quot; the universe, but, as often arrives still
nowadays to scientists, it took the model for the real thing, he was unable
to make the difference between images and what they were images of, a difference
that Plato fully understood. Aristotle, true to his physician's ascent,
didn't understand that the &quot;idea of man&quot; was not a DNA molecule,
that he would call &quot;entelechy&quot;, or an &quot;image&quot; describing
the &quot;form&quot;, the &quot;structure&quot; of man as it might be found
under the scalpel of a surgeon, but the &quot;ideal&quot; man must &quot;participate&quot;
into in order to become what he is meant to be, an ideal of justice capable
of &quot;building&quot; man because it alone can bring to the lump of matter
he is made of a unity that doesn't disappear in death, as proves Socrates
still well and &quot;alive&quot; in the dialogues... </P>
<P>
<HR></P>
<P>To: plato &lt;plato@freelance.com&gt;<BR>
Date : August 15, 1996, 19:27:17<BR>
Subject: Re: mathematical entities</P>
<P>Nicholas Denyer writes, in answer to my statement that mathematics,
for Plato, were &quot;neutral&quot;, neither good nor bad:</P>
<P><I>&gt; Aristoxenus </I>Harm. El.<I> 2.30 &quot;</I>They came<I> [to
Plato's lecture on the Good] </I>in the conviction that they would get
some one or other of the things that the world calls good: riches, or health,
or strength. But when they found that Plato's reasonings were of mathematics
their disenchantment was complete<I>&quot; (trans. Ross).</I></P>
<P>This may simply mean that Plato, in order to lead his audience toward
the <B>idea</B> of the good had to use the detour via mathematics as a
path toward abstraction, which is what we have been saying all along. It
doesn't necessarily mean that mathematics <B>were</B> the good.</P>
<P><I>&gt; and also of the long passage in </I><A HREF="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=plat.+gorg.+507a">Gorgias<I>
507a-508c</I></A><I>, especially 508a: &quot;</I>You do not realise that
geometrical equality has great force amongst both men and gods. Instead,
you think you should go in for greedy acquisition, for you neglect geometry.<I>&quot;</I></P>
<P>This passage is all about justice as the goal of man, and fits very
well with what I have been saying. Man must put <B>measure</B> in his life,
and geometry gives <B>examples</B> of measure and mean. But it is because
I know in the first place what justice is and how important to man it is
that I may take the example of the geometrical equality to illustrate it,
not the other way around. In other words, it is not the geometrical equality
which tells us it is better, it is us who use it as a means of measuring
a good we have found elsewhere. <B>In itself</B>, the geometrical equality
is neither better nor worse than the arithmetical. It only help express
and illustrate a good that I must have found elsewhere. So, granted, it
may &quot;participate&quot; to the good this way *in our minds*, but it
doesn't lead to the good if we don't know it yet.</P>
<P>Besides, it is very possible that Socrates is here making fun of Callicles
who despises philosophy in playing the &quot;scientist&quot; in front of
him, even if he believes what he says in a certain way. There is a share
of truth even in the theory of measurement of pleasures and pains Socrates
develops at the end of the <I>Protagoras</I>, even if it shouldn't be taken
litterally as Protagoras himself might interpret it. But numbers alone
are not by themselves the good... </P>
<P>
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<CENTER><P><FONT SIZE=-1>First published December 15, 1996&nbsp;;
Last updated November 21, 1998<BR>
&copy; 1996 <A HREF="mailto:bernard.suzanne@polytechnique.org">Bernard SUZANNE </A>
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<head>
<title>Eugenics from Plato to the present</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" vlink="#293A8B" link="#8897DB" alink="#cc0000"> <font face="Verdana" , "arial", "helvetica" font size="-1">
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<h3>
<center> <big> Eugenics concept: from Plato to present </big>
<br> <small>by<br> Güvercin CH, Arda B.<br> Medical Ethics and History of Medicine,<br> Ankara University Health Sciences Institute, Turkey. <br> <i>1: Hum Reprod Genet Ethics</i>. 2008;14(2):20-6</small>
<br>
<br> ABSTRACT
</center></h3>
<blockquote> <big><big>A</big></big>ll prospective studies and purposes to improve cure and create a race that would be exempt of various diseases and disabilities are generally defined as eugenic procedures. They aim to create the "perfect" and "higher" human being by eliminating the "unhealthy" prospective persons. All of the supporting actions taken in order to enable the desired properties are called positive eugenic actions; the elimination of undesired properties are defined as negative eugenics. In addition, if such applications and approaches target the public as a whole, they are defined as macro-eugenics. On the other hand, if they only aim at individuals and/or families, they are called micro-eugenics. As generally acknowledged, Galton re-introduced eugenic proposals, but their roots stretch as far back as Plato. Eugenic thoughts and developments were widely accepted in many different countries beginning with the end of the 19th to the first half of the 20th centuries. Initially, the view of negative eugenics that included compulsory sterilizations of handicapped, diseased and "lower" classes, resulted in tens of thousands being exterminated especially in the period of Nazi Germany. In the 1930s, the type of micro positive eugenics movement found a place within the pro-natalist policies of a number of countries. However, it was unsuccessful since the policy was not able to become effective enough and totally disappeared in the 1960s. It was no longer a fashionable movement and left a deep impression on public opinion after the long years of war. However, developments in genetics and its related fields have now enabled eugenic thoughts to reappear under the spotlight and this is creating new moral dilemmas from an ethical perspective.
</blockquote><b> <a href="eugenics-talk.html">Eugenics talk</a><br> <a href="nicholas-agar.html">Liberal Eugenics</a><br> <a href="psychiatric-genetics.html">Psychiatric genetics</a><br> <a href="https://www.reproductive-revolution.com/liberal-eugenics.pdf" target="_blank">'Liberal eugenics' (PDF)</a><br> <a href="archive/liberal-eugenics.html">Liberal eugenics defended</a><br> <a href="selecting-love.html">Selecting potential children</a><br> <a href="genetherapy-perfenhance.html">Gene therapy and performance enhancement</a><br> <a href="offspring-enhancement.html">The commercialisation of pre-natal enhancement</a><br> <a href="biosocial.html">Biologising social problems under the banner of eugenics</a><p> <br> </p><p></p></b>
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<li> <label for="cb_gs7lf" class="homepage-app-label" title="Music Player 5.8.0.3660"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="winamp" id="cb_gs7lf"> <span class="icn16 icn16_kbnip"></span> Winamp </label> <p class="sr-only">Music Player 5.8.0.3660</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_hcq5k" class="homepage-app-label" title="Music Manager &amp; Player 3.4.7764.37422"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="musicbee" id="cb_hcq5k"> <span class="icn16 icn16_f6qej"></span> MusicBee </label> <p class="sr-only">Music Manager &amp; Player 3.4.7764.37422</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_htevm" class="homepage-app-label" title="Audio Editor 3.0.0"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="audacity" id="cb_htevm"> <span class="icn16 icn16_7vlx3"></span> Audacity </label> <p class="sr-only">Audio Editor 3.0.0</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_w53be" class="homepage-app-label" title="Video decoders plus Media Player Classic 16.1.0"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="klitecodecs" id="cb_w53be"> <span class="icn16 icn16_dksy3"></span> K-Lite Codecs </label> <p class="sr-only">Video decoders plus Media Player Classic 16.1.0</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_uhgi3" class="homepage-app-label" title="Video Player 2.3.14.5270"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="gom" id="cb_uhgi3"> <span class="icn16 icn16_cva2g"></span> GOM </label> <p class="sr-only">Video Player 2.3.14.5270</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_tlvlq" class="homepage-app-label" title="Online Music Service 1.1.56.595"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="spotify" id="cb_tlvlq"> <span class="icn16 icn16_73byp"></span> Spotify </label> <p class="sr-only">Online Music Service 1.1.56.595</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_xsupa" class="homepage-app-label" title="Video decoders plus MPC 2015.10.19"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="cccp" id="cb_xsupa"> <span class="icn16 icn16_u7ro7"></span> CCCP </label> <p class="sr-only">Video decoders plus MPC 2015.10.19</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_7qwxr" class="homepage-app-label" title="Music Organizer 4.1.31.1919"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="mediamonkey" id="cb_7qwxr"> <span class="icn16 icn16_jolkt"></span> MediaMonkey </label> <p class="sr-only">Music Organizer 4.1.31.1919</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_2cva6" class="homepage-app-label" title="Convert Videos 1.3.3 (requires .NET 4.7.1)"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="handbrake" id="cb_2cva6"> <span class="icn16 icn16_jzlbs"></span> HandBrake </label> <p class="sr-only">Convert Videos 1.3.3 (requires .NET 4.7.1)</p> </li>
</ul> </li>
<li class="homepage-app-section"> <h4>Runtimes</h4>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li> <label for="cb_rvg4g" class="homepage-app-label" title="64-bit Java Runtime (JRE) 8u282-b08"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="adoptjavax8" id="cb_rvg4g"> <span class="icn16 icn16_mgg4y"></span> Java (AdoptOpenJDK) x64 8 </label> <p class="sr-only">64-bit Java Runtime (JRE) 8u282-b08</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_3zxsn" class="homepage-app-label" title="32-bit Java Runtime (JRE) 8u282-b08"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="adoptjava8" id="cb_3zxsn"> <span class="icn16 icn16_mgg4y"></span> Java (AdoptOpenJDK) 8 </label> <p class="sr-only">32-bit Java Runtime (JRE) 8u282-b08</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_btfev" class="homepage-app-label" title="64-bit Java Runtime (JRE) 11.0.10"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="adoptjavax11" id="cb_btfev"> <span class="icn16 icn16_mgg4y"></span> Java (AdoptOpenJDK) x64 11 </label> <p class="sr-only">64-bit Java Runtime (JRE) 11.0.10</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_donoa" class="homepage-app-label" title="Microsoft .NET 4.8.04084"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value=".net4.8" id="cb_donoa"> <span class="icn16 icn16_t3mva"></span> .NET 4.8 </label> <p class="sr-only">Microsoft .NET 4.8.04084</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_sutoa" class="homepage-app-label" title="Microsoft Silverlight 5.1.50918.0"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="silverlight" id="cb_sutoa"> <span class="icn16 icn16_3ntp3"></span> Silverlight </label> <p class="sr-only">Microsoft Silverlight 5.1.50918.0</p> </li>
</ul> </li>
<li class="homepage-app-section"> <h4>Imaging</h4>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li> <label for="cb_opwmp" class="homepage-app-label" title="Painting Program 4.4.3"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="krita" id="cb_opwmp"> <span class="icn16 icn16_m7ujo"></span> Krita </label> <p class="sr-only">Painting Program 4.4.3</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_pr6oy" class="homepage-app-label" title="3D Creation Suite 2.92.0"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="blender" id="cb_pr6oy"> <span class="icn16 icn16_rexjl"></span> Blender </label> <p class="sr-only">3D Creation Suite 2.92.0</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_by33i" class="homepage-app-label" title="Image Editor 4.215.7694.37221 (requires .NET 4.5)"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="paint.net" id="cb_by33i"> <span class="icn16 icn16_gkl63"></span> Paint.NET </label> <p class="sr-only">Image Editor 4.215.7694.37221 (requires .NET 4.5)</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_7rlms" class="homepage-app-label" title="Open Source Image Editor 2.10.24.2"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="gimp" id="cb_7rlms"> <span class="icn16 icn16_yfd7l"></span> GIMP </label> <p class="sr-only">Open Source Image Editor 2.10.24.2</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_2n6do" class="homepage-app-label" title="Image Viewer 4.57"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="irfanview" id="cb_2n6do"> <span class="icn16 icn16_t5hdh"></span> IrfanView </label> <p class="sr-only">Image Viewer 4.57</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_hzubg" class="homepage-app-label" title="Image Viewer 2.49.5"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="xnview" id="cb_hzubg"> <span class="icn16 icn16_devk7"></span> XnView </label> <p class="sr-only">Image Viewer 2.49.5</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_g6lly" class="homepage-app-label" title="Vector Graphics Editor 1.0.2"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="inkscape" id="cb_g6lly"> <span class="icn16 icn16_batf2"></span> Inkscape </label> <p class="sr-only">Vector Graphics Editor 1.0.2</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_6nlg6" class="homepage-app-label" title="FastStone Image Viewer 7.5"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="faststone" id="cb_6nlg6"> <span class="icn16 icn16_dirq7"></span> FastStone </label> <p class="sr-only">FastStone Image Viewer 7.5</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_wq43l" class="homepage-app-label" title="Screenshot Tool 1.2.10.6"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="greenshot" id="cb_wq43l"> <span class="icn16 icn16_4ntk2"></span> Greenshot </label> <p class="sr-only">Screenshot Tool 1.2.10.6</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_nfdvi" class="homepage-app-label" title="Screenshot Uploader"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="sharex" id="cb_nfdvi"> <span class="icn16 icn16_dna7k"></span> ShareX </label> <p class="sr-only">Screenshot Uploader</p> </li>
</ul> </li>
<li class="homepage-app-section"> <h4>Documents</h4>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li> <label for="cb_n3l7s" class="homepage-app-label" title="Alternative PDF Reader 10.1.3.37598"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="foxit" id="cb_n3l7s"> <span class="icn16 icn16_ju25l"></span> Foxit Reader </label> <p class="sr-only">Alternative PDF Reader 10.1.3.37598</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_iym3r" class="homepage-app-label" title="Free Office Suite 7.1.2 (JRE recommended)"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="libreoffice" id="cb_iym3r"> <span class="icn16 icn16_zzw4v"></span> LibreOffice </label> <p class="sr-only">Free Office Suite 7.1.2 (JRE recommended)</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_m4qxn" class="homepage-app-label" title="Lightweight PDF Reader 3.2"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="sumatrapdf" id="cb_m4qxn"> <span class="icn16 icn16_uk66j"></span> SumatraPDF </label> <p class="sr-only">Lightweight PDF Reader 3.2</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_g2ba4" class="homepage-app-label" title="Print Documents as PDF Files 4.0"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="cutepdf" id="cb_g2ba4"> <span class="icn16 icn16_ricgo"></span> CutePDF </label> <p class="sr-only">Print Documents as PDF Files 4.0</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_x52fw" class="homepage-app-label" title="Free Office Suite 4.1.9 (JRE recommended)"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="openoffice" id="cb_x52fw"> <span class="icn16 icn16_n536t"></span> OpenOffice </label> <p class="sr-only">Free Office Suite 4.1.9 (JRE recommended)</p> </li>
</ul> </li>
<li class="homepage-app-section"> <h4>Security</h4>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li> <label for="cb_da233" class="homepage-app-label" title="Great Antivirus by Microsoft 4.10.209"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="essentials" id="cb_da233"> <span class="icn16 icn16_2elel"></span> Essentials </label> <p class="sr-only">Great Antivirus by Microsoft 4.10.209</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_mgdaa" class="homepage-app-label" title="Malware Remover 4.3.0.98"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="malwarebytes" id="cb_mgdaa"> <span class="icn16 icn16_fjyik"></span> Malwarebytes </label> <p class="sr-only">Malware Remover 4.3.0.98</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_l3vzg" class="homepage-app-label" title="Avast Free Antivirus 21.2.2455"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="avast" id="cb_l3vzg"> <span class="icn16 icn16_7l2fz"></span> Avast </label> <p class="sr-only">Avast Free Antivirus 21.2.2455</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_4mrni" class="homepage-app-label" title="AVG Free Antivirus 21.2.3170"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="avg" id="cb_4mrni"> <span class="icn16 icn16_sxgxy"></span> AVG </label> <p class="sr-only">AVG Free Antivirus 21.2.3170</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_fflxm" class="homepage-app-label" title="Spyware Remover 2.7.64"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="spybot2" id="cb_fflxm"> <span class="icn16 icn16_2m5dt"></span> Spybot 2 </label> <p class="sr-only">Spyware Remover 2.7.64</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_e54zh" class="homepage-app-label" title="Avira Free Antivirus 15.0.2104.2083"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="avira" id="cb_e54zh"> <span class="icn16 icn16_zeuq2"></span> Avira </label> <p class="sr-only">Avira Free Antivirus 15.0.2104.2083</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_dmzdc" class="homepage-app-label" title="SUPERAntiSpyware Free 10.0.1220"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="super" id="cb_dmzdc"> <span class="icn16 icn16_d2ydy"></span> SUPERAntiSpyware </label> <p class="sr-only">SUPERAntiSpyware Free 10.0.1220</p> </li>
</ul> </li>
<li class="homepage-app-section"> <h4>File Sharing</h4>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li> <label for="cb_itstl" class="homepage-app-label" title="Free Bittorrent Client 4.3.4.1"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="qbittorrent" id="cb_itstl"> <span class="icn16 icn16_mxbq4"></span> qBittorrent </label> <p class="sr-only">Free Bittorrent Client 4.3.4.1</p> </li>
</ul> </li>
<li class="homepage-app-section"> <h4>Online Storage</h4>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li> <label for="cb_f4z4i" class="homepage-app-label" title="Great Online Backup/File Sync 119.4.1772"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="dropbox" id="cb_f4z4i"> <span class="icn16 icn16_blu2e"></span> Dropbox </label> <p class="sr-only">Great Online Backup/File Sync 119.4.1772</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_byl7o" class="homepage-app-label" title="Online Backup/File Sync 3.54.3529.0458"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="googlebackupandsync" id="cb_byl7o"> <span class="icn16 icn16_gpmzq"></span> Google Backup and Sync </label> <p class="sr-only">Online Backup/File Sync 3.54.3529.0458</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_57ao2" class="homepage-app-label" title="Online File Sync by Microsoft 21.052.0314.0001"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="onedrive" id="cb_57ao2"> <span class="icn16 icn16_zaizo"></span> OneDrive </label> <p class="sr-only">Online File Sync by Microsoft 21.052.0314.0001</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_rm6zf" class="homepage-app-label" title="Online Backup/File Sync 4.0.3.3"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="sugarsync" id="cb_rm6zf"> <span class="icn16 icn16_v2iod"></span> SugarSync </label> <p class="sr-only">Online Backup/File Sync 4.0.3.3</p> </li>
</ul> </li>
<li class="homepage-app-section"> <h4>Other</h4>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li> <label for="cb_i2ycj" class="homepage-app-label" title="Online Notes 6.25.1.9091"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="evernote" id="cb_i2ycj"> <span class="icn16 icn16_sqkwj"></span> Evernote </label> <p class="sr-only">Online Notes 6.25.1.9091</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_ewkjy" class="homepage-app-label" title="Online Atlas by Google 7.3.3.7786"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="googleearth" id="cb_ewkjy"> <span class="icn16 icn16_5qj7g"></span> Google Earth </label> <p class="sr-only">Online Atlas by Google 7.3.3.7786</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_oxxml" class="homepage-app-label" title="App Store for Games"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="steam" id="cb_oxxml"> <span class="icn16 icn16_srobt"></span> Steam </label> <p class="sr-only">App Store for Games</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_jrd6u" class="homepage-app-label" title="Password Manager 2.47"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="keepass2" id="cb_jrd6u"> <span class="icn16 icn16_jajsj"></span> KeePass 2 </label> <p class="sr-only">Password Manager 2.47</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_gew3n" class="homepage-app-label" title="Local File Search Engine 1.4.1.1005"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="everything" id="cb_gew3n"> <span class="icn16 icn16_z4xgw"></span> Everything </label> <p class="sr-only">Local File Search Engine 1.4.1.1005</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_rrag3" class="homepage-app-label" title="Screen Reader 2020.4"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="nvda" id="cb_rrag3"> <span class="icn16 icn16_svmxk"></span> NV Access </label> <p class="sr-only">Screen Reader 2020.4</p> </li>
</ul> </li>
<li class="homepage-app-section"> <h4>Utilities</h4>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li> <label for="cb_a7elk" class="homepage-app-label" title="Remote Access Tool 15.16.8"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="teamviewer15" id="cb_a7elk"> <span class="icn16 icn16_66qwh"></span> TeamViewer 15 </label> <p class="sr-only">Remote Access Tool 15.16.8</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_itq3h" class="homepage-app-label" title="Disc Burner 2.5.8.0"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="imgburn" id="cb_itq3h"> <span class="icn16 icn16_gs5qd"></span> ImgBurn </label> <p class="sr-only">Disc Burner 2.5.8.0</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_a3cu2" class="homepage-app-label" title="RealVNC Remote Access 6.1.1.28093"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="realvnc" id="cb_a3cu2"> <span class="icn16 icn16_prph3"></span> RealVNC </label> <p class="sr-only">RealVNC Remote Access 6.1.1.28093</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_pa3mm" class="homepage-app-label" title="Better File Copy 3.8.2"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="teracopy" id="cb_pa3mm"> <span class="icn16 icn16_yfusb"></span> TeraCopy </label> <p class="sr-only">Better File Copy 3.8.2</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_7d32j" class="homepage-app-label" title="Disc Burner 4.5.8.7128 (requires .NET)"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="cdburnerxp" id="cb_7d32j"> <span class="icn16 icn16_wr2ic"></span> CDBurnerXP </label> <p class="sr-only">Disc Burner 4.5.8.7128 (requires .NET)</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_lpcec" class="homepage-app-label" title="App Uninstaller/Reverse Ninite 2.2.5"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="revo" id="cb_lpcec"> <span class="icn16 icn16_qht34"></span> Revo </label> <p class="sr-only">App Uninstaller/Reverse Ninite 2.2.5</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_aly25" class="homepage-app-label" title="Hotkey Launcher 2.5"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="launchy" id="cb_aly25"> <span class="icn16 icn16_focfs"></span> Launchy </label> <p class="sr-only">Hotkey Launcher 2.5</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_ih3nm" class="homepage-app-label" title="Directory Statistics 1.1.2.80"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="windirstat" id="cb_ih3nm"> <span class="icn16 icn16_zx2hq"></span> WinDirStat </label> <p class="sr-only">Directory Statistics 1.1.2.80</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_h4enj" class="homepage-app-label" title="System Utilities 5.163.0.189"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="glary" id="cb_h4enj"> <span class="icn16 icn16_4pugu"></span> Glary </label> <p class="sr-only">System Utilities 5.163.0.189</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_addmm" class="homepage-app-label" title="Disc Burner 0.53.0"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="infrarecorder" id="cb_addmm"> <span class="icn16 icn16_di5dp"></span> InfraRecorder </label> <p class="sr-only">Disc Burner 0.53.0</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_6cxnu" class="homepage-app-label" title="Classic Shell Win8 Start Menu 4.3.1"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="classicstart" id="cb_6cxnu"> <span class="icn16 icn16_ieb4n"></span> Classic Start </label> <p class="sr-only">Classic Shell Win8 Start Menu 4.3.1</p> </li>
</ul> </li>
<li class="homepage-app-section"> <h4>Compression</h4>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li> <label for="cb_bcaaf" class="homepage-app-label" title="Great Compression App 19.00"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="7zip" id="cb_bcaaf"> <span class="icn16 icn16_kxiq2"></span> 7-Zip </label> <p class="sr-only">Great Compression App 19.00</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_z6s5m" class="homepage-app-label" title="File Compression Tool 7.8.0"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="peazip" id="cb_z6s5m"> <span class="icn16 icn16_ykdp3"></span> PeaZip </label> <p class="sr-only">File Compression Tool 7.8.0</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_nxciq" class="homepage-app-label" title="Another Compression Tool 6.00 (Trial)"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="winrar" id="cb_nxciq"> <span class="icn16 icn16_lkput"></span> WinRAR </label> <p class="sr-only">Another Compression Tool 6.00 (Trial)</p> </li>
</ul> </li>
<li class="homepage-app-section"> <h4>Developer Tools</h4>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li> <label for="cb_mmnnp" class="homepage-app-label" title="Programming Language 3.9.4"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="pythonx3" id="cb_mmnnp"> <span class="icn16 icn16_4trph"></span> Python x64 3 </label> <p class="sr-only">Programming Language 3.9.4</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_n2hpx" class="homepage-app-label" title="Programming Language 3.9.4"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="python3" id="cb_n2hpx"> <span class="icn16 icn16_4trph"></span> Python 3 </label> <p class="sr-only">Programming Language 3.9.4</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_epxow" class="homepage-app-label" title="Great Programming Language 2.7.18"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="python" id="cb_epxow"> <span class="icn16 icn16_4trph"></span> Python </label> <p class="sr-only">Great Programming Language 2.7.18</p> </li>
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<li> <label for="cb_owmh3" class="homepage-app-label" title="64-bit Java Development Kit 11.0.10"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="correttojdkx11" id="cb_owmh3"> <span class="icn16 icn16_ytret"></span> JDK (Amazon Corretto) x64 11 </label> <p class="sr-only">64-bit Java Development Kit 11.0.10</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_3nmgs" class="homepage-app-label" title="SCP Client 5.17.10"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="winscp" id="cb_3nmgs"> <span class="icn16 icn16_v6uok"></span> WinSCP </label> <p class="sr-only">SCP Client 5.17.10</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_uriix" class="homepage-app-label" title="SSH client 0.74"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="putty" id="cb_uriix"> <span class="icn16 icn16_ztm7r"></span> PuTTY </label> <p class="sr-only">SSH client 0.74</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_a7h2w" class="homepage-app-label" title="Compare and Merge Files 2.16.10"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="winmerge" id="cb_a7h2w"> <span class="icn16 icn16_nf65l"></span> WinMerge </label> <p class="sr-only">Compare and Merge Files 2.16.10</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_nn5wk" class="homepage-app-label" title="IDE for Java 4.19.0 (requires Java)"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="eclipse" id="cb_nn5wk"> <span class="icn16 icn16_z3xhy"></span> Eclipse </label> <p class="sr-only">IDE for Java 4.19.0 (requires Java)</p> </li>
<li> <label for="cb_4l6ia" class="homepage-app-label" title="Programmer's Editor 1.55.1"> <input type="checkbox" class="js-homepage-app-checkbox" name="apps" value="vscode" id="cb_4l6ia"> <span class="icn16 icn16_3enbe"></span> Visual Studio Code </label> <p class="sr-only">Programmer's Editor 1.55.1</p> </li>
</ul> </li>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Download PuTTY: latest development snapshot</title>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/snapshot.html">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="sitestyle.css" title="PuTTY Home Page Style">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="putty.ico">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow">
</head>
<body>
<h1 align="center">Download PuTTY: latest development snapshot</h1>
<div align="center" class="mirrorwarning">
This is a mirror. Follow this link to find <a href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">the primary PuTTY web site</a>.
</div>
<p align="center"> <a href="./">Home</a> | <a href="faq.html">FAQ</a> | <a href="feedback.html">Feedback</a> | <a href="licence.html">Licence</a> | <a href="maillist.html">Updates</a> | <a href="mirrors.html">Mirrors</a> | <a href="keys.html">Keys</a> | <a href="links.html">Links</a> | <a href="team.html">Team</a> <br> Download: <a href="latest.html">Stable</a> · <b>Snapshot</b> | <a href="docs.html">Docs</a> | <a href="changes.html">Changes</a> | <a href="wishlist/">Wishlist</a> </p>
<p> This page contains download links for the latest development snapshot of PuTTY. </p>
<p> The development snapshots are built every day, automatically, from the current development code – in <em>whatever</em> state it's currently in. So you may be able to find new features or bug fixes in these snapshot builds, well before the same changes make it into the <a href="latest.html">latest release</a>. On the other hand, these snapshots might also be unstable, if a lot of new development has happened recently and introduced new bugs. </p>
<p> In particular, they may contain security holes. If we find one that's not also in a release, we're likely to just fix it in the next day's snapshot. If it's a particularly bad one we might make a note on the <a href="wishlist/">wishlist page</a>. </p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadsnapshottopcolour
">Package files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadsnapshotbotcolour
">
<p>You probably want one of these. They include versions of all the PuTTY utilities. </p>
<p>(Not sure whether you want the 32-bit or the 64-bit version? Read the <a href="faq.html#faq-32bit-64bit">FAQ entry</a>.)</p>
<div class="downloadheading">
MSI (‘Windows Installer’)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/putty-installer.msi"><code>putty-</code><i>&lt;version&gt;</i><code>-installer.msi</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/putty-installer.msi.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/putty-64bit-installer.msi"><code>putty-64bit-</code><i>&lt;version&gt;</i><code>-installer.msi</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/putty-64bit-installer.msi.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Unix source archive
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname"><code>.tar.gz</code>:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/putty.tar.gz"><code>putty-</code><i>&lt;version&gt;</i><code>.tar.gz</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/putty.tar.gz.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadsnapshottopcolour
">Alternative binary files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadsnapshotbotcolour
">
<p>The installer packages above will provide versions of all of these (except PuTTYtel), but you can download standalone binaries one by one if you prefer.</p>
<p>(Not sure whether you want the 32-bit or the 64-bit version? Read the <a href="faq.html#faq-32bit-64bit">FAQ entry</a>.)</p>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>putty.exe</code> (the SSH and Telnet client itself)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/putty.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/putty.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>pscp.exe</code> (an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/pscp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/pscp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>psftp.exe</code> (an SFTP client, i.e. general file transfer sessions much like FTP)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/psftp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/psftp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>puttytel.exe</code> (a Telnet-only client)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/puttytel.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/puttytel.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>plink.exe</code> (a command-line interface to the PuTTY back ends)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>pageant.exe</code> (an SSH authentication agent for PuTTY, PSCP, PSFTP, and Plink)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>puttygen.exe</code> (a RSA and DSA key generation utility)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>putty.zip</code> (a .ZIP archive of all the above except PuTTYtel)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w32/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/w64/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadsnapshottopcolour
">Documentation</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadsnapshotbotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Browse the documentation on the web
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">HTML:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/htmldoc/">Contents page</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Downloadable documentation
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Zipped HTML:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/puttydoc.zip"><code>puttydoc.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Plain text:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/puttydoc.txt"><code>puttydoc.txt</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Windows HTML Help:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/putty.chm"><code>putty.chm</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadsnapshottopcolour
">Source code</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadsnapshotbotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Unix source archive
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname"><code>.tar.gz</code>:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/putty.tar.gz"><code>putty-</code><i>&lt;version&gt;</i><code>.tar.gz</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/putty.tar.gz.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Windows source archive
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname"><code>.zip</code>:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/putty-src.zip"><code>putty-src.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/putty-src.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
git repository
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Clone:</span> <span class="downloadgitlink"><code>https://git.tartarus.org/simon/putty.git</code></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">gitweb:</span> <span class="downloadgitlink"><a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git">master</a> </span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadsnapshottopcolour
">Downloads for Windows on Arm</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadsnapshotbotcolour
">
<p>Compiled executable files for Windows on Arm. These are believed to work, but as yet, they have had minimal testing. </p>
<div class="downloadheading">
Windows on Arm installers
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/putty-arm64-installer.msi"><code>putty-arm64-</code><i>&lt;version&gt;</i><code>-installer.msi</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/putty-arm64-installer.msi.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/putty-arm32-installer.msi"><code>putty-arm32-</code><i>&lt;version&gt;</i><code>-installer.msi</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/putty-arm32-installer.msi.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Windows on Arm individual executables
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/putty.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/pscp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/psftp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/puttytel.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/putty.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/pscp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/psftp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/puttytel.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Zip file of all Windows on Arm executables
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa64/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/wa32/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadsnapshottopcolour
">Checksum files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadsnapshotbotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Cryptographic checksums for all the above files
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">MD5:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/md5sums"><code>md5sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/md5sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">SHA-1:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/sha1sums"><code>sha1sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/sha1sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">SHA-256:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/sha256sums"><code>sha256sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/sha256sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">SHA-512:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/sha512sums"><code>sha512sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/sha512sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<hr> If you want to comment on this web site, see the <a href="feedback.html">Feedback page</a>.
<br> (last modified on <!--LASTMOD-->Thu Mar 21 00:43:06 2019<!--END-->)
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<br><a href="/tags/hunter_s_thompson/">hunter_s_thompson</a>
<br><a href="/tags/ice/">ice</a>
<br><a href="/tags/identity/">identity</a>
<br><a href="/tags/illumination/">illumination</a>
<br><a href="/tags/imagining/">imagining</a>
<br><a href="/tags/imploding/">imploding</a>
<br><a href="/tags/inception/">inception</a>
<br><a href="/tags/industrial_civilization/">industrial_civilization</a>
<br><a href="/tags/infospace/">infospace</a>
<br><a href="/tags/isabelle/">isabelle</a>
<br><a href="/tags/j_curve/">j_curve</a>
<br><a href="/tags/jesus/">jesus</a>
<br><a href="/tags/johnny_cash/">johnny_cash</a>
<br><a href="/tags/joni/">joni</a>
<br><a href="/tags/jung/">jung</a>
<br><a href="/tags/kalaloch/">kalaloch</a>
<br><a href="/tags/kalis/">kalis</a>
<br><a href="/tags/kaufman/">kaufman</a>
<br><a href="/tags/kelly/">kelly</a>
<br><a href="/tags/kesey/">kesey</a>
<br><a href="/tags/kirk/">kirk</a>
<br><a href="/tags/kiss_or_kill/">kiss_or_kill</a>
<br><a href="/tags/kitchen/">kitchen</a>
<br><a href="/tags/knife/">knife</a>
<br><a href="/tags/krista/">krista</a>
<br><a href="/tags/kvps/">kvps</a>
<br><a href="/tags/ladder/">ladder</a>
<br><a href="/tags/laid_off/">laid_off</a>
<br><a href="/tags/lake_sammamish/">lake_sammamish</a>
<br><a href="/tags/laura_talos/">laura_talos</a>
<br><a href="/tags/lcc/">lcc</a>
<br><a href="/tags/lee/">lee</a>
<br><a href="/tags/light/">light</a>
<br><a href="/tags/lincoln_street/">lincoln_street</a>
<br><a href="/tags/lincoln_zephyr/">lincoln_zephyr</a>
<br><a href="/tags/lisa/">lisa</a>
<br><a href="/tags/lizard/">lizard</a>
<br><a href="/tags/lj/">lj</a>
<br><a href="/tags/love/">love</a>
<br><a href="/tags/ltg/">ltg</a>
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<title> Mathematical Quotations -- P</title>
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<h1> Mathematical Quotations -- P</h1>
<hr size="4"> <a href="http://math.furman.edu/~mwoodard/mquot.html"> Back to MQS Home Page</a> | <a href="http://math.furman.edu/~mwoodard/ascquoto.html"> Back to "O" Quotations</a> | <a href="http://math.furman.edu/~mwoodard/ascquotq.html"> Forward to "Q" Quotations</a>
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<p> </p>
<h3><b>Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662)</b> </h3>
<p> We are usually convinced more easily by reasons we have found ourselves than by those which have occurred to others.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> It is the heart which perceives God and not the reason.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> Man is equally incapable of seeing the nothingness from which he emerges and the infinity in which he is engulfed.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> Our nature consists in movement; absolute rest is death.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> Man is full of desires: he loves only those who can satisfy them all. "This man is a good mathematician," someone will say. But I have no concern for mathematics; he would take me for a proposition. "That one is a good soldier." He would take me for a besieged town. I need, that is to say, a decent man who can accommodate himself to all my desires in a general sort of way.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> We run carelessly to the precipice, after we have put something before us to prevent us from seeing it.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> We do not worry about being respected in towns through which we pass. But if we are going to remain in one for a certain time, we do worry. How long does this time have to be?<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> Few men speak humbly of humility, chastely of chastity, skeptically of skepticism.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> Those who write against vanity want the glory of having written well, and their readers the glory of reading well, and I who write this have the same desire, as perhaps those who read this have also.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> Our notion of symmetry is derived form the human face. Hence, we demand symmetry horizontally and in breadth only, not vertically nor in depth.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> When we encounter a natural style we are always surprised and delighted, for we thought to see an author and found a man.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> Everything that is written merely to please the author is worthless.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> I cannot judge my work while I am doing it. I have to do as painters do, stand back and view it from a distance, but not too great a distance. How great? Guess.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> Contradiction is not a sign of falsity, nor the lack of contradiction a sign of truth.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> All err the more dangerously because each follows a truth. Their mistake lies not in following a falsehood but in not following another truth.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> Perfect clarity would profit the intellect but damage the will.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> Those who are accustomed to judge by feeling do not understand the process of reasoning, because they want to comprehend at a glance and are not used to seeking for first principles. Those, on the other hand, who are accustomed to reason from first principles do not understand matters of feeling at all, because they look for first principles and are unable to comprehend at a glance.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> To deny, to believe, and to doubt well are to a man as the race is to a horse.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> Words differently arranged have a different meaning and meanings differently arranged have a different effect.<br> W. H. Auden and L. Kronenberger (eds.) <i>The Viking Book of Aphorisms</i>, New York: Viking Press, 1966.</p>
<p> Nature is an infinite sphere of which the center is everywhere and the circumference nowhere.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> We arrive at truth, not by reason only, but also by the heart.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> When the passions become masters, they are vices.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670. </i></p>
<p> Men despise religion; they hate it, and they fear it is true.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> Religion is so great a thing that it is right that those who will not take the trouble to seek it if it be obscure, should be deprived of it.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> It is not certain that everything is uncertain.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> We are so presumptuous that we should like to be known all over the world, even by people who will only come when we are no more. Such is our vanity that the good opinion of half a dozen of the people around us gives us pleasure and satisfaction. <br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> The sole cause of man's unhappiness is that he does not know how to stay quietly in his room.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> Reason's last step is the recognition that there are an infinite number of things which are beyond it.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> Through space the universe grasps me and swallows me up like a speck; through thought I grasp it. <br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> Let no one say that I have said nothing new... the arrangement of the subject is new. When we play tennis, we both play with the same ball, but one of us places it better. <br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> The excitement that a gambler feels when making a bet is equal to the amount he might win times the probability of winning it.<br> In N. Rose <i>Mathematical Maxims and Minims</i>, Raleigh NC:Rome Press Inc., 1988.</p>
<p> Reason is the slow and tortuous method by which these who do not know the truth discover it. The heart has its own reason which reason does not know.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i> </p>
<p> Reverend Fathers, my letters did not usually follow each other at such close intervals, nor were they so long.... This one would not be so long had I but the leisure to make it shorter.<br> <i>Lettres provinciales.</i></p>
<p> The last thing one knows when writing a book is what to put first.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> What is man in nature? Nothing in relation to the infinite, all in relation to nothing, a mean between nothing and everything.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> [I feel] engulfed in the infinite immensity of spaces whereof I know nothing, and which know nothing of me, I am terrified The eternal silence of these infinite spaces alarms me. <br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> Let us weigh the gain and the loss in wagering that God is. Let us consider the two possibilities. If you gain, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing. Hesitate not, then, to wager that He is.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> Look somewhere else for someone who can follow you in your researches about numbers. For my part, I confess that they are far beyond me, and I am competent only to admire them. <br> [Written to Fermat]<br> In G. Simmons <i>Calculus Gems</i>, New York: McGraw Hill Inc., 1992.</p>
<p> The more I see of men, the better I like my dog. <br> In H. Eves <i>Return to Mathematical Circles</i>, Boston: Prindle, Weber and Schmidt, 1988.</p>
<p> The more intelligent one is, the more men of originality one finds. Ordinary people find no difference between men.<br> <i>Pensees. 1670.</i></p>
<p> However vast a man's spiritual resources, he is capable of but one great passion.<br> <i>Discours sur les passions de l'amour.</i> 1653.</p>
<p> There are two types of mind ... the mathematical, and what might be called the intuitive. The former arrives at its views slowly, but they are firm and rigid; the latter is endowed with greater flexibility and applies itself simultaneously to the diverse lovable parts of that which it loves.<br> <i>Discours sur les passions de l'amour</i>. 1653. </p>
<p></p>
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<p> </p>
<h3><b> Passano, L.M.</b> </h3>
<p> This trend [emphasizing applied mathematics over pure mathematics] will make the queen of the sciences into the quean of the sciences.<br> In H. Eves <i>Mathematical Circles Squared</i>, Boston: Prindle, Weber and Schmidt, 1972.</p>
<p> </p>
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<p> </p>
<h3><b> Pasteur, Louis </b> </h3>
<p> Chance favors only the prepared mind. <br> In H. Eves <i>Return to Mathematical Circles</i>, Boston: Prindle, Weber and Schmidt, 1988</p>
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<p>.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>Pearson, Karl</b> </h3>
<p> The mathematician, carried along on his flood of symbols, dealing apparently with purely formal truths, may still reach results of endless importance for our description of the physical universe.<br> In N. Rose <i>Mathematical Maxims and Minims</i>, Raleigh NC:Rome Press Inc., 1988. </p>
<p></p>
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<p> </p>
<h3><b>Peirce, Benjamin (1809-1880)</b> </h3>
<p> Mathematics is the science which draws necessary conclusions.<br> Memoir read before the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, 1870. </p>
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<p> </p>
<h3><b> Peirce, Charles Sanders (1839-1914)</b> </h3>
<p> The one [the logician] studies the science of drawing conclusions, the other [the mathematician] the science which draws necessary conclusions.<br> "The Essence of Mathematics" in J. R. Newman (ed.) <i>The World of Mathematics</i>, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956.</p>
<p> ...mathematics is distinguished from all other sciences except only ethics, in standing in no need of ethics. Every other science, even logiclogic, especiallyis in its early stages in danger of evaporating into airy nothingness, degenerating, as the Germans say, into an arachnoid film, spun from the stuff that dreams are made of. There is no such danger for pure mathematics; for that is precisely what mathematics ought to be.<br> "The Essence of Mathematics" in J. R. Newman (ed.) <i>The World of Mathematics</i>, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956.</p>
<p> Among the minor, yet striking characteristics of mathematics, may be mentioned the fleshless and skeletal build of its propositions; the peculiar difficulty, complication, and stress of its reasonings; the perfect exactitude of its results; their broad universality; their practical infallibility. <br> "The Essence of Mathematics" in J. R. Newman (ed.) <i>The World of Mathematics</i>, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956.</p>
<p> The pragmatist knows that doubt is an art which hs to be acquired with difficulty.<br> <i>Collected Papers.</i> </p>
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<p> </p>
<h3><b> Pedersen, Jean</b> </h3>
<p> Geometry is a skill of the eyes and the hands as well as of the mind. </p>
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<p> </p>
<h3><b> Plato (ca 429-347 BC)</b> </h3>
<p> He who can properly define and divide is to be considered a god. </p>
<p> The ludicrous state of solid geometry made me pass over this branch. <i>Republic</i>, VII, 528.</p>
<p> He is unworthy of the name of man who is ignorant of the fact that the diagonal of a square is incommensurable with its side.</p>
<p> Mathematics is like checkers in being suitable for the young, not too difficult, amusing, and without peril to the state.</p>
<p> The knowledge of which geometry aims is the knowledge of the eternal. <br> Republic, VII, 52.</p>
<p> I have hardly ever known a mathematician who was capable of reasoning.<br> In N. Rose <i>Mathematical Maxims and Minims</i>, Raleigh NC:Rome Press Inc., 1988.</p>
<p> There still remain three studies suitable for free man. Arithmetic is one of them. <br> In J. R. Newman (ed.) <i>The World of Mathematics</i>, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956. </p>
<p></p>
<hr>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>Plutarch (ca 46-127)</b> </h3>
<p> [about Archimedes:] <br> ... being perpetually charmed by his familiar siren, that is, by his geometry, he neglected to eat and drink and took no care of his person; that he was often carried by force to the baths, and when there he would trace geometrical figures in the ashes of the fire, and with his finger draws lines upon his body when it was anointed with oil, being in a state of great ecstasy and divinely possessed by his science. <br> In G. Simmons <i>Calculus Gems</i>, New York: McGraw Hill Inc., 1992. </p>
<p></p>
<hr>
<p> </p>
<h3><b> Poe, Edgar Allen </b> </h3>
<p> To speak algebraically, Mr. M. is execrable, but Mr. G. is (x + 1)- ecrable. <br> [Discussing fellow writers Cornelius Mathews and William Ellery Channing.]<br> In N. Rose <i>Mathematical Maxims and Minims</i>, Raleigh NC: Rome Press Inc., 1988.</p>
<p> </p>
<hr>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>Poincaré, Jules Henri (1854-1912) </b> </h3>
<p> Mathematics is the art of giving the same name to different things.<br> [As opposed to the quotation: Poetry is the art of giving different names to the same thing].</p>
<p> Later generations will regard Mengenlehre (set theory) as a disease from which one has recovered. <br> [Whether or not he actually said this is a matter of debate amongst historians of mathematics.] <br> <i>The Mathematical Intelligencer</i>, vol 13, no. 1, Winter 1991.</p>
<p> What is it indeed that gives us the feeling of elegance in a solution, in a demonstration? It is the harmony of the diverse parts, their symmetry, their happy balance; in a word it is all that introduces order, all that gives unity, that permits us to see clearly and to comprehend at once both the ensemble and the details.<br> In N. Rose <i>Mathematical Maxims and Minims</i>, Raleigh NC:Rome Press Inc., 1988. </p>
<p> Thus, be it understood, to demonstrate a theorem, it is neither necessary nor even advantageous to know what it means. The geometer might be replaced by the "logic piano" imagined by Stanley Jevons; or, if you choose, a machine might be imagined where the assumptions were put in at one end, while the theorems came out at the other, like the legendary Chicago machine where the pigs go in alive and come out transformed into hams and sausages. No more than these machines need the mathematician know what he does. <br> In J. R. Newman (ed.) <i>The World of Mathematics</i>, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956.</p>
<p> Talk with M. Hermite. He never evokes a concrete image, yet you soon perceive that the more abstract entities are to him like living creatures.<br> In G. Simmons <i>Calculus Gems</i>, New York: McGraw Hill Inc., 1992.</p>
<p> Science is built up with facts, as a house is with stones. But a collection of facts is no more a science than a heap of stones is a house. <br> <i>La Science et l'hypothèse.</i></p>
<p> A scientist worthy of his name, about all a mathematician, experiences in his work the same impression as an artist; his pleasure is as great and of the same nature.<br> In N. Rose <i>Mathematical Maxims and Minims</i>, Raleigh NC:Rome Press Inc., 1988. </p>
<p> The mathematical facts worthy of being studied are those which, by their analogy with other facts, are capable of leading us to the knowledge of a physical law. They reveal the kinship between other facts, long known, but wrongly believed to be strangers to one another.<br> In N. Rose <i>Mathematical Maxims and Minims</i>, Raleigh NC:Rome Press Inc., 1988. </p>
<p> Mathematicians do not study objects, but relations between objects. Thus, they are free to replace some objects by others so long as the relations remain unchanged. Content to them is irrelevant: they are interested in form only. </p>
<p> Thought is only a flash between two long nights, but this flash is everything. <br> In J. R. Newman (ed.) <i>The World of Mathematics</i>, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956.</p>
<p> The mind uses its faculty for creativity only when experience forces it to do so.</p>
<p> Mathematical discoveries, small or greatare never born of spontaneous generation They always presuppose a soil seeded with preliminary knowledge and well prepared by labour, both conscious and subconscious.</p>
<p> Absolute space, that is to say, the mark to which it would be necessary to refer the earth to know whether it really moves, has no objective existence.... The two propositions: "The earth turns round" and "it is more convenient to suppose the earth turns round" have the same meaning; there is nothing more in the one than in the other.<br> <i>La Science et l'hypothèse.</i></p>
<p> ...by natural selection our mind has adapted itself to the conditions of the external world. It has adopted the geometry most advantageous to the species or, in other words, the most convenient. Geometry is not true, it is advantageous.<br> <i>Science and Method.</i> </p>
<p></p>
<hr>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>Poisson, Siméon (1781-1840)</b> </h3>
<p> Life is good for only two things, discovering mathematics and teaching mathematics. <br> <i>Mathematics Magazine</i>, v. 64, no. 1, Feb. 1991. </p>
<p></p>
<hr>
<p> </p>
<h3><b> Polyá, George (1887, 1985)</b> </h3>
<p> Mathematics consists of proving the most obvious thing in the least obvious way.<br> In N. Rose <i>Mathematical Maxims and Minims</i>, Raleigh NC:Rome Press Inc., 1988.</p>
<p> The traditional mathematics professor of the popular legend is absentminded. He usually appears in public with a lost umbrella in each hand. He prefers to face the blackboard and to turn his back to the class. He writes a, he says b, he means c; but it should be d. Some of his sayings are handed down from generation to generation.<br> "In order to solve this differential equation you look at it till a solution occurs to you."<br> "This principle is so perfectly general that no particular application of it is possible."<br> "Geometry is the science of correct reasoning on incorrect figures."<br> "My method to overcome a difficulty is to go round it."<br> "What is the difference between method and device? A method is a device which you used twice."<br> <i>How to Solve It</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1945.</p>
<p> Mathematics is the cheapest science. Unlike physics or chemistry, it does not require any expensive equipment. All one needs for mathematics is a pencil and paper. <br> D. J. Albers and G. L. Alexanderson, <i>Mathematical People</i>, Boston: Birkhäuser, 1985.</p>
<p> There are many questions which fools can ask that wise men cannot answer. <br> In H. Eves <i>Return to Mathematical Circles</i>, Boston: Prindle, Weber and Schmidt, 1988.</p>
<p> When introduced at the wrong time or place, good logic may be the worst enemy of good teaching. <br> <i>The American Mathematical Monthly</i>, v. 100, no. 3.</p>
<p> Even fairly good students, when they have obtained the solution of the problem and written down neatly the argument, shut their books and look for something else. Doing so, they miss an important and instructive phase of the work. ... A good teacher should understand and impress on his students the view that no problem whatever is completely exhausted.<br> One of the first and foremost duties of the teacher is not to give his students the impression that mathematical problems have little connection with each other, and no connection at all with anything else. We have a natural opportunity to investigate the connections of a problem when looking back at its solution.<br> <i>How to Solve It</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1945.</p>
<p> In order to translate a sentence from English into French two things are necessary. First, we must understand thoroughly the English sentence. Second, we must be familiar with the forms of expression peculiar to the French language. The situation is very similar when we attempt to express in mathematical symbols a condition proposed in words. First, we must understand thoroughly the condition. Second, we must be familiar with the forms of mathematical expression. <br> <i>How to Solve It</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1945.</p>
<p></p>
<hr>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>Pope, Alexander (1688-1744)</b> </h3>
<p> Epitaph on Newton:<br> Nature and Nature's law lay hid in night:<br> God said, "Let Newton be!," and all was light.<br> [added by Sir John Collings Squire:<br> It did not last: the Devil shouting "Ho.<br> Let Einstein be," restored the status quo] <br> [Aaron Hill's version: <br> O'er Nature's laws God cast the veil of night,<br> Out blaz'd a Newton's souland all was light.<br></p>
<p> Order is Heaven's first law.<br> <i>An Essay on Man IV</i>.</p>
<p> See skulking Truth to her old cavern fled, <br> Mountains of Casuistry heap'd o'er her head!<br> Philosophy, that lean'd on Heav'n before,<br> Shrinks to her second cause, and is no more.<br> Physic of Metaphysic begs defence,<br> And Metaphysic calls for aid on Sense!<br> See Mystery to Mathematics fly!<br> In J. R. Newman (ed.) <i>The World of Mathematics</i>, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956.</p>
<p></p>
<hr>
<p> </p>
<h3><b> Pordage, Matthew</b> </h3>
<p> One of the endearing things about mathematicians is the extent to which they will go to avoid doing any real work. <br>In H. Eves <i>Return to Mathematical Circles</i>, Boston: Prindle, Weber and Schmidt, 1988.</p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<hr>
<p> </p>
<h3><b> Proclus Diadochus (412 - 485)</b> </h3>
<p> It is well known that the man who first made public the theory of irrationals perished in a shipwreck in order that the inexpressible and unimaginable should ever remain veiled. And so the guilty man, who fortuitously touched on and revealed this aspect of living things, was taken to the place where he began and there is for ever beaten by the waves.<br> <i>Scholium to Book X of Euclid V.</i> </p>
<p></p>
<hr>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>Purcell, E. and Varberg, D.</b> </h3>
<p> The Mean Value Theorem is the midwife of calculus -- not very important or glamorous by itself, but often helping to delivery other theorems that are of major significance. <br> <i>Calculus with Analytic Geomety, fifth edition,</i> Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1987. </p>
<p></p>
<hr>
<p> </p>
<h3><b> Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeyevich (1799 - 1837)</b> </h3>
<p> Inspiration is needed in geometry, just as much as in poetry.<br> <i>Likhtenshtein </i> </p>
<p> </p>
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<h1><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size:8.0pt"><a href="http://galileoandeinstein.phys.virginia.edu/lectures/starry~1.html">previous</a> <a href="http://galileoandeinstein.phys.virginia.edu/lectures/lecturelist.html"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>index</a><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span><a href="http://galileoandeinstein.phys.virginia.edu/lectures/gkastr1.html">next</a><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><a href="http://galileoandeinstein.phys.virginia.edu/lectures/aristot2.pdf">PDF</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1>Aristotle </h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:7.0in"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Michael Fowler,</i> <i>U.
<st1:place w:st="on">
<st1:state w:st="on">
Va.
</st1:state>
</st1:place> Physics,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>9/3/2008</i></p>
<h2>Beginnings of Science and Philosophy in <st1:place w:st="on">
<st1:city w:st="on">
Athens
</st1:city>
</st1:place></h2>
<p>Let us first recap briefly the emergence of philosophy and science in <st1:place w:st="on">
<st1:city w:st="on">
Athens
</st1:city>
</st1:place> after around 450 B.C. It all began with <b>Socrates</b>, who was born in 470 B.C. Socrates was a true philosopher, a lover of wisdom, who tried to elicit the truth by what has become known as the Socratic method, in which by a series of probing questions he forced successive further clarification of thought. Of course, such clarity often reveals that the other person&#x2019;s ideas don&#x2019;t in fact make much sense, so that although Socrates made a lot of things much clearer, he wasn&#x2019;t a favorite of many establishment politicians. For example, he could argue very convincingly that traditional morality had no logical basis. He mostly lectured to the sons of well-to-do aristocrats, one of whom was <b>Plato</b>, born in 428 B.C. Plato was a young man when <st1:city w:st="on">
Athens
</st1:city> was humiliated by <st1:city w:st="on">
Sparta
</st1:city> in the Peloponnesian War, and Plato probably attributed the loss to <st1:city w:st="on">
Athens
</st1:city>&#x2019; being a democracy, as opposed to the kind of fascist war-based state <st1:city w:st="on">
<st1:place w:st="on">
Sparta
</st1:place>
</st1:city> was. Plato founded an Academy. The name came (at least in legend) from one <i>Academus</i>, a landowner on whose estate Plato and other philosophers met regularly. The important point is that this was the first university. All the people involved were probably aristocrats, and they discussed everything: politics, economics, morality, philosophy, mathematics and science. One of their main concerns was to find what constituted an ideal city-state. Democracy didn&#x2019;t seem to have worked very well in their recent past. Plato&#x2019;s ideas are set out in the <i>Republic</i>. </p>
<h2>Plato&#x2019;s Idea of a Good Education</h2>
<p>What is interesting about the<i> Republic</i> from our point of view is the emphasis on a good education for the elite group in charge of Plato&#x2019;s ideal society. In particular, Plato considered education in mathematics and astronomy to be excellent ways of sharpening the mind. He believed that intense mental exercise of this kind had the same effect on the mind that a rigorous physical regimen did on the body. Students at the Academy covered a vast range of subjects, but there was a sign over the door stating that some knowledge of <i>mathematics</i> was needed to enter&#x2014;nothing else was mentioned! Plato in particular loved geometry, and felt that the beauty of the five regular solids he was the first to categorize meant they must be fundamental to nature, they must somehow be the shapes of the atoms. Notice that this approach <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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mso-position-horizontal:left;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;
mso-position-vertical:top;mso-position-vertical-relative:line' o:allowoverlap="f">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="237" height="317" src="aristot2_files/image002.jpg" align="left" hspace="12" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027"><!--[endif]-->to physics is not heavily dependent on observation and experiment. </p>
<h2>Aristotle and Alexander</h2>
<p>We turn now to the third member of this trio,<b> Aristotle</b>, born in 384 B.C. in <st1:city w:st="on">
Stagira
</st1:city>, in <st1:country-region w:st="on">
Thrace
</st1:country-region>, at the northern end of the Aegean, near <st1:place w:st="on">
<st1:country-region w:st="on">
Macedonia
</st1:country-region>
</st1:place>. Aristotle&#x2019;s father was the family physician of King Philip of <st1:country-region w:st="on">
<st1:place w:st="on">
Macedonia
</st1:place>
</st1:country-region>. At the age of eighteen, Aristotle came to Athens to study at Plato&#x2019;s Academy, and stayed there twenty years until Plato&#x2019;s death in 348 B.C. (Statue is a Roman copy of a Greek original, in the Louvre, photographer Eric Gaba (<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Sting" title="User:Sting">User:Sting</a>), July 2005.)</p>
<p>Five years after Plato&#x2019;s death, Aristotle took a position as tutor to King Philip of <st1:place w:st="on">
<st1:country-region w:st="on">
Macedonia
</st1:country-region>
</st1:place>&#x2019;s thirteen year old son Alexander. He stayed for three years. It is not clear what impact, if any, Aristotle&#x2019;s lessons had, but Alexander, like his father, was a great admirer of Greek civilization, even though the Athenians considered <st1:country-region w:st="on">
<st1:place w:st="on">
Macedonia
</st1:place>
</st1:country-region> the boondocks. In fact, when his father Philip died in 336 B.C., Alexander did his best to spread Greek civilization as far as he could. Macedonia had an excellent army, and over the next thirteen years Alexander organized Greece as a federation of city states, conquered Persia, the Middle East, Egypt, southern Afghanistan, some of Central Asia and the Punjab in India. </p>
<p>The picture below is a fortress built by Alexander&#x2019;s army in <st1:place w:st="on">
<st1:city w:st="on">
Herat
</st1:city>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on">
Afghanistan
</st1:country-region>
</st1:place>, and still standing.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>(Picture from <a href="http://flickr.com/photos/koldo/67606119/" title="http://flickr.com/photos/koldo/67606119/">http://flickr.com/photos/koldo/67606119/</a> ,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>author <a href="http://flickr.com/photos/koldo/" title="http://flickr.com/photos/koldo/">koldo / Koldo Hormaza</a> .)</p>
<p>He founded Greek cities in many places, the greatest being Alexandria in Egypt, which in fact became the most important center of Greek science later on, and without which all of Greek learning might have been lost. The Greek cities became restless, predictably but rather ungratefully, when <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:0;margin-top:0;width:359.05pt;height:238.85pt;z-index:1;
visibility:visible;mso-position-horizontal:left;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:top;
mso-position-vertical-relative:line' o:allowoverlap="f">
<v:imagedata src="aristot2_files/image003.png" o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="square"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img width="479" height="318" src="aristot2_files/image004.jpg" align="left" hspace="12" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1"><!--[endif]-->he demanded to be treated as a god. He died of a fever at age 33. </p>
<h2>
<o:p>
&nbsp;
</o:p></h2>
<h2>Aristotle Founds the Lyceum</h2>
<p>Aristotle came back to <st1:city w:st="on">
Athens
</st1:city> in 335 B.C., and spent the next twelve years running his own version of an academy, which was called the Lyceum, named after the place in <st1:city w:st="on">
Athens
</st1:city> where it was located, an old <st1:place w:st="on">
<st1:placetype w:st="on">
temple
</st1:placetype> of
<st1:placename w:st="on">
Apollo
</st1:placename>
</st1:place>. (French high schools are named <i>lycee</i> after Aristotle&#x2019;s establishment.) Aristotle&#x2019;s preferred mode of operation was to spend a lot of time walking around talking with his colleagues, then write down his arguments. The Aristotelians are often called the Peripatetics: people who walk around. </p>
<p>Aristotle wrote extensively on all subjects: politics, metaphysics, ethics, logic and science. He didn&#x2019;t care for Plato&#x2019;s rather communal Utopia, in which the women were shared by the men, and the children raised by everybody, because for one thing he feared the children would be raised by nobody. His ideal society was one run by cultured gentlemen. He saw nothing wrong with slavery, provided the slave was naturally inferior to the master, so slaves should not be Greeks. This all sounds uncomfortably similar to Jefferson&#x2019;s <st1:state w:st="on">
Virginia
</st1:state>, perhaps not too surprising since Greek was a central part of a gentleman&#x2019;s education in <st1:place w:st="on">
Jefferson
</st1:place>&#x2019;s day. </p>
<h2>Aristotle&#x2019;s Science</h2>
<p>Aristotle&#x2019;s approach to science differed from Plato&#x2019;s. He agreed that the highest human faculty was reason, and its supreme activity was contemplation. However, in addition to studying what he called &#x201c;first philosophy&#x201d; - metaphysics and mathematics, the things Plato had worked on, Aristotle thought it also very important to study &#x201c;second philosophy&#x201d;: the world around us, from physics and mechanics to biology. Perhaps being raised in the house of a physician had given him an interest in living things. </p>
<p>What he achieved in those years in <st1:city w:st="on">
<st1:place w:st="on">
Athens
</st1:place>
</st1:city> was to begin a school of organized scientific inquiry on a scale far exceeding anything that had gone before. He first clearly defined what was scientific knowledge, and why it should be sought. In other words, he single-handedly invented science as the collective, organized enterprise it is today. Plato&#x2019;s Academy had the equivalent of a university mathematics department, Aristotle had the first science department, truly excellent in biology, but, as we shall see, a little weak in physics. After Aristotle, there was no comparable professional science enterprise for over 2,000 years, and his work was of such quality that it was accepted by all, and had long been a part of the official orthodoxy of the Christian Church 2,000 years later. This was unfortunate, because when Galileo questioned some of the assertions concerning simple physics, he quickly found himself in serious trouble with the Church. </p>
<h2>Aristotle&#x2019;s Method</h2>
<p>Aristotle&#x2019;s method of investigation varied from one natural science to another, depending on the problems encountered, but it usually included: </p>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in">defining the subject matter </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in">considering the difficulties involved by reviewing the generally accepted views on the subject, and suggestions of earlier writers </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in">presenting his own arguments and solutions. </li>
</ol>
<p>Again, this is the pattern modern research papers follow, Aristotle was laying down the standard professional approach to scientific research. The arguments he used were of two types: <i>dialectical</i>, that is, based on logical deduction; and <i>empirical</i>, based on practical considerations. </p>
<p>Aristotle often refuted an opposing argument by showing that it led to an absurd conclusion, this is called <i>reductio ad absurdum</i> (reducing something to absurdity). As we shall see later, Galileo used exactly this kind of argument against Aristotle himself, to the great annoyance of Aristotelians 2,000 years after Aristotle. </p>
<p>Another possibility was that an argument led to a <i>dilemma</i>: an apparent contradiction. However, dilemmas could sometimes be resolved by realizing that there was some ambiguity in a definition, say, so <i>precision of definitions</i> and usage of terms is <i>essential</i> to productive discussion in any discipline. </p>
<h2>&#x201c;Causes&#x201d;</h2>
<p>In contrast to Plato, who felt the only worthwhile science to be the contemplation of abstract forms, Aristotle practiced detailed observation and dissection of plants and animals, to try to understand how each fitted into the grand scheme of nature, and the importance of the different organs of animals. His motivation is made clear by the following quote from him (in Lloyd, p105): </p>
<p><i>For even in those kinds [of animals] that are not attractive to the senses, yet to the intellect the craftsmanship of nature provides extraordinary pleasures for those who can recognize the causes in things and who are naturally inclined to philosophy.</i> </p>
<p>His study of nature was a search for &#x201c;causes.&#x201d; What, exactly are these &#x201c;causes&#x201d;? He gave some examples (we follow Lloyd&#x2019;s discussion here). He stated that any object (animal, plant, inanimate, whatever) had four <i>attributes</i>: </p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in">matter </li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in">form </li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l4 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list .5in">moving cause </li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l5 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list .5in">final cause </li>
</ul>
<p>For a table, the matter is wood, the form is the shape, the moving cause is the carpenter and the final cause is the reason the table was made in the first place, for a family to eat at, for example. For man, he thought the matter was provided by the mother, the form was a rational two-legged animal, the moving cause was the father and the final cause was to become a fully grown human being. He did not believe nature to be conscious, he believed this final cause to be somehow innate in a human being, and similarly in other organisms. Of course, fulfilling this final cause is not inevitable, some accident may intervene, but apart from such exceptional circumstances, nature is regular and orderly. </p>
<p>To give another example of this central concept, he thought the &#x201c;final cause&#x201d; of an acorn was to be an oak tree. This has also been translated by Bertrand Russell (<i>History of Western Philosophy</i>) as the &#x201c;nature&#x201d; of an acorn is to become an oak tree. It is certainly very natural on viewing the living world, especially the maturing of complex organisms, to view them as having innately the express purpose of developing into their final form. </p>
<p>It is interesting to note that this whole approach to studying nature fits very well with Christianity. The idea that every organism is beautifully crafted for a particular function - its &#x201c;final cause&#x201d; - in the grand scheme of nature certainly leads naturally to the thought that all this has been designed by somebody. </p>
<h2>Biology</h2>
<p>Aristotle&#x2019;s really great contribution to natural science was in biology. Living creatures and their parts provide far richer evidence of form, and of &#x201c;final cause&#x201d; in the sense of design for a particular purpose, than do inanimate objects. He wrote in detail about five hundred different animals in his works, including a hundred and twenty kinds of fish and sixty kinds of insect. He was the first to use dissection extensively. In one famous example, he gave a precise description of a kind of dog-fish that was not seen again by scientists until the nineteenth century, and in fact his work on this point was disbelieved for centuries. </p>
<p>Thus both Aristotle and Plato saw in the living creatures around them overwhelming evidence for &#x201c;final causes&#x201d;, that is to say, evidence for design in nature, a different design for each species to fit it for its place in the grand scheme of things. Empedocles, on the other hand, suggested that maybe creatures of different types could come together and produce mixed offspring, and those well adapted to their surroundings would survive. This would seem like an early hint of Darwinism, but it was not accepted, because as Aristotle pointed out, men begat men and oxen begat oxen, and there was no evidence of the mixed creatures Empedocles suggested. </p>
<p>Although this idea of the &#x201c;nature&#x201d; of things accords well with growth of animals and plants, it leads us astray when applied to the motion of inanimate objects, as we shall see. </p>
<h2>Elements</h2>
<p>Aristotle&#x2019;s theory of the basic constituents of matter looks to a modern scientist perhaps something of a backward step from the work of the atomists and Plato. Aristotle assumed all substances to be compounds of four <i>elements</i>: earth, water, air and fire, and each of these to be a combination of two of four <i>opposites</i>, hot and cold, and wet and dry. (Actually, the words he used for wet and dry also have the connotation of softness and hardness). </p>
<p>Aristotle&#x2019;s whole approach is more in touch with the way things present themselves to the senses, the way things really seem to be, as opposed to abstract geometric considerations. Hot and cold, wet and dry are qualities immediately apparent to anyone, this seems a very natural way to describe phenomena. He probably thought that the Platonic approach in terms of abstract concepts, which do not seem to relate to our physical senses but to our reason, was a completely wrongheaded way to go about the problem. It has turned out, centuries later, that the atomic and mathematical approach was on the right track after all, but at the time, and in fact until relatively recently, Aristotle seemed a lot closer to reality. He discussed the properties of real substances in terms of their &#x201c;elemental&#x201d; composition at great length, how they reacted to fire or water, how, for example, water evaporates on heating because it goes from cold and wet to hot and wet, becoming air, in his view. Innumerable analyses along these lines of commonly observed phenomena must have made this seem a coherent approach to understanding the natural world. </p>
<h2>Dynamics: Motion, And Why Things Move</h2>
<p>It is first essential to realize that the world Aristotle saw around him in everyday life was very different indeed from that we see today. Every modern child has since birth seen cars and planes moving around, and soon finds out that these things are not alive, like people and animals. In contrast, most of the motion seen in fourth century <st1:country-region w:st="on">
<st1:place w:st="on">
Greece
</st1:place>
</st1:country-region> <i>was</i> people, animals and birds, all very much alive. This motion all had a purpose, the animal was moving to someplace it would rather be, for some reason, so the motion was directed by the animal&#x2019;s <i>will</i>. For Aristotle, this motion was therefore fulfilling the &#x201c;nature&#x201d; of the animal, just as its natural growth fulfilled the nature of the animal. </p>
<p>To account for motion of things obviously <i>not</i> alive, such as a stone dropped from the hand, he extended the concept of the &#x201c;nature&#x201d; of something to inanimate matter. He suggested that the motion of such inanimate objects could be understood by postulating that <i>elements tend to seek their natural place</i> in the order of things, so earth moves downwards most strongly, water flows downwards too, but not so strongly, since a stone will fall through water. In contrast, air moves up (bubbles in water) and fire goes upwards most strongly of all, since it shoots upward through air. This general theory of how elements move has to be elaborated, of course, when applied to real materials, which are mixtures of elements. He would conclude that wood, say, has both earth and air in it, since it does not sink in water. </p>
<h2>Natural Motion and Violent Motion</h2>
<p>Of course, things also sometimes move because they are pushed. A stone&#x2019;s natural tendency, if left alone and unsupported, is to fall, but we can lift it, or even throw it through the air. Aristotle termed such forced motion &#x201c;violent&#x201d; motion as opposed to natural motion. The term &#x201c;violent&#x201d; here connotes that some external force is applied to the body to cause the motion. (Of course, from the modern point of view, gravity is an external force that causes a stone to fall, but even Galileo did not realize that. Before <st1:city w:st="on">
<st1:place w:st="on">
Newton
</st1:place>
</st1:city>, the falling of a stone was considered natural motion that did not require any outside help.) </p>
<p>(<i>Question</i>: I am walking steadily upstairs carrying a large stone when I stumble and both I and the stone go clattering down the stairs. Is the motion of the stone before the stumble natural or violent? What about the motion of the stone (and myself) after the stumble?) </p>
<h2>Aristotle&#x2019;s Laws of Motion</h2>
<p>Aristotle was the first to think <i>quantitatively</i> about the speeds involved in these movements. He made two quantitative assertions about how things fall (natural motion): </p>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in">Heavier things fall faster, the speed being proportional to the weight. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in">The speed of fall of a given object depends <i>inversely</i> on the density of the medium it is falling through, so, for example, the same body will fall twice as fast through a medium of half the density. </li>
</ol>
<p>Notice that these rules have a certain elegance, an appealing quantitative simplicity. And, if you drop a stone and a piece of paper, it&#x2019;s clear that the heavier thing does fall faster, and a stone falling through water is definitely slowed down by the water, so the rules at first appear plausible. The surprising thing is, in view of Aristotle&#x2019;s painstaking observations of so many things, he didn&#x2019;t check out these rules in any serious way. It would not have taken long to find out if half a brick fell at half the speed of a whole brick, for example. Obviously, this was not something he considered important. </p>
<p>From the second assertion above, he concluded that <i>a vacuum cannot exist</i>, because if it did, since it has zero density, all bodies would fall through it at infinite speed which is clearly nonsense. </p>
<p>For <i>violent</i> motion, Aristotle stated that the <i>speed</i> of the moving object was <i>in direct proportion to</i> the applied <i>force</i>. </p>
<p>This means first that if you stop pushing, the object stops moving. This certainly sounds like a reasonable rule for, say, pushing a box of books across a carpet, or a Grecian ox dragging a plough through a field. (This intuitively appealing picture, however, fails to take account of the large frictional force between the box and the carpet. If you put the box on a sled and pushed it across ice, it wouldn&#x2019;t stop when you stop pushing. Galileo realized the importance of friction in these situations.) </p>
<h2>Planetary Dynamics</h2>
<p>The idea that motion (of inanimate objects) can be accounted for in terms of them seeking their natural place clearly cannot be applied to the planets, whose motion is apparently composed of circles. Aristotle therefore postulated that the heavenly bodies were not made up of the four elements earth, water, air and fire, but of a fifth, different, element called <i>aither</i>, whose natural motion was circular. This was not very satisfying for various reasons. Somewhere between here and the moon a change must take place, but where? Recall that Aristotle did not believe that there was a void anywhere. If the sun has no heat component, why does sunlight seem so warm? He thought it somehow generated heat by friction from the sun&#x2019;s motion, but this wasn&#x2019;t very convincing, either. </p>
<h2>Aristotle&#x2019;s Achievements</h2>
<p>To summarize: Aristotle&#x2019;s philosophy laid out an approach to the investigation of all natural phenomena, to determine form by detailed, systematic work, and thus arrive at final causes. His logical method of argument gave a framework for putting knowledge together, and deducing new results. He created what amounted to a fully-fledged professional scientific enterprise, on a scale comparable to a modern university science department. It must be admitted that some of his work - unfortunately, some of the physics - was not up to his usual high standards. He evidently found falling stones a lot less interesting than living creatures. Yet the sheer scale of his enterprise, unmatched in antiquity and for centuries to come, gave an authority to all his writings. </p>
<p>It is perhaps worth reiterating the difference between Plato and Aristotle, who agreed with each other that the world is the product of rational design, that the philosopher investigates the form and the universal, and that the only true knowledge is that which is irrefutable. The essential difference between them was that Plato felt <i>mathematical reasoning</i> could arrive at the truth with little outside help, but Aristotle believed <i>detailed empirical investigations </i>of nature were essential if progress was to be made in understanding the natural world. </p>
<div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center">
<hr size="2" width="100%" align="center">
</div>
<p><i>Books I used to prepare this lecture:</i> </p>
<p><i>Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle</i>, G. E. R. Lloyd, <st1:place w:st="on">
<st1:city w:st="on">
Norton
</st1:city>,
<st1:state w:st="on">
N.Y.
</st1:state>
</st1:place>, 1970. An excellent inexpensive paperback giving a more detailed presentation of many of the subjects we have discussed. My sections on Method and Causes, in particular, follow Lloyd&#x2019;s treatment. </p>
<p><i>History of Western Philosophy</i>, Bertrand Russell. An opinionated but very entertaining book, mainly on philosophy but with a fair amount of science and social analysis. </p>
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<td width="421" valign="top"> <h3 style="margin-top: 20px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right:0px; font-family: Arial, Sans, Helvetica; font-size: 11pt; color: #CCCCCC;"> <p>Long before Facebook's and Google's founders were born, and before Microsoft and Apple were founded. Before Xerox PARC. Before the Web. AOL. Bulletin boards and CompuServe. Before the Internet. Long before MOOCs (massively open online courses). Before pretty much everything we take for granted today, there was the PLATO system: home of not only computer-based education but, surprisingly, the first online community, and the original incubator for <i>social</i> computing: instant messaging, chat rooms, message forums, the world's first online newspaper, interactive fiction, emoticons, animations, virtual goods and virtual economies, a thriving developer community, MUDs (multi-user dungeons), personal publishing, screen savers. PLATO is where flat-panel gas plasma displays come from, and was one of the first systems with touch panels built-in to the screen. Countless other innovations. This site offers details regarding an upcoming book about the PLATO system, the people who designed and built it, and the user culture that it spawned in the 1970s and beyond. For more details, click any of the links at the top. </p> <p>A book in the works for more than two decades. Based on extensive research, including <a href="/people.html">interviews with hundreds of key individuals</a> who designed, built, managed, sold, and used the PLATO system.</p> </h3> <p style="margin-top:20px"> <!-- // MAILCHIMP SUBSCRIBE CODE \\ --> <a href="http://friendlyorangeglow.us1.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=def798e7e0f681ce3b9864324&amp;id=9f01c4abcb" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.friendlyorangeglow.com/images/tfog-subscribe-b-400x100.jpg" border="0" width="400" height="100"> </a> <!-- \\ MAILCHIMP SUBSCRIBE CODE // --> </p> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="400" valign="top"> </td>
<td width="421"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<div style="margin-bottom: 30px; width=" 100%">
&nbsp;
</div>
<div style="border-top:1px solid #333333; width: 100%; font-family: Arial, Sans, Helvetica; font-size: 12px; color: #DDDDDD;">
<center>
For more on PLATO see <a href="http://platohistory.org">http://platohistory.org</a>
</center>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="Author" content="Irmin">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.78 [en] (Win95; U) [Netscape]">
<meta name="KeyWords" content="myth, mythology, aryan, aryans, indo-european, celts, rig veda, vedism, homeric hymns, james frazer, leonidas, julian, julian the apostate, emperor julian, artemis, robert bruce, heraclitus, plato, indra">
<meta name="Description" content="A Western culture anthology, including Boudicea, Tannhauser, Robert Bruce, Celtic Roots of Halloween, Grimm's Germanic Mythology, Hermann the Cheruscan, Homeric Hymns, Leonidas the Spartan, Indra, Heraclitus: Fragments, Julian the Apostate, Sir James Frazer">
<title>Our Racial Heritage</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#000000" vlink="#999999" alink="#CCCCCC" background="bck_knot.gif">
&nbsp;
<center>
<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" cols="1" width="250" background="bck2.gif">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Aryans &amp; Indo-Aryans</font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br>&nbsp;
<center>
<table border="3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" cols="2" width="500" background="bck2.jpg">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="concept.htm">Racialism &amp; the Aryans</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="funeral.htm">Aryan Funeral Hymn</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="vedism.htm">Vedism &amp; Brahminism</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="indra_01.htm">Indra &amp; the Dragon</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="soul.htm">Rosenberg: Race, Soul, &amp; Indo-Aryan Religion</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="indra_02.htm">Who Is Indra?</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="china.htm">Aryans: Culture Bearers to China</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="surya.htm">Hymn to the Sun</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="ved_rel.htm">Vedic Pantheon</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="creation.htm">Creation Hymn</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="indian_1.htm">David Duke: "My Indian Odyssey"&nbsp;</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="dawn.htm">Hymn to Dawn</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<center>
<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" cols="1" width="250" background="bck2.jpg">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Northern Europe</font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br>&nbsp;
<center>
<table border="3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="7" cols="2" width="500" background="bck2.gif">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="tell.htm">William Tell</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="sigrd.htm">Lay of Sigrdrifa</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<font face="Arial,Helvetica">&nbsp;<b><a href="boadicea.htm">Boudicea: Queen of the Iceni</a></b></font>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="voluspa.htm">Annotated Voluspa</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="isles.htm">Fortunate Isles</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="rig.htm">Lay of Rig</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="venus.htm">Tannhauser &amp; the Venusberg</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="tacitus.htm">Tacitus on German Women</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="bruce.htm">Robert Bruce: The King Who Forged A Nation</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="grimm_1.htm">Jakob Grimm on Germanic Mythology</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="hallow.htm">Celtic Roots of Hallowe'en</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="grimm_2.htm">Principal Germanic Gods</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<center>
<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" cols="1" width="250" background="bck2.gif">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Greece &amp; Rome</font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br>&nbsp;
<center>
<table border="3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="7" cols="2" width="500" background="bck2.gif">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="artemis.htm">Hymns to Artemis</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="frazer_1.htm">Greek Solar Mythology</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="venus_2.htm">Birth of Aphrodite</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="frazer_2.htm">Roman Solar Mythology</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="venus_3.htm">Aphrodite &amp; Anchises</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="julian_1.htm">Julian the Apostate</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="ares.htm">Hymn to Ares</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="julian_2.htm">Emperor Julian and Neoplatonism</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="athena.htm">Birth of Athena</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="leonidas.htm">Leonidas the Spartan</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="negro.htm">Was Hannibal A Negro?</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="spartan.htm">Spirit of Thermopylae</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="apollo.htm">Hymns to Apollo</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="pericles.htm">Pericles' Funeral Oration</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="cave.htm">Plato's Allegory of the Cave</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="aesop.htm">Dr. Pierce on Aesop's Fables</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="atlantis.htm">Plato's Myth of Atlantis</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="heracl.htm">Heraclitus: Fragments</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<center>
<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" cols="1" width="250" background="bck2.gif">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Links to Off-Site Essays</font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br>&nbsp;
<center>
<table border="3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="7" cols="2" width="500" background="bck2.gif">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="http://www.harbornet.com/folks/theedrich/hive/Kennewic.htm">Pre-Indian Whites in America</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="http://www.natvan.com/national-vanguard/115/celts1.html">Celts I: Origins &amp; Prehistory</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="http://www.canadafirst.net/our_heritage/christmas/index.html">Origins of Christmas</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="http://www.natvan.com/national-vanguard/116/celts2.html">Celts II: Folkways</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="http://www.revilo-oliver.com/rpo/aryanrel.htm">A Religion for Aryans</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="http://www.canadafirst.net/our_heritage/games/index.html">Culture: It's Child's Play</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="http://majorityrights.com/index.php/weblog/egi">Ethnic Genetic Interests</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
<td width="50%">
<center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="http://www.revilo-oliver.com/rpo/crusades.htm">Revilo Oliver on the Crusades: Our Great Failure</a></font></b>
</center> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
<center>
<table border="0" cols="1" width="500">
<tbody>
<tr>
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<a href="index.htm"><img src="cc.gif" hspace="7" border="0" height="80" width="80"></a>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="index.htm">Return to Main Index</a></font></b></p>
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<html>
<head>
<title>Brandeis Philosophy Department</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="philosophy science epistemology metaphysics analytic philosophy philosaophy of mind psychology mathematics logic school university philosophical
humanities plato kant hume mill descartes berkeley aristotle augustine acquinas leibniz nietzsche sartre wittgenstein human rights democracy media politics political moral social ethics morality moral truth justice aesthetics beauty friendship love bentham relgion bioethics medical ethics euthanasia law legal theory weil christian art symbolic existentialism pragmatism philosophy of science public policy poltical philosophy spinoza god space time consciousness personal identity subjective point of view metaphysics innate knowledge image imagery theory of knowledge epistemology classical political theory sexuality Feminist chinese philosophy philosophy of literature history of ideas">
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<h1>The Department of Philosophy<br> at <a target="_top" href="http://www.brandeis.edu">Brandeis University</a></h1>
</center>
<p> </p>
<table width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="CENTER"> <img width="220" height="360" src="teles.jpg"> </td>
<td align="CENTER"> <p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>
<table border="6" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="10">
<tbody>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><a href="faculty.html">Faculty &amp; Staff</a></td>
<td><a href="directions.html">Directions</a></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><a href="concentration.html">Philosophy Concentration Requirements</a></td>
<td> <a href="minor.html">Philosophy Minor Requirements</a> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><a href="http://www.apa.udel.edu/apa/publications/texts/briefgd.html">What is Philosophy?<br>A Brief Guide</a> </td>
<td><a href="http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/gourmet/">A Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><a href="courseofferings.html">The Philosophy Curriculum</a> </td>
<td><a href="http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~teuber/images.html"> Images of Some<br>Famous Philosophers</a> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><a href="http://www.library.brandeis.edu/resguides/subject/phil.html
#intro">Guide to Philosophy Research in Goldfarb </a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~teuber/colloquia.html"> Brandeis and <br>Boston Area Colloquia</a></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td> <a href="fall99.html">FALL 1999 <br>Course Offerings</a> </td>
<td> <a href="spring00.html">SPRING 2000<br> Course Offerings</a> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td> <a href="lawschool.html">Philosophy in<br>Preparation for<br>Law School</a> </td>
<td> <a href="medschool.html">Philosophy in<br> Preparation for<br>Medical School</a> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><a href="officehours.html">Office Hours</a></td>
<td> <a href="http://www.brandeis.edu/registrar/cal993.html"> Academic Calendar: 1999-2000</a> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3> Announcements:</h3>
<br><a href="http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~teuber/guidesenbio.html">Philosopher Wins Nobel Prize!</a>
<br> Amartya Sen,who held a joint appointment
<br> at Harvard in Philosophy and Economics,
<br>now Master of Trinity College at Cambridge,
<br> has won the 1998 Nobel Prize
<br> for his work on World Hunger and Famine.
<p> </p>
<hr size="5">
<p> </p>
<h3>More Philosophy on the Internet:</h3>
<ul>
<li><a target="_top" href="http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~teuber/hippias.html"> Hippias Search Engine </a> <p> </p><p> </p></li>
<li><a target="_top" href="http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~teuber/webres.html"> Web Resources of Interest to Students of Philosophy </a> <p> </p><p> </p></li>
<li><a target="_top" href="http://www.earlham.edu/suber/philinks.htm">Guide to Philosophy on the Internet </a> <p> </p><p> </p></li>
<li><a target="_top" href="
http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> <p> </p><p> </p></li>
<li><a target="_top" href="
http://www.utm.edu:80/research/iep/">The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> <p> </p><p> </p></li>
<li><a target="_top" href="
http://www.knuten.liu.se/~bjoch509/">Bjorn's Guide to Philosophy </a> <p> </p><p> </p></li>
<li><a target="_top" href="http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/~psaygin/ttest.html">Turing Test Home Page</a> <p> </p><p> </p></li>
<li><a target="_top" href="http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/~ann/pd.html">Prisoners' Dilemma Game</a> <p> </p><p> </p></li>
<li><a target="_top" href="http://www.illusionworks.com/">Optical Illusions</a> <p> </p><p> </p></li>
<li><a target="_top" href="http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~teuber/morehumor.html"> Philosophical Humor</a> <p> </p><p> </p></li>
<li><a target="_top" href="http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/gourmet/people.htm#FACULTY NEWS"> Major Faculty Moves 1998-99</a> <p> </p><p> </p></li>
<li><a target="_top" href="http://www.udel.edu/apa">American Philosophical Association</a> </li>
</ul>
<p><br> </p>
<p><br> </p>
<p><br> </p>
<p> <font size="5"></font></p>
<p align="CENTER"><font size="5">Department of Philosophy<br> Brandeis University<br> Rabb 305/MS 055<br> South Street<br> Waltham, MA 02254<br> (781) 736-2788<br> </font> </p>
<center>
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<td><a href="courseofferings.html"><img src="http://www.brandeis.edu/images/tempbutmid.jpg" alt="Course Listings" border="0"></a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.brandeis.edu"><img src="http://www.brandeis.edu/images/tempbutrt.jpg" alt="Back To Home" border="0"></a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.brandeis.edu/departments/depart2.html"><img src="http://www.brandeis.edu/images/tempbutend.jpg" alt="Academics Main Page" border="0"></a> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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</center>
<p></p>
<hr> <font size="-2">May 13, 1999 <p>URL: http://www.brandeis.edu/departments/philosophy/philosophy.html <br><a href="http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~teuber/">Comments and Inquiries to webmaster@brandeis.edu</a> </p></font>
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<div style="text-align: center">
<h2> <i>Matt's Web World presents...</i> </h2>
<img src="unix.gif" alt="Unix Security">
<br> <span style="font-size: smaller">Established November 1, 1995. <br> Last updated on May 1, 2018. </span>
<p></p> <a href="#toc"> <img src="../images/bluebar.gif" alt="Click this seperator to return to the Table of Contents." width="600" height="30" style="border: 0"> </a>
</div>
<div>
<p> <b> <span style="font-size: x-large">W</span>elcome</b> to my Unix security page! This page is not a complete listing of Unix security information and tools. What is hosted here is what I personally find useful and/or interesting. Hyperlinks to other sites are provided at the bottom of this page for those seeking something not listed here.</p>
<p> This page started out as a place to store Unix-related research papers I downloaded from FTP sites, back when I was really happy to be reading <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroup"> Usenet newsgroups</a> at 9600bps. It's been almost 15 years since and the content here has grown a bit beyond Unix, to include Windows-based tools (I know, I know...), live CD distros, and another favorite topic of mine, lockpicking.</p>
<p> I have not done a great deal in the last decade other than link maintenance. But the page remains popular and I think it presents much of the core Unix lore and security knowledge. All of the links are current now, and the content is a bit more modern in its focus. There is so much more out there in the world since I started this in '95, but here lies an early signpost, and you would do well to master its content. </p>
<p> For those who might think it unwise to publicly disclose security holes and the techniques used to pass through them, I urge you to read Charles Tomlinson's <a href="papers/treatise_locks.html"> Rudimentary Treatise on the Construction of Locks</a>.</p>
<p> Everything here is provided for informational purposes only. The presence of any link on this page is not an endorsement of its content. And I certainly do not endorse unauthorized access to other people's computers! Property rights exist and should be respected. Think <i>white hat</i>.</p>
<p> If you wish to comment on this page please use the <a href="../contact/index.html">contact form </a> to send me a message. If you are interested in advertising on this page please contact me to discuss terms.</p>
</div>
<p style="text-align: center"> <a href="#toc"> <img src="../images/bluebar.gif" alt="Click this seperator to return to the Table of Contents." width="600" height="30" style="border: 0"> </a> </p>
<h2 class="hangleft"> <a id="toc">Table of Contents</a> </h2>
<p> Click any of the blue section separators to return to this table of contents.</p>
<p> Icons <img alt="external link icon" src="../images/external.png"> indicate a link which will take you away from this site. (In the same window! Shift-click on links if you want them in a new window.)</p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<ul>
<li> <a href="#new">What's New?</a> </li>
<li> <a href="#fileformats">File Formats &amp; Extensions</a> </li>
<li> <a href="#papers">Published Security Papers</a> </li>
<li> <a href="#unixcode">Unix Source Code Hacks</a> </li>
<li> <a href="#unixtools">Unix Security Tools</a> </li>
<li> <a href="#foss">Multi-platform Security Tools</a> </li>
<li> <a href="#wintools">Windows Security Tools</a> </li>
<li> <a href="#livecds">Live CDs</a> </li>
<li> <a href="#lockpicking">Lockpicking</a> </li>
<li> <a href="#hyperlinks">Hyperlinks</a> </li>
</ul> </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="width: 50%"> <img src="dragon.gif" alt="Dragon"> <br> <p style="font-size: x-large"> <i> <b>There Be Dragons...</b> </i> </p> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<h2 class="hangleft" style="margin-top: 1em"> <a id="new">What's New?</a> </h2>
<p style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline"> May 1, 2018 </p>
<ul>
<li>External links have been validated and freshened.</li>
<li>One new external site with crypto and network security info from ShoreTel.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center"> <a href="#toc"> <img src="../images/bluebar.gif" alt="Click this seperator to return to the Table of Contents." width="600" height="30" style="border: 0"> </a> </p>
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<h2 class="hangleft"> <a id="fileformats">File Formats &amp; Extensions</a> </h2>
<p> The file archive uses various extensions, sometimes with multiple extensions in series. The extensions are summarized in the following table and links to the utility software needed to read these formats are provided.</p>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<table align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="550">
<tbody>
<tr class="header">
<th> Extension </th>
<th> File Format Info </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <tt>.c</tt> </td>
<td> 'C' language source file. Use <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">gcc</a> to compile to machine code. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <tt>.gz</tt> </td>
<td> Gzip compressed file. Use <a href="http://www.gzip.org/">gzip</a> or <a href="http://www.izarc.org/"> IZArc</a> to decompress these files. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <tt>.pdf</tt> </td>
<td> Adobe Acrobat file. Use <a href="http://get.adobe.com/reader/">Acrobat Reader</a> to view and print these files. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <tt>.ps</tt> </td>
<td> Adobe Postscript file. Use <a href="http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/">Ghostview</a> to view and print these files. Ghostscript also does Postscript-to-ASCII conversions. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <tt>.tar</tt> </td>
<td> Unix Tape Archive file. Use your Unix's native <tt>tar</tt> command or on Windows try <a href="http://www.izarc.org/">IZArc</a> to handle these files. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <tt>.txt</tt> </td>
<td> ASCII Text file. Use standard text editor or browser. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> <tt>.zip</tt> </td>
<td> PKZip compressed file archive. Use <a href="http://www.info-zip.org/">Info-Zip</a> or <a href="http://www.izarc.org/">IZArc</a> to handle these files. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p style="text-align: center"> <a href="#toc"> <img src="../images/bluebar.gif" alt="Click this seperator to return to the Table of Contents." width="600" height="30" style="border: 0"> </a> </p>
<h2 class="hangleft"> <a id="papers">Published Security Papers</a> </h2>
<h4> Sorted alphabetically by author name.</h4>
<p> The papers here were orignally in Adobe Postscript ( <tt>.ps</tt>) format. I have converted them all to Adobe Acrobat ( <tt>.pdf</tt>), since this is the successor format from Adobe, and has many advantages to Postscript. The Postscript <tt>.ps</tt> files are all gzip'd and therefore end in <tt>.ps.gz</tt> The <tt>.pdf</tt> PDF files are almost as small as their gzip'd counterparts and therefore have not been compressed; just click and read (or print). </p>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/unix_security_checklist.txt">Unix Computer Security Checklist</a>
<br> <i>AUSCERT, Australian Computer Emergency Response Team; 1995; ASCII Text; 89k</i>
</dt>
<dd>
A comprehensive checklist for securing your Unix box.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/packets_found_bellovin.pdf">Packets Found on an Internet</a>
<br> <i>Bellovin, Steven M.; 1993; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/packets_found_bellovin.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
A very interesting paper describing the various attacks, probes, and miscellaneous packets floating past AT&amp;T Bell Labs' net connection.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/tcpip_problems_bellovin.pdf">Security Problems in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite </a>
<br> <i>Bellovin, Steven M.; 1989; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/tcpip_problems_bellovin.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
A broad overview of problems within TCP/IP itself, as well as many common application layer protocols which rely on TCP/IP.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/dragons_bellovin.pdf">There Be Dragons</a>
<br> <i>Bellovin, Steven M.; 1992; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/dragons_bellovin.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
Another Bellovin paper discussing the various attacks made on <tt>att.research.com</tt>. This paper is also the source for this page's title.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/ipc_tutorial.pdf">An Advanced 4.3BSD IPC Tutorial</a>
<br> <i>Berkeley CSRG; date unknown; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/ipc_tutorial.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
This paper describes the IPC facilities new to 4.3BSD. It was written by the CSRG as a supplement to the manpages.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/nfs_trace.txt">NFS Tracing by Passive Network Monitoring</a>
<br> <i>Blaze, Matt; 1992; ASCII Text</i>
</dt>
<dd>
Blaze, now famous for cracking the Clipper chip while at Bell Labs, wrote this paper while he was a PhD candidate at Princeton.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/cert_generic.txt">Generic Unix Security Information</a>
<br> <i>CERT Advisory Team, 1993, ASCII Text</i>
</dt>
<dd>
A good general commentary on Unix security, with specific places to look for suspicious files if you believe your machine's security may be compromised. It's a bit dated, so don't pay attention to the version numbers (Sendmail 8.6.4 is definitely not current anymore!)
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/cert_ip_spoof.txt">IP Spoofing</a>
<br> <i>CERT Advisory Team, 1995, ASCII Text</i>
</dt>
<dd>
Not too exciting, but useful for the uninitiated.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/cert_anon_ftp.txt">Securing Anon FTP Servers</a>
<br> <i>CERT Advisory Team, 1995, ASCII Text</i>
</dt>
<dd>
This CERT advisory details the access permissions and server configuration which should be followed to prevent anonymous FTP security breaches.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/packet_filt_chapman.pdf">Network (In)Security Through IP Packet Filtering </a>
<br> <i>Chapman, D. Brent; 1992; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/packet_filt_chapman.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
Why packet filtering is a difficult to use and not always secure method of securing a network.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/berferd_cheswick.pdf">An Evening with Berferd</a>
<br> <i>Cheswick, Bill; 1991; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/berferd_cheswick.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
A cracker from the Netherlands is "lured, endured, and studied."
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/gateway_cheswick.pdf">Design of a Secure Internet Gateway</a>
<br> <i>Cheswick, Bill; 1990; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/gateway_cheswick.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
Details the history and design of AT&amp;T's Internet gateway.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/improving_security_sri.pdf">Improving the Security of your Unix System </a>
<br> <i>Curry, David, SRI International; 1990; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/improving_security_sri.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
This is the somewhat well known SRI Report on Unix Security. It's a good solid starting place for securing a Unix box.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/internet_worm.pdf">With Microscope &amp; Tweezers</a>
<br> <i>Eichin &amp; Rochlis; 1989; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/internet_worm.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
An analysis of the Morris Internet Worm of 1988 from MIT's perspective.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/cops.pdf">The COPS Security Checker System</a>
<br> <i>Farmer &amp; Spafford; 1994; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/cops.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
The original Usenix paper from 1990 republished by CERT in 1994.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/cops_dan_farmer.txt">COPS and Robbers</a>
<br> <i>Farmer, Dan; 1991; ASCII Text</i>
</dt>
<dd>
This paper discusses a bit of general security and then goes into detail regarding Unix system misconfigurations, specifically ones that <a href="#cops">COPS</a> checks for.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/improve_by_breakin.html">Improving The Security of Your System by Breaking Into It</a>
<br> <i>Farmer &amp; Venema; 1993; HTML</i>
</dt>
<dd>
An excellent text by Dan Farmer and Wietse Venema. If you haven't read this before, here's your opportunity.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/nis_paper.pdf">A Unix Network Protocol Security Study: NIS</a>
<br> <i>Hess, Safford, &amp; Pooch; date unknown; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/nis_paper.ps.gz">Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
Outlines NIS and its design faults regarding security.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/tcp_attack.pdf">A Simple Active Attack Against TCP</a>
<br> <i>Joncheray, Laurent; 1995; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/tcp_attack.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
This paper describes an active attack against TCP which allows re-direction (hijacking) of the TCP stream.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/passwords_klein.pdf">Foiling the Cracker</a>
<br> <i>Klein, Daniel; 1990; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/passwords_klein.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
A Survey of, and Improvements to, Password Security. Basically a treatise on how to select proper passwords.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/bsd_tcpip_weakness_morris.pdf">A Weakness in the 4.2BSD Unix TCP/IP Software </a>
<br> <i>Morris, Robert T; 1985; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/bsd_tcpip_weakness_morris.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
This paper describes the much ballyhooed method by which one may forge packets with TCP/IP. Morris wrote this in 1985. It only took the media 10 years to make a stink about it!
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/phrack_tracks.pdf">Covering Your Tracks</a>
<br> <i>Phrack Vol. 4, Issue #43; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/phrack_tracks.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
A Phrack article describing the unix system logs and how it is possible to reduce the footprint and visibility of unauthorized access.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/phrack_shadow_crack.pdf">Cracking Shadowed Password Files</a>
<br> <i>Phrack Vol. 5, Issue #46; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/phrack_shadow_crack.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
A Phrack article describing how to use the system call password function to bypass the shadow password file.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/syn_flood_phrack.html">TCP SYN Flood (Project Neptune)</a>
<br> <i>Phrack Vol. 7, Issue #48; 1996; HTML</i>
</dt>
<dd>
Includes explanation of this denial-of-service attack as well as Linux source implementation. Also of interest may be the <a href="papers/syn_flood_cert.txt">CERT document</a> warning that Phrack had published this vulnerability.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/firewalls_ranum.pdf">Thinking About Firewalls</a>
<br> <i>Ranum, Marcus; 1992; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/firewalls_ranum.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
A general overview of firewalls, with tips on how to select one to meet your needs.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/dnsweak.pdf">Addressing Weaknesses in the Domain Name System Protocol</a>
<br> <i>Schuba, Christoph L.; 1993; Acrobat format</i>
</dt>
<dd>
Describes problems with the DNS and one of its implementations that allow the abuse of name based authentication.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/pkey.pdf">Public Key Certification &amp; Secure File Transfer</a>
<br> <i>Shuba &amp; Sheth; approx. 1994; Acrobat format</i>
</dt>
<dd>
This document describes secure file transfer between agents, providing confidentiality and integrity of transferred files, originator authentication, and non-repudiation.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/src_route.txt">Source Routing Info</a>
<br> <i>Usenet <tt>comp.security.unix</tt>; 1995; ASCII Text</i>
</dt>
<dd>
An interesting discussion of TCP/IP source routing stuff.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/name.pdf">Countering Abuse of Name-based Authentication</a>
<br> <i>Schuba &amp; Spafford; approx. 1994; Acrobat format</i>
</dt>
<dd>
Discusses conceptual design issues of naming systems, specifically DNS, and how to address the shortcomings.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="papers/tcp_wrapper.pdf">TCP Wrapper</a>
<br> <i>Venema, Wietse; 1992; Acrobat format; also available in <a href="papers/tcp_wrapper.ps.gz"> Postscript format</a> </i>
</dt>
<dd>
Wietse's paper describing his TCP Wrapper concept, the basis for the TCP Wrappers security and logging suite.
</dd>
</dl>
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<h2 class="hangleft"> <a id="unixcode">Unix Source Code Hacks</a> </h2>
<h4> Sorted alphabetically by name</h4>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/arnudp.c">arnudp.c</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Source code demonstrates how to send a single UDP packet with the source/destination address/port set to arbitrary values.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/block.c">block.c</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Prevents a user from logging in by monitoring utmp and closing down his tty port as soon as it appears in the system.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/ESniff.c">esniff.c</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Source for a basic ethernet sniffer. Originally came from an article in Phrack, I think.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/hide.c">hide.c</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Code to exploit a world-writeable /etc/utmp and allow the user to modify it interactively.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/identd.c">identd.c</a>
</dt>
<dd>
A modified identd that tests for the queue-file bug which is present in Sendmail versions earlier than 8.6.10 and possibly some versions of 5.x.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/listhosts.c">listhosts.c</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Requests a DNS name server to do a zone transfer and list the hosts it knows about.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/mnt.tgz">mnt</a>
</dt>
<dd>
This program demonstrates how to exploit a security hole in the HP-UX 9 rpc.mountd program. Essentially, it shows how to steal NFS file handles which will allow access from clients which do not normally have privileges.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/nfsbug.tgz">NFS-Bug</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Demonstrates a bug in NFS which allows non-clients to access any NFS served partition. AIX &amp; HPUX patches included.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/nfsshell.c">NFS Shell</a>
</dt>
<dd>
A shell which will access NFS disks. Very useful if you have located an insecure NFS server.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/rootkit.zip">RootKit</a>
</dt>
<dd>
A suite of programs like ps, ls, &amp; du which have been modified to prevent display of certain files &amp; processes in order to hide an intruder. Modified Berkeley source code.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/rpc_chk.sh">rpc_chk.sh</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Bourne shell script to get a list of hosts from a DNS nameserver for a given domain and return a list of hosts running <tt>rexd</tt> or <tt>ypserve</tt>.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/seq_number.c">seq_number.c</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Code to exploit the TCP Sequence Number Generator bug. An brief but clear explanation of the bug can be found in Steve Bellovin's <a href="papers/seqattack_bellovin.txt"> sequence number comment</a>. Note that this code won't compile as-is because it is missing a library that does some of the low-level work. This is how the source was released by Mike Neuman, the author.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/socket_demon13.zip">Socket Demon v1.3</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Daemon to sit on a specified IP port and provide passworded shell access.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/solsniffer.c">Solaris Sniffer</a>
</dt>
<dd>
A version of E-Sniff modified for Solaris 2.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a id="telnetd" href="software/telnetd_exploit.tgz">telnetd Exploit</a>
</dt>
<dd>
This tarfile contains source code to the <i>getpass()</i> and <i>openlog()</i> library routines which /bin/login can be made to link at runtime due to a feature of telnetd's environment variable passing. Root anyone? The fix is to make sure your /bin/login is statically linked.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/ttysurf.c">ttysurf.c</a>
</dt>
<dd>
A simple program to camp out on the /dev/tty of your choice and capture logins &amp; passwords when users log into that tty.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/xcrowbar.c">xcrowbar.c</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Source code demonstrates how to get a pointer to an X Display Screen, allowing access to a display even after " <tt>xhost -</tt>" has disabled acess. Note that access must be present to read the pointer in the first place! (Originally posted to USENET's <i>comp.unix.security</i>.)
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/xghostwriter-1.0b.tgz">xghostwriter-1.0b</a>
</dt>
<dd>
xghostwriter takes a string, or message, and ensures that this string is "typed" from the keyboard, no matter what keys are actually pressed. Useful for injecting keypress commands into an X session. More info from the auther is here in his <a href="software/xwin_sec.txt">USENET post.</a>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/xkey.c">xkey.c</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Attach to any X server you have perms to and watch the user's keyboard.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/xspy-1.0c.tgz">xspy-1.0c</a>
</dt>
<dd>
xspy is mostly useful for spying on people; it was written on a challenge, to trick X into giving up passwords from the xdm login window or xterm secure-mode. More info from the auther is here in his <a href="software/xwin_sec.txt">USENET post.</a>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/xwatchwin.tgz">xwatchwin</a>
</dt>
<dd>
If you have access permission to a host's X server, XWatchWin will connect via a network socket and display the window on your X server.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/ypx.sh.gz">YPX</a>
</dt>
<dd>
YP/NIS is a horrible example of "security through obscurity." YPX attempts to guess NIS domain names, which is all that's needed to extract passwd maps from the NIS server. If you already know the domain name, ypx will extract the maps directly, without configuring a host to live in the target NIS domain. (GZip'd Bourne Shell Archive)
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/ypsnarf.c">ypsnarf.c</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Exercise security holes in YP / NIS.
</dd>
</dl>
<p style="text-align: center"> <a href="#toc"> <img src="../images/bluebar.gif" alt="Click this seperator to return to the Table of Contents." width="600" height="30" style="border: 0"> </a> </p>
<h2 class="hangleft"> <a id="unixtools">Unix Security Tools</a> </h2>
<h4> Sorted alphabetically by name</h4>
<dl>
<dt> <a id="cops" href="software/cops_104.tgz">COPS v1.04</a>
</dt>
<dd>
COPS (Computer Oracle and Password System) checks for many common Unix system misconfigurations. I find this tool very valuable, as it is non-trivial to break a system which has passed a COPS check. I run it on all the systems I admin. It's getting a bit old, but it's still an excellent way to systematically check for file permission mistakes.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/crack_4.1.tgz">Crack v4.1</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Crack is a tool for insuring that your Unix system's users have not selected easily guessed passwords which appear in standard dictionaries. (Only a very small dictionary is included so grab the one below if you wish.)
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/crack_dict.txt.gz">Crack Dictionary</a>
</dt>
<dd>
A general 50,000 word dictionary for use with Crack.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/fping-2.2b1.tgz">fping</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Like Unix ping(1), but allows efficient pinging of a large list of hosts. V2.2.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/icmpinfo-1.10.tgz">ICMPinfo v1.1</a>
</dt>
<dd>
ICMPinfo is a tool for looking at the ICMP messages received on the running host.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/iss13.tgz">ISS v1.3</a>
</dt>
<dd>
The Internet Security Scanner is used to automatically scan subnets and gather information about the hosts it finds, including the guessing of YP/NIS domainnames and the extraction of passwd maps via <b>ypx</b>. It also does things like check for verisons of sendmail which have known security holes.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/lsof_4.82.tgz">lsof v4.82</a>
</dt>
<dd> <b>L</b>ist <b>A</b>ll <b>O</b>pen <b>F</b>iles. Displays a listing of all files open on a Unix system. Useful for nosing around as well as trying to locate stray open files when trying to unmount an NFS-served partition.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/nc110.tgz">netcat v1.1</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Like Unix cat(1) but this one talks network packets (TCP or UDP). Very very flexible. Allows outbound connections with many options as well as life as a daemon, accepting inbound connections and allowing commands to be executed.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://www.protomatter.com/rscan/">RScan</a>
</dt>
<dd>
An older tool for Heterogeneous Network Interrogation. Includes links to a Usenix paper as well.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://www.porcupine.org/satan/">SATAN</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks. Dan Farmer's tool that caused a huge stir in the media back in '95 when he wrote it and released it. I believe he ended up leaving SGI over this thing. So silly. Where is SGI now? That's what I thought...
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/strobe103.tgz">Strobe v1.03</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Strobe uses a bandwidth-efficient algorithm to scan TCP ports on the target machine and reveal which network server daemons are currently running. Version 1.03 is an update to 1.02.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/tiger">Tiger</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Tiger is a security tool that can be use both as a security audit and intrusion detection system. It is similar to COPS or SATAN, but has system specific extensions for SunOS, IRIX, AIX, HPUX, Linux and a few others. The original TAMU project has been resurrected and is now being maintained as part of Savannah.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/traceroute.tgz">Traceroute</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Traceroute is an indispensable tool for troubleshooting and mapping your network.
</dd>
</dl>
<p style="text-align: center"> <a href="#toc"> <img src="../images/bluebar.gif" alt="Click this seperator to return to the Table of Contents." width="600" height="30" style="border: 0"> </a> </p>
<h2 class="hangleft"> <a id="foss">Multi-platform Security Tools</a> </h2>
<h4> Sorted alphabetically by name</h4>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="https://www.cloudwards.net/how-to-encrypt-your-hard-drive/">How to Encrypt Your Hard Drive</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Good article covering the various options for whole disk encryption on Windows, Linux, and Mac.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://www.kismetwireless.net">Kismet</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Kismet is an 802.11 layer 2 wireless network detector, sniffer, and intrusion detection system. Kismet will work with any wireless card which supports raw monitoring (rfmon) mode, and can sniff 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g traffic.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">PuTTY</a>
</dt>
<dd>
PuTTY is a free implementation of Telnet and SSH for Windows and Unix platforms, along with an xterm terminal emulator.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://www.truecrypt.org/">TrueCrypt</a>
</dt>
<dd>
TrueCrypt creates virtual encrypted file-systems which can be stored as a file or as a whole disk partition. Works on USB sticks too. Don't lose your data if your PC is stolen -- encrypt it!
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://www.wireshark.org/">WireShark</a>
</dt>
<dd>
The best network sniffer &amp; protocol analyzer out there.
</dd>
</dl>
<p style="text-align: center"> <a href="#toc"> <img src="../images/bluebar.gif" alt="Click this seperator to return to the Table of Contents." width="600" height="30" style="border: 0"> </a> </p>
<h2 class="hangleft"> <a id="wintools">Windows Security Tools</a> </h2>
<h4> Sorted alphabetically by name</h4>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/netstumblerinstaller_0_4_0.exe">NetStumbler 0.40</a>
</dt>
<dd>
NetStumbler is a wireless LAN tool which scans for access points and reports back with a list which includes signal strengths and protocols in use. More details are available here in the <a href="software/netstumbler_readme_0_4_0.htm">NetStumbler Readme</a>.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler2/">Fiddler</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Fiddler is a Web Debugging Proxy which logs all HTTP(S) traffic between your computer and the Internet. The application is Windows-only but it hooks very low level API's which allows it to work with any browser (IE, Firefox, Opera, etc.) and also decrypt SSL traffic without setting up the required private cert keys (as in WireShark).
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/nc11nt.zip">netcat NT v1.1</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Like Unix cat(1) but this one talks network packets (TCP or UDP). Very very flexible. Allows outbound connections with many options as well as life as a daemon, accepting inbound connections and allowing commands to be executed.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://pwsafe.org/">Password Safe</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Password Safe allows you to safely and easily create a secured and encrypted user name/password list. With Password Safe all you have to do is create and remember a single "Master Password" of your choice in order to unlock and access your entire user name/password list. Much safer than re-using passwords between sites!
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="software/sam_spade114.exe">Sam Spade 1.14</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Sam Spade is an integrated network query tool for Windows. Most of what it does can be had elsewhere, but it has the ability to parse email headers and determine where forgeries have been made in the headers and forwarding chain. Very useful for well forged spam, reduces analysis time a lot to have Sam take a crack at it first.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://secunia.com/vulnerability_scanning">Secunia PSI</a>
</dt>
<dd>
This is a great tool which scans your system for old and unpatched application software which has security vulnerabilities. Does for applications what Windows Update does for the Windows OS.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/Security_Essentials/">Security Essentials</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Security Essentials is Microsoft's new real-time anti-virus and malware protection solution. It's reported to be better than most anti-virus compeitors and it's free.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://windirstat.info/">WinDirStat</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Scans NTFS filesystems and represents them as a colored, graphical heat map based on size. Great for seeing what is taking up the most space on your system. Think of it as graphical <tt>du</tt> for Windows.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://winscp.net/eng/index.php">WinSCP</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Free SFTP, FTP and SCP client for Windows. This is a great Windows file transfer client which also supports SCP, which most ISP's are moving to now for secure file transfer.
</dd>
</dl>
<p style="text-align: center"> <a href="#toc"> <img src="../images/bluebar.gif" alt="Click this seperator to return to the Table of Contents." width="600" height="30" style="border: 0"> </a> </p>
<h2 class="hangleft"> <a id="livecds">Live CDs</a> </h2>
<h4> Sorted alphabetically by name</h4>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://www.remote-exploit.org/backtrack.html">BackTrack</a>
</dt>
<dd>
BackTrack is the #1 Linux LiveCD focused on penetration testing.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://www.nu2.nu/pebuilder/">BartPE</a>
</dt>
<dd>
BartPE is a preinstalled environment builder for Windows. It uses your original Windows media to create a Live CD bootable CDROM OS image.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://io.debian.net/~tar/gnustep/">GNUStep/OpenStep</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Remember the NeXT cube running NeXTStep? Well I do, and this LiveCD brings it all back. No other reason to include it other than it's Unix, and I miss my cube.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="https://www.e-fense.com/store/index.php?_a=viewProd&amp;productId=11&amp;review=read"> Helix</a>
</dt>
<dd>
Helix is focused on incident response, forensics, and e-discovery. Free CD with option to buy support and access to the member community.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/index-en.html">Knoppix</a>
</dt>
<dd>
This is not a security distro, but it's the best general Linux Live CD going, so it gets included for general usefulness.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://www.knoppix-std.org/index.html">Knoppix-STD</a>
</dt>
<dd> <b>S</b>ecurity <b>T</b>ools <b>D</b>istribution of the Knoppix LiveCD. Zillions of things here, for all aspects of security work.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href="http://trinityhome.org/Home/index.php?wpid=1&amp;front_id=12">Trinity Rescue Kit </a>
</dt>
<dd>
Trinity Rescue Kit or TRK is a free live Linux distribution that aims specifically at recovery and repair operations on Windows machines, but is equally usable for Linux recovery issues.
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt> <a href=""></a>
</dt>
<dd>
</dd>
</dl>
<p style="text-align: center"> <a href="#toc"> <img src="../images/bluebar.gif" alt="Click this seperator to return to the Table of Contents." width="600" height="30" style="border: 0"> </a> </p>
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<h2 class="hangleft"> <a id="lockpicking">Lockpicking</a> </h2>
<p> These links aren't Unix related, but they are security related, and you may find them interesting. Ultimately, the integrity of your computer's electronic security rests on the integrity of its physical security. So you need to know how locks work because your whole security world is premised on them. Perhaps a section on alarm systems will be next... <img alt="smile" src="../images/smile.gif"> </p>
<ul>
<li> <a href="http://www.capricorn.org/~akira/home/lockpick/">The MIT Guide to Lock Picking</a> </li>
<li> <a href="http://www.gregmiller.net/locks/">Greg Miller's Guide to Lock picking for Beginners </a> </li>
<li> <a href="http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2009/08/lockpicking_and.html">Schneier on Security</a> -- "Lockpicking and the Internet"</li>
<li> <a href="http://deviating.net/lockpicking/">Lockpicking by Deviant Ollam</a> </li>
<li> <a href="http://www.crypto.com/masterkey.html">Master-Keyed Lock Vulnerability</a> -- Matt Blaze's 2003 work on physical "master keyed" lock vulnerabilities.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p style="text-align: center"> <a href="#toc"> <img src="../images/bluebar.gif" alt="Click this seperator to return to the Table of Contents." width="600" height="30" style="border: 0"> </a> </p>
<h2 class="hangleft"> <a id="hyperlinks">Hyperlinks</a> </h2>
<p> Links last verified July 13 <sup>th</sup>, 2015. All of these external links leave this site.</p>
<h4> People</h4>
<ul>
<li> <a href="http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~smb/papers/">Steven Bellovin's Research Papers</a> </li>
<li> <a href="http://www.xinu.nl/unix/unix.html">Edwin Kremer's Unix Page</a> -- Edwin has a nice hotlist. And he takes nice photos too!</li>
<li> <a href="http://www.ranum.com/security/computer_security/index.html">Marcus Ranum's Personal Page</a> -- Marcus is a firewall &amp; Internet security expert.</li>
<li> <a href="http://homes.cerias.purdue.edu/~spaf/index.html">Spaf's Homepage</a> -- Gene Spafford's home page.</li>
<li> <a href="ftp://ftp.porcupine.org/pub/security/index.html">Wietse's collection of tools and papers</a> -- Excellent site.</li>
</ul>
<h4> Places &amp; Organizations</h4>
<ul>
<li> <a href="http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1">Bugtraq Mailing List Web Archive</a> -- Exploits, good discussion, searchable.</li>
<li> <a href="http://www.cerias.purdue.edu/about/history/coast/">COAST</a> -- Computer Operations, Audit, and Security Technology.</li>
<li> <a href="http://www.defcon.org">DEF CON Convention</a> -- The ultimate hackercon.</li>
<li> <a href="http://www.2600.com/hacked_pages/">Hacked!</a> -- 2600's archive of historical web site hacks.</li>
<li> <a href="http://insecure.org">Insecure.org</a> -- home of Nmap and other exciting things. </li>
<li> <a href="http://www.l0pht.com/">L0pht Heavy Industries</a> -- The now famous underground group's site.</li> -- Domain updated. Link is correct now.
<li> <a href="http://www.sans.org/reading_room/">SANS Reading Room</a> -- very large and extensive coverage of security topics.</li>
<li> <a href="http://www.securityfocus.com/">SecurityFocus.com</a> -- Portal for security issues. Includes famous Bugtraq Forum Archive!</li>
<li> <a href="https://www.shoretel.com/web-communication-cryptography-and-network-security"> ShoreTel Cryptography and Network Security</a> <img src="../images/new.gif"> </li>
</ul>
<h4> Tools &amp; Download Sites</h4>
<ul>
<li> <a href="http://www.freefire.org">Freefire</a> -- Focused on tools and information to create free IT security systems.</li>
<li> <a href="http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/security/">SUNET FTP Security Archive</a> -- Large, organized archive of files.</li>
<li> <a href="http://www.unix.geek.org.uk/~arny/">unix / net / hack page</a> -- Original tools and interesting links.</li>
</ul>
<h4> Zines &amp; Publications</h4>
<ul>
<li> <a href="http://www.2600.com/">2600, The Hacker Quarterly</a> -- The original goes online. </li>
<li> <a href="ftp://ftp.warwick.ac.uk/pub/cud/index.html.real">Cu Digest Archives</a> -- Computer Underground Digest Archives.</li>
<li> <a href="http://www.phrack.org">Phrack Magazine Home Page</a> -- The infamous hacker zine. Sometimes on the blink.</li>
</ul>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Download PuTTY: latest release (0.73)</title>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="sitestyle.css" title="PuTTY Home Page Style">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="putty.ico">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow">
</head>
<body>
<h1 align="center">Download PuTTY: latest release (0.73)</h1>
<div align="center" class="mirrorwarning">
This is a mirror. Follow this link to find <a href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">the primary PuTTY web site</a>.
</div>
<p align="center"> <a href="./">Home</a> | <a href="faq.html">FAQ</a> | <a href="feedback.html">Feedback</a> | <a href="licence.html">Licence</a> | <a href="maillist.html">Updates</a> | <a href="mirrors.html">Mirrors</a> | <a href="keys.html">Keys</a> | <a href="links.html">Links</a> | <a href="team.html">Team</a> <br> Download: <b>Stable</b> · <a href="snapshot.html">Snapshot</a> | <a href="docs.html">Docs</a> | <a href="changes.html">Changes</a> | <a href="wishlist/">Wishlist</a> </p>
<p> This page contains download links for the latest released version of PuTTY. Currently this is 0.73, released on 2019-09-29. </p>
<p> When new releases come out, this page will update to contain the latest, so this is a good page to bookmark or link to. Alternatively, here is a <a href="releases/0.73.html">permanent link to the 0.73 release</a>. </p>
<p> Release versions of PuTTY are versions we think are reasonably likely to work well. However, they are often not the most up-to-date version of the code available. If you have a problem with this release, then it might be worth trying out the <a href="snapshot.html">development snapshots</a>, to see if the problem has already been fixed in those versions. </p>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadlatesttopcolour
">Package files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadlatestbotcolour
">
<p>You probably want one of these. They include versions of all the PuTTY utilities. </p>
<p>(Not sure whether you want the 32-bit or the 64-bit version? Read the <a href="faq.html#faq-32bit-64bit">FAQ entry</a>.)</p>
<div class="downloadheading">
MSI (‘Windows Installer’)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w32/putty-0.73-installer.msi"><code>putty-0.73-installer.msi</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w32/putty-0.73-installer.msi">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w32/putty-0.73-installer.msi.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w64/putty-64bit-0.73-installer.msi"><code>putty-64bit-0.73-installer.msi</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w64/putty-64bit-0.73-installer.msi">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w64/putty-64bit-0.73-installer.msi.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Unix source archive
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname"><code>.tar.gz</code>:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/putty-0.73.tar.gz"><code>putty-0.73.tar.gz</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/putty-0.73.tar.gz">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/putty-0.73.tar.gz.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadlatesttopcolour
">Alternative binary files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadlatestbotcolour
">
<p>The installer packages above will provide versions of all of these (except PuTTYtel), but you can download standalone binaries one by one if you prefer.</p>
<p>(Not sure whether you want the 32-bit or the 64-bit version? Read the <a href="faq.html#faq-32bit-64bit">FAQ entry</a>.)</p>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>putty.exe</code> (the SSH and Telnet client itself)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w32/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w32/putty.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w32/putty.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w64/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w64/putty.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w64/putty.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>pscp.exe</code> (an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w32/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w32/pscp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w32/pscp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w64/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w64/pscp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w64/pscp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>psftp.exe</code> (an SFTP client, i.e. general file transfer sessions much like FTP)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w32/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w32/psftp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w32/psftp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w64/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w64/psftp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w64/psftp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>puttytel.exe</code> (a Telnet-only client)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w32/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w32/puttytel.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w32/puttytel.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w64/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w64/puttytel.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w64/puttytel.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>plink.exe</code> (a command-line interface to the PuTTY back ends)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w32/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w32/plink.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w32/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w64/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w64/plink.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w64/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>pageant.exe</code> (an SSH authentication agent for PuTTY, PSCP, PSFTP, and Plink)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w32/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w32/pageant.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w32/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w64/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w64/pageant.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w64/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>puttygen.exe</code> (a RSA and DSA key generation utility)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w32/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w32/puttygen.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w32/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w64/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w64/puttygen.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w64/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>putty.zip</code> (a .ZIP archive of all the above)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w32/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w32/putty.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w32/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/w64/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/w64/putty.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/w64/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadlatesttopcolour
">Documentation</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadlatestbotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Browse the documentation on the web
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">HTML:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/htmldoc/">Contents page</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Downloadable documentation
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Zipped HTML:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/puttydoc.zip"><code>puttydoc.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/puttydoc.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Plain text:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/puttydoc.txt"><code>puttydoc.txt</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/puttydoc.txt">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Windows HTML Help:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/putty.chm"><code>putty.chm</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/putty.chm">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadlatesttopcolour
">Source code</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadlatestbotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Unix source archive
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname"><code>.tar.gz</code>:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/putty-0.73.tar.gz"><code>putty-0.73.tar.gz</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/putty-0.73.tar.gz">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/putty-0.73.tar.gz.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Windows source archive
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname"><code>.zip</code>:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/putty-src.zip"><code>putty-src.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/putty-src.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/putty-src.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
git repository
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Clone:</span> <span class="downloadgitlink"><code>https://git.tartarus.org/simon/putty.git</code></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">gitweb:</span> <span class="downloadgitlink"><a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git">master</a> | <a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git;a=commit;h=refs/tags/0.73"><code>0.73</code> release tag</a> </span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadlatesttopcolour
">Downloads for Windows on Arm</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadlatestbotcolour
">
<p>Compiled executable files for Windows on Arm. These are believed to work, but as yet, they have had minimal testing. </p>
<div class="downloadheading">
Windows on Arm installers
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa64/putty-arm64-0.73-installer.msi"><code>putty-arm64-0.73-installer.msi</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa64/putty-arm64-0.73-installer.msi">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa64/putty-arm64-0.73-installer.msi.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa32/putty-arm32-0.73-installer.msi"><code>putty-arm32-0.73-installer.msi</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa32/putty-arm32-0.73-installer.msi">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa32/putty-arm32-0.73-installer.msi.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Windows on Arm individual executables
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa64/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa64/putty.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa64/putty.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa64/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa64/pscp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa64/pscp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa64/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa64/psftp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa64/psftp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa64/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa64/puttytel.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa64/puttytel.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa64/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa64/plink.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa64/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa64/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa64/pageant.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa64/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa64/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa64/puttygen.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa64/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa32/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa32/putty.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa32/putty.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa32/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa32/pscp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa32/pscp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa32/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa32/psftp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa32/psftp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa32/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa32/puttytel.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa32/puttytel.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa32/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa32/plink.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa32/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa32/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa32/pageant.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa32/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa32/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa32/puttygen.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa32/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Zip file of all Windows on Arm executables
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa64/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa64/putty.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa64/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/wa32/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/wa32/putty.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/wa32/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadlatesttopcolour
">Checksum files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadlatestbotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Cryptographic checksums for all the above files
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">MD5:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/md5sums"><code>md5sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/md5sums">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/md5sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">SHA-1:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/sha1sums"><code>sha1sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/sha1sums">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/sha1sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">SHA-256:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/sha256sums"><code>sha256sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/sha256sums">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/sha256sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">SHA-512:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.73/sha512sums"><code>sha512sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/sha512sums">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.73/sha512sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<hr> If you want to comment on this web site, see the <a href="feedback.html">Feedback page</a>.
<br> (last modified on <!--LASTMOD-->Sun Sep 29 16:16:54 2019<!--END-->)
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<p>We have been creating system and network software since 2008 for worldwide users. Mobatek develops high value products in order to provide efficient and cost effective solutions for your IT, development and DBA teams.<br> Our products are designed to ensure high security, efficiency and focused on user experience. No headache for deployment: our products do not require any dependency, Internet connection or third-party software to run. Just download, run and enjoy!</p>
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<h5>Powerful and stable</h5>
<p>Stable, lightweight and easy to configure software</p>
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<h4>MobaXterm</h4>
<p class="texte_serre">X server and SSH client for Windows</p>
<img width="150" height="110" class="center" style="width: 150px; height: auto;" src="img/mobaxterm_logo.png" alt="MobaXterm">
<p class="texte_serre"><br>MobaXterm is your ultimate toolbox for remote computing. In a single Windows application, it provides remote network tools (SSH, X11, RDP, VNC, FTP, MOSH, ...) and Unix commands (bash, ls, cat, sed, grep, awk, rsync, ...).</p> <span style="color:#4374E0;">Read more on MobaXterm website</span>
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<p class="texte_serre">Enhanced SSH server for Windows with Unix tools</p>
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<p class="texte_serre"><br>MobaLiveCD is a freeware that allows you to run your LiveCD on Windows into an emulation window.</p>
</div>
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<img width="150" height="110" class="center" style="width: 150px; height: auto;" src="img/mobaphoto_logo.png" alt="MobaPhoto">
<p class="texte_serre"><br>MobaPhoto is a freeware that allows you to create some professional looking photo galleries for your webpage.</p>
</div>
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<img width="150" height="110" class="center" style="width: 150px; height: auto;" src="img/mobamotiv_logo.png" alt="MobaMotiv">
<p class="texte_serre"><br>MobaMotiv is a freeware that automatically generates French cover letters based on your profile.</p>
</div> <span style="color:#4374E0;">Download them from our labs</span>
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<h1><a href="/">tinyapps.org</a> / network</h1>
<hr>
<h2>Web Browsing</h2>
<p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219002114/http://offbyone.com/offbyone/">OffByOne Web Browser 3.5a</a> [409k] + "May be the world's smallest and fastest Web Browser with full HTML 3.2 support. It is a completely self-contained, stand-alone 1.1mb application with no dependencies on any other browser or browser component." <a href="/screenshots/offbyone.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://jim.spath.com/lynx_win32/">Lynx for Win32 v. 2-8-3</a> [714k] {S}+ Text-based web browser <a href="/screenshots/lynx.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/ly283rel.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/dplus-browser/">D+ Browser 0.5b (formerly "Dillo")</a> [1304k] {S}+ "A graphical web browser with an emphasis on security, performance, and portability." <a href="/screenshots/d-plus-browser.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.litepc.com/ieradicator.html">IEradicator</a> [102k] Internet Explorer (versions 3 through 6) removal tool. <a href="/screenshots/ieradicator.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041209093907/www.iomagic.org/fsc/pleasedontlinkheredirectly.htm">KillAd v0.11</a> [42k] + Ad blocker. Works with IE, Netscape, and Opera. <a href="/screenshots/killad.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/killad.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.morpheussoftware.net/sab/">SAB 0.96</a> [93k] + Filter out web annoyances. Linux version also available. <a href="/screenshots/sab.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.proxomitron.info/">Proxomitron</a> [371k] + Powerful filter for eliminating web annoyances and customizing your browsing experience. <a href="/screenshots/proxomitron.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://ranfo.com/popki.html">PopKi Popup Closer v1.4</a> [187k] + Prevent popups without using a proxy. <a href="/screenshots/popki.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p>Nir Sofer's <a href="https://www.nirsoft.net/web_browser_tools.html">Web Browser Tools</a></p>
<h2>Offline Browsing &amp; Download Managers</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050427131656/http://www.diamondcs.com.au/?page=console">HTTP Get</a> [15k] + Download files from the web <a href="/screenshots/httpget.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p>HTTrack Website Copier 3.10 [176k] {S}+ Save entire websites to a local directory. (This console-only version is hosted by TinyApps. See the HTTrack homepage for additional versions and source code.) <a href="/screenshots/httrack.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/httrack.7z" class="icon">💾</a> <a href="http://www.httrack.com/" class="icon">🌎</a></p>
<p>WackGet 1.2.2 [127k] {S}+ Download a list of files in the order you specify. Options include: logging, setting number of concurrent downloads, importing from clipboard, and more. <a href="/downloads/wackget1.7z">Source code</a> <a href="/screenshots/wackget.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/wackget1.7z" class="icon">💾</a> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060603234011/http://millweed.com/projects/wackget/" class="icon">🌎</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> GNU Wget 1.8.2 [271k] {S}+ Mirroring tool which supports HTTP, HTTPS and FTP. <a href="/screenshots/wget.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/wget-1.7z" class="icon">💾</a> <a href="http://wget.sunsite.dk/" class="icon">🌎</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> Flash Movie Player 1.4 [333k] + ShockWave Flash (SWF) player with animation rewinding, advanced full screen mode, playlists, browser cache integration, snapshot creation, more. (The Green Award is given to the installer-free version (which the author kindly provided) directly linked to from here.) <a href="/screenshots/flash_movie_player.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="http://www.eolsoft.com/download/flash_movie_player.zip" class="icon">💾</a> <a href="http://www.eolsoft.com/freeware/flash_movie_player/" class="icon">🌎</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/asfrecorder/">ASFRecorder V1.1</a> [368k] {S}+ Download and store streaming Windows Media files (asf, asx, wma, wmx, wmv, wvx). <a href="/screenshots/asfrecorder.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060212162609/http://www.yanew.com/">DLExpert 0.99</a> [769k] Download manager with multi-thread, pause/resume, scheduling, auto dial, hangup, shutdown, more. <a href="/screenshots/dlexpert.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/dlexpert099.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<h2>Email Clients</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080225153835/http://www.beyondlogic.org/solutions/cmdlinemail/cmdlinemail.htm">bmail 1.07</a> [17k] + Lean command line SMTP mail sender <a href="/screenshots/bmail.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060925201810/http://web.archive.org/web/20050427131656/http://www.diamondcs.com.au/?page=console">SendMail 1.1</a> [18k] + Send email (and even attach a file) using any SMTP server <a href="/screenshots/sendmail.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/sendmail.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://davidp.org/qm/">Qm 2.2</a> [21k] + Quick mail sending program <a href="/screenshots/qm.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.interlog.com/~tcharron/getmail.html">Getmail 1.33</a> [50k] + Console utility for downloading POP3 mail. Free for non-commercial use. <a href="/screenshots/getmail.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.blat.net/">Blat 1.9.4</a> [74k] {S}+ Console utility that sends the contents of a file in an e-mail message using the SMTP protocol. <a href="/screenshots/blat.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.nakka.com/soft/npop/index_eng.html">nPOP</a> [82k] {S}+ Tiny email client with powerful features. Pocket PC, Windows CE, and Japanese versions also available. <a href="/screenshots/npop.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127132917/http://www.ultrafunk.com/popcorn/">Popcorn 1.99.3</a> [151k] {S}+ Ultra-lightweight POP3/SMTP email client. Check/delete mail on server before downloading. <a href="/screenshots/popcorn.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://jbmail.pc-tools.net/">JBMail 3.2</a> [159k] + Portable mail client with POP3 and SMTP support, and optional SSL/TLS security. Shareware version saves multiple profiles to disk. <a href="/screenshots/jbmail.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060629023242/http://members.aol.com/toadbee/Programs.htm">SpeedMail 1.2</a> [188k] + SMTP mailer with simple address book and attachment support. <a href="/screenshots/speedmail.jpg" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/speedmail.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> Pimmy 3.5 [361k] + Complete email client; includes newsgroup support. <a href="/screenshots/pimmy.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/pimmy350e.7z" class="icon">💾</a> <a href="http://www.geminisoft.com/en/pimmy/" class="icon">🌎</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.memecode.com/scribe.php">i.Scribe 1.88</a> [826k] + A small, fast, crossplatform, object based email client with many of the features that larger mail clients have. <a href="/screenshots/iscribe.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<h2>Mailing Lists</h2>
<p>SmartSerialMail 1.1 [229k] + Group mail sender <a href="/screenshots/smartserialmail.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/smartserialmail1_1.7z" class="icon">💾</a> <a href="http://www.jam-software.com/freeware/index.shtml" class="icon">🌎</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.analogx.com/contents/download/network/lmpro.htm">ListMaster Pro 1.83</a> [383k] Mailing list manager that validates, sorts, and dedupes email addresses <i>very</i> quickly (it can load and sort a list of over 100,000 addresses in under 10 seconds and dedupe the same list in less than 2 seconds). <a href="/screenshots/listmasterpro.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100805052734/http://www.vallen.de/freeware/index.html">Vallen e-Mailer R2007.0904</a> [573k] + Group mail sender <a href="/screenshots/vallen_emailer.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/vallen_emailer_r2007.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<h2>Other Email &amp; Usenet</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://members.tripod.com/semper.fi/oelc/index.htm">Obfusticated Email Link Creator 1.0.4.0 (OELC)</a> [4k] + Create munged email address links with hex, dec, or a mix of both. <a href="/screenshots/oelc.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.keir.net/k9.html">K9 Version 1.28</a> [77k] + Automatic spam email filtering for POP3 email. <a href="/screenshots/k9.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://stripmail.belenli.org">StripMail v0.99p</a> [146k] + Clean up emails &amp; plain text files. <a href="/screenshots/stripmail.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p>Bounce Spam Mail v.1.8 [271k] + Send fake bounce messages. Does not support SMTP authentication. <a href="/screenshots/bouncespammail.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/bouncespammail.7z" class="icon">💾</a> <a href="http://users.telenet.be/tontonzen/gg/albert.html" class="icon">🌎</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> Pimmy 3.5 [361k] + Complete email client; includes newsgroup support. <a href="/screenshots/pimmy.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/pimmy350e.7z" class="icon">💾</a> <a href="http://www.geminisoft.com/en/pimmy/" class="icon">🌎</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.blat.net/miniRelay/">miniRelay 0.9.77d</a> [270k] + SMTP relay tool that shuts down when idle. <a href="/screenshots/minirelay.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://xnews.newsguy.com/">Xnews 4.06.22</a> [680k] + Usenet newsreader <a href="/screenshots/xnews.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<h2>HTTP, (S)FTP, &amp; File Sharing</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.whitsoftdev.com/ssft/">Simple Socket File Transfer 1.0</a> [9k] + Transfer a file between two computers using the TCP port of your choosing. Partially completed transfers can be resumed, and files are automatically checked with MD5 to ensure they were received error-free. Supports very large files (up to about 4 petabytes). <a href="/screenshots/simplesocket.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020610004958/http://www.purebasic.com/download.php3">Atomic FTP Server v0.5</a> [10k] {S}+ Extremely simple and fast FTP server <a href="/screenshots/atomicftpserver.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/atomicftpserver.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020610004958/http://www.purebasic.com/download.php3">Atomic Web Server v1.0</a> [10k] {S}+ Extremely simple and fast web server <a href="/screenshots/atomicwebserver.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/atomicwebserver.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.ritlabs.com/tinyweb/">TinyWeb 1.9</a> [53k] {S}+ Small, simple and fast Win32 daemon for regular (TCP/http) and secure (SSL/TLS/https) web servers. <a href="/screenshots/tinyweb.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.sentex.net/~mwandel/ftpdmin/">ftpdmin 0.96</a> [65k] {S}+ Minimal FTP server primarily for one-off LAN transfers (no security or password options available) <a href="/screenshots/ftpdmin.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://barracudaserver.com/examples/BarracudaDrive/">BarracudaDrive V1.5.2</a> [196k] + Multi-user secure HTTPS file manager which eliminates the need for FTP access. Securely upload, download, and manage your files on your home computer from anywhere in the world. BarracudaDrive also bypasses firewalls and proxies since the communication protocol is HTTPS. The communication is protected by using SSL so no one can eavesdrop on your file transfer. Linux and OS X versions <a href="http://barracudaserver.com/examples/BarracudaDrive/other.html">also available</a>. <a href="/screenshots/barracudadrive.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://hamsterrepublic.com/dl/">RemotePad</a> [244k] + Combination plain-text-editor and ftp-client. <a href="/screenshots/remotepad.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.satsignal.eu/software/net.htm#FTPpie">FTPpie</a> [248k] + Pie chart display of FTP file space use. <a href="/screenshots/ftppie.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.memecode.com/iftp.php">i.Ftp 1.85</a> [359k] {S}+ Simple graphical ftp application. <a href="/screenshots/iftp.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a name="sendtoftp"></a>SendTo FTP 2.8 [359k] FTP from the context (right click) menu. <a href="/screenshots/sendtoftp.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/sendtoftp.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.rejetto.com/sw/">HFS - HTTP File Server 1.6a</a> [409k] {S}+ Simple HTTP server with drag &amp; drop interface. <a href="/screenshots/httpfileserver.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080318154239/http://en.typsoft.com/">TYPSoft FTP Server 1.10</a> [413k] {S}+ Simple, clean and robust ftp server. <a href="/screenshots/typsoft_ftp_server.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060111114351/http://stud.fh-heilbronn.de/~jdebis/leechftp/downloads.html">LeechFTP 1.3 Build 207</a> [580k] Multithreading FTP client <a href="/screenshots/leechftp.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/leechftp_1.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><a href="http://winscp.sourceforge.net/eng/index.php">WinSCP 3.7.4</a> [980k] + SFTP / SCP client. <a href="/screenshots/winscp.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p>Ftp.exe [44k] + Command line FTP program included with Windows. <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030404071717/http://www.tpdigital.com/ftptutorial/dosftp/dosftp.html">Brief tutorial</a> | <a href="ftp.html">Scripting</a> <a href="/screenshots/ftp.exe.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<h2>Telnet / SSH</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.pagetutor.com/dl/sptn3209.html">SimpTerm 0.9.4</a> [120k] + A telnet/rlogin client with file download and KANJI display support <a href="/screenshots/simpterm.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">PuTTY 0.57</a> [372k] {S}+ A Telnet and SSH client, along with an xterm terminal emulator <a href="/screenshots/putty.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://hp.vector.co.jp/authors/VA002416/teraterm.html">Tera Term (Pro) 2.3</a> [922k] {S} Supports serial port connections; TCP/IP (telnet) connections; VT100, select VT200/300, and TEK4010 emulation; file transfer protocols (Kermit, XMODEM, ZMODEM, B-PLUS and Quick-VAN); scripting; Japanese &amp; Russian character sets; more. SSH module also available. <a href="/screenshots/teratermpro.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<h2>IRC</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.tinyirc.net/">TinyIRC 1.0 Public Beta 5 (Build 1099)</a> [60k] + The goal of this project is to create the world's smallest IRC client for Win32, with as many (if possible, all) of the features that you're used to in your current IRC client. <a href="/screenshots/tinyirc.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/tinyirc.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.dev0.de/products_0irc.html">0irc v1.4.53</a> [67k] {S}+ Tiny, open source IRC client. <a href="/screenshots/0irc.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.diebestenbits.de">Dana 1.3</a> [121k] + Simple, skinnable IRC client <a href="screenshots/dana.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p>IamC 2.9.26R [198k] + Simple IRC client <a href="screenshots/iamc.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/iamc2_9_26r.7z" class="icon">💾</a> <a href="http://vtatila.kapsi.fi/iamc.html" class="icon">🌎</a></p>
<p><a href="http://xchat.org/">xchat 1.8.5</a> [633k] {S} Graphical IRC client for Windows and several other OSes <a href="screenshots/xchat.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.hydrairc.com/">HydraIRC</a> [740k] {S}+ Open source IRC client with support for: DCC chat and file transfers, connecting to multiple servers, dockable floating tabbed windows, channel monitoring, message logs, event viewer, reg-exp highlighting, and much more. <a href="screenshots/hydra.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<h2>Instant Messaging (IM)</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://miniaim.net/">miniaim v0.2.3</a> [47k] + Tiny AOL instant messaging client. <a href="/screenshots/miniaim.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://usuarios.lycos.es/pixador/">PixaMSN v0.61</a> [168k] {S}+ Tiny MSN Messenger clone. <a href="/screenshots/pixamsn.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.miranda-im.org/">Miranda IM 0.3.3</a> [774k] {S}+ Streamlined ICQ client which supports ICQ, AIM, MSN, Jabber, Yahoo, Gadu-Gadu, Tlen, Netsend, and more. <a href="/screenshots/mirandaim.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<h2>Voice over IP (VoIP)</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://web.tiscali.it/vitez/picophone.html">PicoPhone</a> [88k] {S}+ Simple Internet phone application with chat <a href="/screenshots/picophone.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050222075328/http://www.student.tue.nl/m/j.s.d.kleijn/voiperized/">VoIPerized 2.3</a> [332k] Tiny Voice over IP program. <a href="/screenshots/voiperized.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050316045732fw_/http://www.student.tue.nl:80/m/j.s.d.kleijn/voiperized/voiperized21setup.exe" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/speak-freely-w/">Speak Freely 7.6a</a> [690k] {S} Conduct real-time voice conversations over the Internet or any other TCP/IP network. Includes IDEA, DES, and limited PGP encryption capabilities. <a href="/screenshots/speakfreely.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<h2>Port-to-Process Mappers</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050509013514/http://www.diamondcs.com.au/openports/">DiamondCS OpenPorts v1.0</a> [24k] + CLI port to process mapper for Windows NT/2000/XP. Provides five different output styles, including CSV, FPort, and WinXP's Netstat. Free for personal use. <a href="/screenshots/openports.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.nirsoft.net/utils/cports.html">CurrPorts v1.02</a> [36k] + Detailed view of open ports and their corresponding applications. Close ports, kill processes, export info to HTML, XML, or CSV, and much more. <a href="/screenshots/currports.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<h2>Firewalls</h2>
<p><a href="http://ghostsecurity.com/ghostwall/">GhostWall 1.150</a> [656k] Windows Firewall alternative ideal for low latency applications. <a href="/screenshots/ghostwall.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.softperfect.com/products/firewall/">SoftPerfect Personal Firewall 1.2</a> [900k] "Does not change your Windows system files and does not require any additional libraries" <a href="/screenshots/softperfect_personal_firewall.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<h2><a name="remoteaccess"></a>Remote Access</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://xrowcc.blog.shinobi.jp/Entry/318/">ZeroRemote v1.2.5</a> [152k] + Remote viewer with DirectX support, file transfer, audio, and more. Single EXE supports both client and server modes. <a href="/screenshots/zeroremote.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.tightvnc.com/">TightVNC 1.2.8</a> [582k] {S}+ Client/server software package allowing remote network access to graphical desktops. This bandwidth-efficient version has many improvements over the <a href="http://www.uk.research.att.com/vnc/">original</a>. <a href="/screenshots/tightvnc.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<h2>Network Speed Testing</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.netchain.com/netcps/">NetCPS</a> [23k] {S}+ Measure the effective performance of a TCP/IP network. <a href="/screenshots/netcps.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.pcausa.com/Utilities/pcattcp.htm">PCATTCP</a> [60k] {S}+ PCAUSA's port of <a href="http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/ttcp.html">Test TCP (TTCP)</a>, a command-line sockets-based benchmarking tool for measuring TCP and UDP performance between two systems. <a href="/screenshots/pcattcp.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<h2>Ping / Network Scanning</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.angryziber.com/ipscan/">Angry IP Scanner 2.21</a> [109k] {S}+ Pings a range of IP addresses and optionally resolves hostnames, scans ports, returns NetBIOS info (computer name, workgroup name, currently logged in user and MAC address), and saves results to CSV, TXT, HTML, XML or IP-Port list files. (While settings can be saved to the registry, this is not the default behavior.) <a href="/screenshots/angryipscanner.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://software.ccschmidt.de/">MultiPing Grapher 1.4.1</a> [284k] + Graph up to 10 different ICMP results. Adjust ping interval and packet size. Includes logging and average calculation. <a href="/screenshots/multiping_grapher.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.pingplotter.com/">PingPlotter 1.10</a> [424k] Graphical network troubleshooting and diagnostic tool. Shareware version also available (<a href="http://www.pingplotter.com/featurecomp.html">feature comparison</a>). <a href="/screenshots/pingplotter.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="http://www.pingplotter.com/downloads/pngplt_1.exe" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.softperfect.com/products/networkscanner/">SoftPerfect Network Scanner 3.3</a> [619k] + IP, NetBIOS, and SNMP scanner with a slew of features: fast multithreaded scanning; computer pinging; hidden shared resource detection; scanning for listening TCP ports; mount and explore found resources; resolve host names; autodetect local and external IP range; support for remote shutdown and Wake-On-LAN (WoL). <a href="/screenshots/softperfect_network_scanner.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<h2>Other Network Tools</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050427131656/http://www.diamondcs.com.au/?page=console">IP List</a> [12k] + Enumerates network interfaces, showing all bound IP addresses, their broadcast addresses, and their netmasks. <a href="/screenshots/iplist.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050427131656/http://www.diamondcs.com.au/?page=console">Resolve</a> [16k] + Resolve an IP address to its DNS address, and vice versa. <a href="/screenshots/resolve.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050427131656/http://www.diamondcs.com.au/?page=console">XWhois</a> [21k] + Look up information on registered Internet domains and addresses. <a href="/screenshots/xwhois.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://stevemiller.net/sharewatch/">ShareWatch 1.0</a> [33k] + Monitor shares on local and remote servers; see who is connected and what files they are accessing; disconnect any file, user, computer, or share; more. <a href="/screenshots/sharewatch.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080209224009/http://www.vulnwatch.org/netcat/">Netcat 1.11</a> [60k] {S}+ Network swiss army knife. <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030210231118/www.sans.org/rr/audit/netcat.php">Review</a> <a href="/screenshots/netcat.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.speedguide.net/downloads.php">TCP Optimizer 4.07</a> [668k] + Internet connection tuning and optimizing. Runs under Windows 95 through 10. <a href="/screenshots/tcpoptimizer.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p>Nir Sofer's <a href="https://www.nirsoft.net/network_tools.html">Network Monitoring Tools</a></p>
<h2>HTML and Webmaster Tools</h2>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119233750/http://www.simtel.net/pub/pd/24497.html">TAGCASE</a> [6k] {S}+ Converts the case of HTML tags without disturbing attribute values. Includes ANSI C source and DOS executable. <a href="/screenshots/tagcase.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/tagcase0.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.thuto.org/ubh/download/dload0.htm">Pich</a> [7k] + Generates an HTML page of all images (JPG, GIF, PNG) in the current directory and (optionally) subdirectories. <a href="/screenshots/pich.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419021359/http://www.protonfx.com/applications.php">KILL&lt;HTML&gt; 1.5a</a> [from 8k] + Removes all HTML tags and JavaScript from one or more HTML files. DOS and Windows versions included. <a href="/screenshots/killhtml.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/killhtml.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.thuto.org/ubh/download/dload0.htm">HTI (Hyper-Text Index) 0.5</a> [16k] {S}+ Generates an index page of HTML files. Includes titles, meta descriptions, and H1 - H6 headings. ANSI C source code available on request, on a "don't laugh" basis. <a href="/screenshots/hti.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://users.erols.com/waynesof/bruce.htm">HTMStrip 911</a> [129k] + Convert HTML to plain text. Very robust command line program. <a href="/screenshots/htmstrip.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.clickomania.ch/progs/HTMLstripper.htm">HTML stripper 1.1</a> [275k] + Scrub HTML clean of ads, iframes, scripts, etc. <a href="/screenshots/html_stripper.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.cyber-matrix.com/txt2htm.htm">Text2HTML 1.3</a> [240k] Convert plain text to HTML <a href="/screenshots/text2html.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310231724/http://www.cybermatrix.com/download/txt2html.zip" class="icon">💾</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="http://www.sulaco.co.za/downloads.htm">HTML Image Page Builder</a> [193k] + Convert images to HTML <a href="/screenshots/html_image_page_builder.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060714064742/http://www.feldfunker.de:80/software/splitz.htm">Splitz</a> [353k] + Split any image into rectangular parts and export the resulting images along with the HTML table that puts them back together. <a href="/screenshots/splitz.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><span class="icon">🌱</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070410002904/http://hjem.get2net.dk/fec/shtmlc/shtmlc.html">sHTMLc v2.1</a> [150k] + Convert characters to character entities quickly and easily. <a href="/screenshots/shtmlc.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://ablavier.pagesperso-orange.fr/TidyGUI/">TidyGUI 1.1.5</a> [146k] {S}+ Clean up your HTML <a href="/screenshots/tidygui.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://home.snafu.de/tilman/xenulink.html">Xenu's Link Sleuth 1.2d</a> [230k] + Check websites for broken links <a href="/screenshots/xenu.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070207011259/http://www.domainpunch.com/products/domainstatus/">Domain Name Status Reporter</a> [328k] + Monitor the registry status of domain names. <a href="/screenshots/domain_name_status_reporter.png" class="icon">📺</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.mrunix.net/webalizer/">Webalizer 2.01-10</a> [589k] {S}+ Web server log file analysis program. Produces highly detailed, easily configurable usage reports in HTML format. <a href="/screenshots/webalizer.png" class="icon">📺</a> <a href="/downloads/webalizer-2.01-10-win32-bin.7z" class="icon">💾</a></p>
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<p><i>last update: 2020.08.15</i></p>
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<div class="top-navig"> <a id="top"></a> <a href="index.html">Home Page</a> &gt; <a href="about.html">About This Site</a> &gt; Programming Experience
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<h1>Programming Experience</h1>
<div class="center"> <span class="thislink">Programming</span> | <a href="teaching.html">Teaching</a> | <a href="interest.html">Interests</a>
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<h2><a name="contracts"><i>The Independent Contractor Years</i></a></h2>
<h2>Internet</h2>
<ul>
<li>Have written CGI scripts, and Java servlets; set up Linux system running Apache server and MySQL database software at <a href="http://www.dvptechdoc.com/">DVP Techdoc</a>.</li>
<li>Developed training courses for CGI and Cascading Style Sheets; modified and expanded JavaScript course for <a href="http://www.keypoint.com/">KeyPoint Software</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Commercial Software</h2>
<ul>
<li>CD-ROM Titles from <a href="texcav.html">Texas Caviar</a></li>
<li>Software from <a href="senari.html">Senari Software</a></li>
<li><a href="ideafish.html">IdeaFisher</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="utilities">Demo and Utility Software</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="newtcks.html">Newton</a> Rolling Demo (done with CKS Partners)</li>
<li>CD-ROM Data Retrieval Engine for <a href="texcav.html#softmart">Software Mart, Inc.</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="Apple"><i>The Apple Years</i></a></h2>
<p>Between 1979 and 1985, I worked on several interesting <a href="appleprj.html">projects with the education software division of Apple Computer, Inc.</a></p>
<h2><a name="Burroughs"><i>The Burroughs Years</i></a></h2>
<p><img src="michigan.png" alt="[Map of Michigan]" width="107" height="110"> In 1978 and 1979, I worked for Burroughs in Plymouth, Michigan. Our project team was implementing a language whose goal was to make development of business software on the Burroughs B-80 mini-computer quick and efficient. </p>
<p> Although the project did not become commercially available, it was a valuable experience for me. This was the first time I had left the university computing environment to work on a "real world" project.</p>
<h2><a name="Delaware"><i>The University of Delaware Years</i></a></h2>
<p>I worked as a system programmer at the <a href="http://www.udel.edu/">University of Delaware</a> in Newark, Delaware, USA. for two years.</p>
<p>Among the things I did were:</p>
<ul>
<li>User consulting</li>
<li>Team taught an "introduction to the Computing Center" course along with Ken Weiss.</li>
<li>Added a "desk calculator" feature to the Burroughs B6700 CANDE editor.</li>
<li>Wrote a mailing label utility program for the Oceanography department. (I was assisted by Dave Tall on this project.)</li>
<li>Translated Dartmouth University's IMPRESS statistics program from BASIC to ALGOL.</li>
<li>Wrote various small utility programs for the University's DEC-10.</li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="PLATO"><i>The PLATO Years</i></a></h2>
<p>While attending the <a href="http://www.uiuc.edu/extern/UofI_intro.html">University of Illinois</a> at Urbana, I worked on the PLATO computer-assisted instruction system. This system, running on a CDC mainframe, was truly ahead of its time. In the early 1970s it was able to serve 500 users simultaneously with less than a tenth second response to every keypress. Each user had a 512 by 512 pixel-addressable graphic terminal.</p>
<p> I started working on the elementary reading project under the direction of John T. Risken. I moved on to the Modern Hebrew project led by Dr. Roberta Stock. I worked my way up to lead programmer for the Modern Foreign Languages PLATO project, headed by Dr. M. Keith Myers.</p>
<h2><a name="UnivIll"><i>The University of Illinois Years</i></a></h2>
<p> As an undergraduate at the <a href="http://www.uiuc.edu/extern/UofI_intro.html">University of Illinois </a>, I took the usual range of computer science courses. I discovered the wonderful world of timesharing on the Burroughs B5500 at the Civil Engineering building. I wrote a program in ALGOL to do gymnastics scorekeeping, and used it to calculate the statistics for a national competition. I used an ASR-33 Teletype in the gym hooked up via acoustic coupler.</p>
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<title>Course Schedule: Spring 2000</title>
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<h1>The Department of Philosophy<br> at <a target="_top" href="http://www.brandeis.edu">Brandeis University</a></h1>
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<font size="6"> Philosophy Department Course Schedule: Spring 2000</font>
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<th> Course </th>
<th> Title </th>
<th> Time </th>
<th> Instructor </th>
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<tr>
<td> <b>PHIL 1A</b> </td>
<td> <b>INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY</b> </td>
<td> TF 12:00-1:30 </td>
<td> <b>Andreas Teuber</b> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>PHIL 1A</b> </td>
<td> <b>INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY</b> </td>
<td> MW 2:00-3:30 </td>
<td> <b> Robert Greenberg</b> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>PHIL 22B</b> </td>
<td> <b>PHILOSOPHY OF LAW</b> </td>
<td> TF 1:30-3:00 </td>
<td> <b>Andreas Teuber</b> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>PHIL 24A</b> </td>
<td> <b>PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION</b> </td>
<td> TF 10:30-12:00 </td>
<td> <b>Eli Hirsch</b> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>PHIL 39B</b> </td>
<td> <b>PHILOSOPHY OF MIND</b> </td>
<td> TF 9:00-10:30 </td>
<td> <b>Jerry Samet</b> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>USEM 63B</b> </td>
<td> <b>UNIVERSITY STUDIES SEMINAR</b> </td>
<td> TF 3:00-4:30 </td>
<td> <b>Alan Berger</b> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>PHIL 106B</b> </td>
<td> <b>MATHEMATICAL LOGIC</b> </td>
<td> T 4:30-7:30 </td>
<td> <b>Alan Berger</b> </td>
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<tr>
<td> <b>PHIL 114B</b> </td>
<td> <b>TOPICS IN ETHICAL THEORY</b> </td>
<td> MW 2:00-3:30 </td>
<td> <b>David Wong</b> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>PHIL 119B</b> </td>
<td> <b>CHINESE PHILOSOPHY</b> </td>
<td> MWTh 11:00-12:00 </td>
<td> <b>David Wong</b> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>PHIL 137A</b> </td>
<td> <b>INNATE KNOWLEDGE</b> </td>
<td> TF 12:00-1:30 </td>
<td> <b>Jerry Samet</b> </td>
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<td> <b>PHIL 144A</b> </td>
<td> <b>PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS OF SPACE &amp; TIME</b> </td>
<td> W 2:00-5:00 </td>
<td> <b>Eli Hirsch</b> </td>
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<td> <b>PHIL 161A</b> </td>
<td> <b>PLATO</b> </td>
<td> MW 3:30-5:00 </td>
<td> <b>Palle Yourgrau</b> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>PHIL 171B</b> </td>
<td> <b><img src="new01.gif" alt="new link" width="28" height="11"> &nbsp;&nbsp; PROBLEMS OF<br> <i>A PRIORI</i> KNOWLEDGE </b> </td>
<td> MW 5:00-6:30 </td>
<td> <b>Robert Greenberg</b> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<p> <br> </p>
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<p> <font size="5"></font></p>
<p align="CENTER"><font size="5">Department of Philosophy<br> Brandeis University<br> Rabb 305/MS 055<br> South Street<br> Waltham, MA 02254<br> (781) 736-2788<br> </font> <br> </p>
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<b><font face="Arial narrow"><font color="#000000"><font size="-1"> <a href="spring00.html">Spring 2000 Courses</a> | <a href="fall99.html">Fall 1999 Courses</a> | <a href="philosophy.html">Philosophy Main Page</a> | <a href="officehours.html">Office Hours</a> | <a href="http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~teuber/colloquia.html">Talks</a>
<hr> <font size="-2">April 15, 1999 <p>URL: http://www.brandeis.edu/departments/philosophy/philosophy.html <br><a href="http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~teuber/">Comments and Inquiries to webmaster@brandeis.edu</a> </p></font></font></font></font></b>
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<h1>Galileo and Einstein: Lecture Index</h1>
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<p><a href="../home.html" data-ajax="false">Galileo and Einstein Home Page</a> </p>
<h2>Galileo and Einstein: Lectures</h2>
<p><i><a href="//galileo.phys.virginia.edu/~mf1i/home.html" data-ajax="false">Michael Fowler</a></i> - <a href="//web.phys.virginia.edu/" data-ajax="false">University of Virginia Physics</a></p>
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<h3>Counting in Babylon</h3>
<p>Babylon had in all probability the earliest written language. At the same time, an elegant system of weights and measures kept the peace in the marketplace. Their method of counting was in some ways better than our present one! We look at some ancient math tables, and ideas about Pythagoras' theorem 1,000 years before Pythagoras.</p>
<p><a href="babylon.html" data-ajax="false">Link to lecture</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="babylon.pdf" data-ajax="false">PDF</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="Contando_en_Babilonia.htm" data-ajax="false">Spanish</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="https://www.homeyou.com/~edu/contando-em-babilonia">Portuguese</a></p>
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<h3>Early Greek Science: Thales to Plato</h3>
<p>In the ancient port city of Miletus, there took place a "discovery of nature": philosophers tried to understand natural phenomena without invoking the supernatural. The Greeks imported basic geometric ideas from Egypt, and developed them further. Members of the Pythagorean cult announced the famous theorem, and the (to them) alarming discovery of <i>irrational </i>numbers! The Greeks had some ideas about elements and atoms. Hippocrates looked for non-supernatural causes of disease. Plato formulated a rationale for higher education, and thought about atoms.</p>
<p><a href="thales.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="thales.pdf" data-ajax="false">PDF</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="LaPrimeraCienciaGriega.htm" data-ajax="false">Spanish Version</a></p>
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<h3>Motion in the Heavens: Stars, Sun, Moon, Planets</h3>
<p>A brief review for moderns of facts familiar to almost everybody in the ancient world: how the Sun, Moon and planets move through the sky over the course of time.</p>
<p><a href="starry~1.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<div data-role="collapsible">
<h3>Aristotle</h3>
<p>A brief look at <a href="aristot2.html" data-ajax="false">the beginnings of science and philosophy</a> in Athens: Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum. On to Aristotle's science: causes in living things and inanimate matter, Aristotle's elements, and laws of motion.</p>
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<h3>Measuring the Solar System</h3>
<p>We look at some startlingly good measurements by the Greeks of the size of the Earth and the distance to the Moon, and a less successful (but correct in principle) attempt to find the distance to the Sun. </p>
<p><a href="gkastr1.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<div data-role="collapsible">
<h3>Greek Science after Aristotle</h3>
<p>Strato understood that falling bodies pick up speed (contrary to Aristotle's assertions). Aristarchus gave a completely correct view of the solar system, anticipating Copernicus by 2,000 years or so. Science flourished for centuries in Alexandria, Egypt: Euclid, Apollonius, Hypatia and others lived there, Archimedes studied there. Archimedes understood leverage and buoyancy, developed military applications, approximated Pi very closely, and almost invented calculus! (See also the next lecture.) </p>
<p><a href="archimedes.htm" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture.</a></p>
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<div data-role="collapsible">
<h3>Basic Ideas in Greek Mathematics</h3>
<p>Nailing down the square root of 2. Zeno's paradoxes: Achilles and the tortoise. Proving an arrow can never move - analyzing motion, the beginning of calculus. How Archimedes calculated Pi to impressive accuracy, squared the circle, and did an integral to find the area of a sphere.</p>
<p> <a href="greek_math.htm" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture.</a></p>
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<div data-role="collapsible">
<h3>How the Greeks Used Geometry to Understand the Stars</h3>
<p>The universe is like an onion of crystal spheres: Plato, Eudoxus, Aristotle. More earthly ideas: Eudoxus and Aristarchus. Understanding planetary motion in terms of cycles and epicycles: Hipparchus and Ptolemy. These methods were refined to the point where they gave accurate predictions of planetary positions for centuries (even though Ptolemy believed the earth was at rest at the center of the universe). </p>
<p><a href="greek_astro.htm" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture.</a></p>
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<h3>How Greek Science Reached Baghdad</h3>
<p><a href="AthenstoBaghdad.htm" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="AthenstoBaghdad.pdf" data-ajax="false">PDF</a></p>
</div>
<div data-role="collapsible">
<h3>Some Later Islamic Science</h3>
<p><a href="IslamicScience.htm" data-ajax="false">Some Later Islamic Science</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="IslamicScience.pdf" data-ajax="false">PDF</a></p>
</div>
<div data-role="collapsible">
<h3>Galileo and the Telescope</h3>
<p>Copernicus challenged Ptolemy's worldview. Evolution of the telescope. Galileo saw mountains on the Moon, and estimated their height - the first indication that the Moon was Earthlike, not a perfect ethereal sphere at all.</p>
<p><a href="galtel.htm" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture.</a></p>
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<div data-role="collapsible">
<h3>Life of Galileo</h3>
<p>A few facts and anecdotes to try to give something of the flavor of Galileo's life and times, plus references to books for those who would like a more complete picture.</p>
<p><a href="gal_life.htm" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>Scaling: Why Giants Don't Exist</h3>
<p>One of Galileo's most important contributions to science (and engineering): the realization that since areas and volumes scale differently when the size of an object is increased keeping all proportions the same, physical properties of large objects may be dramatically different from similar small objects, not just scaled up versions of the same thing. We explore some of the consequences.</p>
<p><a href="scaling.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
</div>
<div data-role="collapsible">
<h3>Galileo's Acceleration Experiment</h3>
<p>Galileo argued against Aristotle's assertions that falling bodies fall at steady speeds, with heavier objects falling proportionately faster. Galileo argued that falling bodies<i> pick up speed at a steady rate</i> (until they move so fast that air resistance becomes important). He constructed an experiment to prove his point (and we reproduced it).</p>
<p><a href="gal_accn96.htm" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<div data-role="collapsible">
<h3>Naturally Accelerated Motion</h3>
<p>This lecture presents the core of Galileo's analysis of motion in free fall, which he referred to as "naturally accelerated motion". This is challenging material if you're new to it, but <i>crucial </i>in progressing from an Aristotelian or medieval worldview to that of Galileo and <st1:city w:st="on">
<st1:place w:st="on">
Newton
</st1:place>
</st1:city>, the basis of our modern understanding of nature. Galileo used his new-found understanding of falling motion to prove that a projectile follows a parabolic path, if air resistance can be ignored.</p>
<p><a href="gal_accn962.htm" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>Describing Motion</h3>
<p>A simple introduction to the modern way of describing motion using arrows - "vectors" - to indicate speed and direction. Galileo (and, later, Newton) made heavy use of Greek geometry in analyzing motion. It's much easier, and just as valid, to use vectors.</p>
<p><a href="vectors.htm" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler (summary)</h3>
<p> This lecture is here for anyone teaching from these notes who is running out of time! It summarizes the next three lectures, so you can get on to relativity.</p>
<p> However, if you do, you're missing out on two fascinating characters whose work gave Newton the essential clue he needed for his greatest achievement: establishing the inverse-square law of gravity.</p>
<p><a href="tycho.htm" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>Tycho Brahe</h3>
<p>Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), from a rich Danish noble family, was fascinated by astronomy, but disappointed with the accuracy of tables of planetary motion at the time. He decided to dedicate his life and considerable resources to recording planetary positions ten times more accurately than the best previous work. After some early successes (and in gratitude for having his life saved by Tycho's uncle) the king of Denmark gave Tycho tremendous resources: an island with many families on it, and money to build an observatory. </p>
<p><a href="//galileoandeinstein.phys.virginia.edu/1995/lectures/tychob.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>Johannes Kepler</h3>
<p>Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) believed God must have had some geometric reason for placing the six planets at the particular distances from the sun that they occupied. He thought it could only be related to the five perfect Platonic solids -- the orbit spheres were maybe just such that between two successive ones a Platonic solid would just fit. The data available at the time didn't rule this out, but Kepler realized that Tycho's precise recorded observations would settle the question one way or the other. He went to work with Tycho in 1600. Tycho died the next year. Kepler stole the data, and worked with it for nine years.</p>
<p><a href="//galileoandeinstein.phys.virginia.edu/1995/lectures/kepler.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>More Kepler</h3>
<p>Working with Tycho's data, Kepler reluctantly concluded that his beautiful Platonic universe was incorrect. In fact, he found, the planetary orbits were ellipses, and the speed of the planet in the orbit varied in a precise way. These discoveries were pivotal in establishing Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.</p>
<p><a href="//galileoandeinstein.phys.virginia.edu/1995/lectures/morekepl.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>Isaac Newton</h3>
<p>A brief account of Newton's life, followed by a discussion of perhaps his most important insight: that a cannonball shot horizontally, and fast enough, from an imagined mountaintop above the atmosphere might orbit the earth. This tied together Galileo's understanding of projectiles with the motion of the moon, and was the first direct understanding (as opposed to description) of motion in the heavens.</p>
<p><a href="newton.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>How Newton Built on Galileo's Ideas</h3>
<p>Newton's famous Laws of Motion generalized and extended Galileo's discussion of falling objects and projectiles. Putting these laws together with his Law of Universal Gravitation, Newton was able to account for the observed motions of all the planets. This lecture gives a careful development of the basic concepts underlying Newton's Laws, in particular the tricky concept of acceleration in a moving body that is changing direction - essential to really understanding planetary motion.</p>
<p><a href="newtongl.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>Newton Clarifies the Concept of Force</h3>
<p>We look a little deeper into the development of Newton's idea of force, and present a vivid picture he constructed to understand circular motion as being motion subject to a constant perpendicular force, in contrast to the earlier view of it as "natural" motion of planets, etc.</p>
<p><a href="Newtons2ndLaw1.htm" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>The Speed of Light</h3>
<p>Aristotle thought it was infinite, Galileo tried unsuccessfully to measure it with lanterns on hilltops, a Danish astronomer found it first by observing Jupiter's moons. Rival Frenchmen found it quite accurately about 1850, but a far more precise experiment was carried out in 1879 in Annapolis, Maryland by Albert Abraham Michelson.</p>
<p><a href="spedlite.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>The Michelson-Morley Experiment</h3>
<p>By the late 1800's, it had been established that light was wavelike, and in fact consisted of waving electric and magnetic fields. These fields were thought somehow to be oscillations in a material aether, a transparent, light yet hard substance that filled the universe (since we see light from far away). Michelson devised an experiment to detect the earth's motion through this aether, and the result contributed to the development of special relativity.</p>
<p><a href="michelson.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="Michelson-Morley_Sp.htm" data-ajax="false">Spanish Version</a></p>
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<h3>Special Relativity</h3>
<p>Galileo had long ago observed that in a closed windowless room below decks in a smoothly moving ship, it was impossible to do an experiment to tell if the ship really was moving. Physicists call this "Galilean relativity" - the laws of motion are the same in a smoothly moving room (that is to say, one that isn't accelerating)as in a room "at rest". Einstein generalized the notion to include the more recently discovered laws concerning electric and magnetic fields, and hence light. He deduced some surprising consequences, recounted below.</p>
<p><a href="spec_rel.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>Special Relativity: What Time Is It?</h3>
<p>The first amazing consequence of Einstein's seemingly innocuous generalization of Galileo's observation is that time must pass differently for observers moving relative to one another - moving clocks run slow. We show how this comes about, and review the experimental evidence that it really happens. We also show that if times pass differently for different observers, lengths must look different too.</p>
<p><a href="srelwhat.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>Special Relativity: Synchronizing Clocks</h3>
<p>Another essential ingredient in the relativistic brew is that if I synchronize two clocks at opposite ends of a train I'm on, say, they will <i>not </i>appear to be synchronized to someone on the ground watching the train go by. (Of course, the discrepancy is tiny at ordinary speeds, but becomes important for speeds comparable to that of light).</p>
<p><a href="synchronizing.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>Time Dilation: A Worked Example</h3>
<p>At first sight, it seems impossible that each of two observers can claim the other one's clock runs slow. Surely one of them must be wrong? We give a detailed analysis to demonstrate that this is a perfectly logically consistent situation, when one remembers also to include effects of length contraction and of lack of synchronization - special relativity makes perfect sense!</p>
<p><a href="time_dil.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>More Relativity: the Train and the Twins</h3>
<p>Some famous paradoxes raised in attempts to show that special relativity was self-contradictory. We show how they were resolved.</p>
<p><a href="sreltwins.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>Momentum, Work and Energy</h3>
<p>An elementary review of these basic concepts in physics, placed here for the convenience of nonscience majors who may be a little rusty on these things, and will need them to appreciate something of what relativity has to say about dynamics - the science of motion.</p>
<p><a href="momentum.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h3>Adding Velocities: A Walk on the Train</h3>
<p>A straight forward application of the new relativistic concepts of time dilation, length contraction etc., reveals that if you walk at exactly 3 m.p.h. towards the front of a train that's going exactly 60 m.p.h., your speed relative to the ground is not 63 m.p.h. but a very tiny bit less! Again, this difference from common sense is only detectable if one of the speeds is comparable with that of light, but then it becomes very important.</p>
<p><a href="adding_vels.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
</div>
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<h3>Conserving Momentum: the Relativistic Mass Increase</h3>
<p>How the very general physical principle of momentum conservation in collisions, when put together with special relativity, predicts that an object's mass increases with its speed, and how this startling prediction has been verified experimentally many times over. The increase in mass is related to the increase in kinetic energy by <i>E</i> = <i>mc</i><sup>2</sup>. This formula turns out to be more general: any kind of energy, not just kinetic energy, is associated with a mass increase in this way. In particular, the tight binding energies of nuclei, corresponding to the energy released in nuclear weapons, can be measured simply by weighing nuclei of the elements involved.</p>
<p><a href="mass_increase.html" data-ajax="false">Link to Lecture</a></p>
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<h1><p> Text is available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" data-ajax="false">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License</a>. </p></h1>
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<td width="100%" height="100%" class="text"><h1 align="center">DataFreeway - free SSH (SSH1, SSH2, SFTP), WebDAV, FTP GUI Client for Windows </h1><h2 class="p-editor"><b>Now you can have Linux and Unix folders right on your Windows Desktop!</b></h2> <p> <img src="ssh-webdav-ftp-sftp-client/SSH-We2.jpg" align="left" hspace="10" border="0" width="140" height="140" alt="GUI for PuTTY"> Many corporate networks typically include Linux and Unix servers that host their most critical applications, while the network users stick with the familiarity of Windows.&nbsp;</p> <p> EngInSite DataFreeway lets you get access to any and all of the remote servers from inside your Windows desktop. Familiar Microsoft Explorer Interface will make file operations easy no matter what protocol you use.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>DataFreeway is an innovative network, plug-in based <b>freeware GUI client </b> supporting multiple transfer protocols. Its user interface provides a simple, protocol independent way to transfer data. Standard techniques like <b>drag-and-drop </b>and <b>copy-and-paste</b> let users transfer files between servers running different transfer protocols, as well as enabling users to download/upload files to/from a local machine.&nbsp;</p> <b>Secure</b><br> Protect logins and transfers using industry standard SSH1, SSH2 (both RSA and DSA public key authentication), or SFTP based protocols (some call our program <b>GUI for <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/" target="_blank">PuTTY</a></b> *). <p><b>Transfer</b><br> - Text file awareness, recursive subdirectory transfers;<br> - Powerful, advanced transfer list management;<br> - Fast responsiveness to user input even when in the middle of multiple file transfers.</p> <p><b>Manage</b><br> - Edit or view remote content, synchronize or backup your site,<b> monitor a folder or files for changes</b> and perform a host of other site management operations.</p> <p><b>Total Affordability&nbsp;</b><br> - There is no match on the market. Guaranteed. This is&nbsp; <b>freeware.</b></p> <p><b>Convenience&nbsp;</b><br> - <u> Put shortcut to your SSH, FTP or WebDAV folder on the desktop.</u> Now your data is only one click away.</p> <p>Currently we support <b>SSH</b> (<b>SSH1</b> and <b>SSH2</b>), <b>WebDAV</b>, common <b>FTP</b> and secure <b>SFTP</b> protocols.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="center"> <img border="0" src="ssh-webdav-ftp-sftp-client/FFScreenshotFull.gif" alt="GUI for PuTTY" width="325" height="300"></p> <p align="center"> &nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: center"> <b><a href="Download.htm#Freeware">Download DataFreeway</a></b></p> <p>&nbsp;</p></td>
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<td width="168" height="30" class="menu-prod">&nbsp;<p>My new discovery is DataFreeway, created by LuckaSoft Software. It supports standard FTP as well as the secure FTPS protocol. Best of all, on web servers that also support SSH (Secure Shell terminal access), you can also use that protocol in a manner that makes it look like Windows File Manger. (Normal SSH looks like a Dec VAX operator's console from the late 1970s.) I use SSH a lot but others who maintain web sites might go for years without needing SSH</p> <p>DataFreeway is a very useful program: easier to use than any of its competitors I have seen, easy to install, and available free of charge.</p> <p> <a target="_blank" href="http://eogn.typepad.com/eastmans_online_genealogy/2005/02/datafreeway_for.html"> Dick Eastman</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td>
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<p>* Our SSH code is based on the well-tested popular <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/" target="_blank">Putty</a> (v 0.56) open source project</p>
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<td width="100%" height="39" class="tex-copyright">EnginSite(TM) is a trademark of Luckasoft Software. No reproduction is permitted without explicit written permission. <br>Copyright 2001-2004 Luckasoft Software. All rights reserved.</td>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>PuTTY bug ssh.com-userauth-refused</title>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/wishlist/ssh.com-userauth-refused.html">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../sitestyle.css" title="PuTTY Home Page Style">
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<body>
<h1 align="center">PuTTY bug ssh.com-userauth-refused</h1>
<div align="center" class="mirrorwarning">
This is a mirror. Follow this link to find <a href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">the primary PuTTY web site</a>.
</div>
<p align="center"> <a href="../">Home</a> | <a href="../faq.html">FAQ</a> | <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback</a> | <a href="../licence.html">Licence</a> | <a href="../maillist.html">Updates</a> | <a href="../mirrors.html">Mirrors</a> | <a href="../keys.html">Keys</a> | <a href="../links.html">Links</a> | <a href="../team.html">Team</a> <br> Download: <a href="../latest.html">Stable</a> · <a href="../snapshot.html">Snapshot</a> | <a href="../docs.html">Docs</a> | <a href="../changes.html">Changes</a> | <a href="./">Wishlist</a> </p> <b>summary</b>: Breakage when compression enabled with ssh.com 3.2.0 server
<br> <b>class</b>: <i>bug:</i> This is clearly an actual problem we want fixed.
<br> <b>present-in</b>: 2002-07-02 2002-08-04
<br> <b>fixed-in</b>: 2002-08-09 <a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git;a=commitdiff;h=e8ab51144271847f7cc6a722e35c28e35587eff5">e8ab51144271847f7cc6a722e35c28e35587eff5</a> 0.53
<br>
<p> We've received reports of the message "Server refused user authentication protocol" when attempting to connect to an <a href="http://www.ssh.com/products/ssh/">ssh.com</a> server (version string "SSH-2.0-3.2.0 SSH Secure Shell (non-commercial)") with compression enabled. Connection is fine when compression is disabled. </p>
<p> In the code, this message corresponds to not receiving the right response to a "ssh-userauth" service request in SSH-2. </p>
<p> We've also heard of problems with port-forwarding with compression enabled. </p>
<p> <em>Update:</em> We believe that the bug in talking to ssh.com 3.2 with compression enabled has been fixed as of 2002-08-09. We've had one confirmation. </p>
<p></p>
<hr> If you want to comment on this web site, see the <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback page</a>.
<br>
<div class="audit">
<a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty-wishlist.git;a=history;f=data/ssh.com-userauth-refused;hb=refs/heads/main">Audit trail</a> for this bug.
</div>
<div class="timestamp">
(last revision of this bug record was at 2016-12-27 11:40:22 +0000)
</div>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>PuTTY Feedback and Bug Reporting</title>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/feedback.html">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="sitestyle.css" title="PuTTY Home Page Style">
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow">
</head>
<body>
<h1 align="center">PuTTY Feedback and Bug Reporting</h1>
<div align="center" class="mirrorwarning">
This is a mirror. Follow this link to find <a href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">the primary PuTTY web site</a>.
</div>
<p align="center"> <a href="./">Home</a> | <a href="faq.html">FAQ</a> | <b>Feedback</b> | <a href="licence.html">Licence</a> | <a href="maillist.html">Updates</a> | <a href="mirrors.html">Mirrors</a> | <a href="keys.html">Keys</a> | <a href="links.html">Links</a> | <a href="team.html">Team</a> <br> Download: <a href="latest.html">Stable</a> &middot; <a href="snapshot.html">Snapshot</a> | <a href="docs.html">Docs</a> | <a href="changes.html">Changes</a> | <a href="wishlist/">Wishlist</a> </p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#feedback">Appendix B: Feedback and bug reporting</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#feedback-general">B.1 General guidelines</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#feedback-largefiles">B.1.1 Sending large attachments</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-other-fora">B.1.2 Other places to ask for help</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-bugs">B.2 Reporting bugs</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-vulns">B.3 Reporting security vulnerabilities</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-features">B.4 Requesting extra features</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-feature-priority">B.5 Requesting features that have already been requested</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-support">B.6 Support requests</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-webadmin">B.7 Web server administration</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-permission">B.8 Asking permission for things</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-mirrors">B.9 Mirroring the PuTTY web site</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-compliments">B.10 Praise and compliments</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-address">B.11 E-mail address</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h1><a name="feedback"></a><a name="AB"></a>Appendix B: <a name="i0"></a>Feedback and <a name="i1"></a>bug reporting</h1>
<p> This is a guide to providing feedback to the PuTTY development team. It is provided as both a web page on the PuTTY site, and an appendix in the PuTTY manual. </p>
<p> <a href="#feedback-general">Section B.1</a> gives some general guidelines for sending any kind of e-mail to the development team. Following sections give more specific guidelines for particular types of e-mail, such as bug reports and feature requests. </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-general"></a><a name="SB.1"></a>B.1 General guidelines</h2>
<p> The PuTTY development team gets a <em>lot</em> of mail. If you can possibly solve your own problem by reading the manual, reading the FAQ, reading the web site, asking a fellow user, perhaps posting to a newsgroup (see <a href="#feedback-other-fora">section B.1.2</a>), or some other means, then it would make our lives much easier. </p>
<p> We get so much e-mail that we literally do not have time to answer it all. We regret this, but there's nothing we can do about it. So if you can <em>possibly</em> avoid sending mail to the PuTTY team, we recommend you do so. In particular, support requests (<a href="#feedback-support">section B.6</a>) are probably better sent to newsgroups, or passed to a local expert if possible. </p>
<p> The PuTTY contact email address is a private <a name="i2"></a>mailing list containing four or five core developers. Don't be put off by it being a mailing list: if you need to send confidential data as part of a bug report, you can trust the people on the list to respect that confidence. Also, the archives aren't publicly available, so you shouldn't be letting yourself in for any spam by sending us mail. </p>
<p> Please use a meaningful subject line on your message. We get a lot of mail, and it's hard to find the message we're looking for if they all have subject lines like &#x2018;PuTTY bug&#x2019;. </p>
<h3><a name="feedback-largefiles"></a><a name="SB.1.1"></a>B.1.1 Sending large attachments</h3>
<p> Since the PuTTY contact address is a mailing list, e-mails larger than 40Kb will be held for inspection by the list administrator, and will not be allowed through unless they really appear to be worth their large size. </p>
<p> If you are considering sending any kind of large data file to the PuTTY team, it's almost always a bad idea, or at the very least it would be better to ask us first whether we actually need the file. Alternatively, you could put the file on a web site and just send us the URL; that way, we don't have to download it unless we decide we actually need it, and only one of us needs to download it instead of it being automatically copied to all the developers. </p>
<p> (If the file contains confidential information, then you could encrypt it with our Secure Contact Key; see <a href="keys.html#pgpkeys-pubkey">section E.1</a> for details.) </p>
<p> Some people like to send mail in MS Word format. Please <em>don't</em> send us bug reports, or any other mail, as a Word document. Word documents are roughly fifty times larger than writing the same report in plain text. In addition, most of the PuTTY team read their e-mail on Unix machines, so copying the file to a Windows box to run Word is very inconvenient. Not only that, but several of us don't even <em>have</em> a copy of Word! </p>
<p> Some people like to send us screen shots when demonstrating a problem. Please don't do this without checking with us first - we almost never actually need the information in the screen shot. Sending a screen shot of an error box is almost certainly unnecessary when you could just tell us in plain text what the error was. (On some versions of Windows, pressing Ctrl-C when the error box is displayed will copy the text of the message to the clipboard.) Sending a full-screen shot is <em>occasionally</em> useful, but it's probably still wise to check whether we need it before sending it. </p>
<p> If you <em>must</em> mail a screen shot, don't send it as a <code>.BMP</code> file. <code>BMP</code>s have no compression and they are <em>much</em> larger than other image formats such as PNG, TIFF and GIF. Convert the file to a properly compressed image format before sending it. </p>
<p> Please don't mail us executables, at all. Our mail server blocks all incoming e-mail containing executables, as a defence against the vast numbers of e-mail viruses we receive every day. If you mail us an executable, it will just bounce. </p>
<p> If you have made a tiny modification to the PuTTY code, please send us a <em>patch</em> to the source code if possible, rather than sending us a huge <code>.ZIP</code> file containing the complete sources plus your modification. If you've only changed 10 lines, we'd prefer to receive a mail that's 30 lines long than one containing multiple megabytes of data we already have. </p>
<h3><a name="feedback-other-fora"></a><a name="SB.1.2"></a>B.1.2 Other places to ask for help</h3>
<p> There are two Usenet newsgroups that are particularly relevant to the PuTTY tools: </p>
<ul>
<li> <a href="news:comp.security.ssh"><code>comp.security.ssh</code></a>, for questions specific to using the SSH protocol; </li>
<li> <a href="news:comp.terminals"><code>comp.terminals</code></a>, for issues relating to terminal emulation (for instance, keyboard problems). </li>
</ul>
<p> Please use the newsgroup most appropriate to your query, and remember that these are general newsgroups, not specifically about PuTTY. </p>
<p> If you don't have direct access to Usenet, you can access these newsgroups through Google Groups (<a href="http://groups.google.com/"><code>groups.google.com</code></a>). </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-bugs"></a><a name="SB.2"></a>B.2 Reporting bugs</h2>
<p> If you think you have found a bug in PuTTY, your first steps should be: </p>
<ul>
<li> Check the <a href="wishlist/">Wishlist page</a> on the PuTTY website, and see if we already know about the problem. If we do, it is almost certainly not necessary to mail us about it, unless you think you have extra information that might be helpful to us in fixing it. (Of course, if we actually <em>need</em> specific extra information about a particular bug, the Wishlist page will say so.) </li>
<li> Check the <a href="changes.html">Change Log</a> on the PuTTY website, and see if we have already fixed the bug in the <a name="i3"></a>development snapshots. </li>
<li> Check the <a href="faq.html">FAQ</a> on the PuTTY website (also provided as <a href="faq.html#faq">appendix A</a> in the manual), and see if it answers your question. The FAQ lists the most common things which people think are bugs, but which aren't bugs. </li>
<li> Download the latest development snapshot and see if the problem still happens with that. This really is worth doing. As a general rule we aren't very interested in bugs that appear in the release version but not in the development version, because that usually means they are bugs we have <em>already fixed</em>. On the other hand, if you can find a bug in the development version that doesn't appear in the release, that's likely to be a new bug we've introduced since the release and we're definitely interested in it. </li>
</ul>
<p> If none of those options solved your problem, and you still need to report a bug to us, it is useful if you include some general information: </p>
<ul>
<li> Tell us what <a name="i4"></a>version of PuTTY you are running. To find this out, use the &#x2018;About PuTTY&#x2019; option from the System menu. Please <em>do not</em> just tell us &#x2018;I'm running the latest version&#x2019;; e-mail can be delayed and it may not be obvious which version was the latest at the time you sent the message. </li>
<li> PuTTY is a multi-platform application; tell us what version of what OS you are running PuTTY on. (If you're running on Unix, or Windows for Alpha, tell us, or we'll assume you're running on Windows for Intel as this is overwhelmingly the case.) </li>
<li> Tell us what protocol you are connecting with: SSH, Telnet, Rlogin or Raw mode. </li>
<li> Tell us what kind of server you are connecting to; what OS, and if possible what SSH server (if you're using SSH). You can get some of this information from the PuTTY Event Log (see <a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/htmldoc/Chapter3.html#using-eventlog">section 3.1.3.1</a> in the manual). </li>
<li> Send us the contents of the PuTTY Event Log, unless you have a specific reason not to (for example, if it contains confidential information that you think we should be able to solve your problem without needing to know). </li>
<li> Try to give us as much information as you can to help us see the problem for ourselves. If possible, give us a step-by-step sequence of <em>precise</em> instructions for reproducing the fault. </li>
<li> Don't just tell us that PuTTY &#x2018;does the wrong thing&#x2019;; tell us exactly and precisely what it did, and also tell us exactly and precisely what you think it should have done instead. Some people tell us PuTTY does the wrong thing, and it turns out that it was doing the right thing and their expectations were wrong. Help to avoid this problem by telling us exactly what you think it should have done, and exactly what it did do. </li>
<li> If you think you can, you're welcome to try to fix the problem yourself. A <a name="i5"></a>patch to the code which fixes a bug is an excellent addition to a bug report. However, a patch is never a <em>substitute</em> for a good bug report; if your patch is wrong or inappropriate, and you haven't supplied us with full information about the actual bug, then we won't be able to find a better solution. </li>
<li> <a href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html"><code>https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html</code></a> is an article on how to report bugs effectively in general. If your bug report is <em>particularly</em> unclear, we may ask you to go away, read this article, and then report the bug again. </li>
</ul>
<p> It is reasonable to report bugs in PuTTY's documentation, if you think the documentation is unclear or unhelpful. But we do need to be given exact details of <em>what</em> you think the documentation has failed to tell you, or <em>how</em> you think it could be made clearer. If your problem is simply that you don't <em>understand</em> the documentation, we suggest posting to a newsgroup (see <a href="#feedback-other-fora">section B.1.2</a>) and seeing if someone will explain what you need to know. <em>Then</em>, if you think the documentation could usefully have told you that, send us a bug report and explain how you think we should change it. </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-vulns"></a><a name="SB.3"></a>B.3 Reporting security vulnerabilities</h2>
<p> If you've found a security vulnerability in PuTTY, you might well want to notify us using an encrypted communications channel, to avoid disclosing information about the vulnerability before a fixed release is available. </p>
<p> For this purpose, we provide a GPG key suitable for encryption: the Secure Contact Key. See <a href="keys.html#pgpkeys-pubkey">section E.1</a> for details of this. </p>
<p> (Of course, vulnerabilities are also bugs, so please do include as much information as possible about them, the same way you would with any other bug report.) </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-features"></a><a name="SB.4"></a>B.4 Requesting extra features</h2>
<p> If you want to request a new feature in PuTTY, the very first things you should do are: </p>
<ul>
<li> Check the <a href="wishlist/">Wishlist page</a> on the PuTTY website, and see if your feature is already on the list. If it is, it probably won't achieve very much to repeat the request. (But see <a href="#feedback-feature-priority">section B.5</a> if you want to persuade us to give your particular feature higher priority.) </li>
<li> Check the Wishlist and <a href="changes.html">Change Log</a> on the PuTTY website, and see if we have already added your feature in the development snapshots. If it isn't clear, download the latest development snapshot and see if the feature is present. If it is, then it will also be in the next release and there is no need to mail us at all. </li>
</ul>
<p> If you can't find your feature in either the development snapshots <em>or</em> the Wishlist, then you probably do need to submit a feature request. Since the PuTTY authors are very busy, it helps if you try to do some of the work for us: </p>
<ul>
<li> Do as much of the design as you can. Think about &#x2018;corner cases&#x2019;; think about how your feature interacts with other existing features. Think about the user interface; if you can't come up with a simple and intuitive interface to your feature, you shouldn't be surprised if we can't either. Always imagine whether it's possible for there to be more than one, or less than one, of something you'd assumed there would be one of. (For example, if you were to want PuTTY to put an icon in the System tray rather than the Taskbar, you should think about what happens if there's more than one PuTTY active; how would the user tell which was which?) </li>
<li> If you can program, it may be worth offering to write the feature yourself and send us a patch. However, it is likely to be helpful if you confer with us first; there may be design issues you haven't thought of, or we may be about to make big changes to the code which your patch would clash with, or something. If you check with the maintainers first, there is a better chance of your code actually being usable. Also, read the design principles listed in <a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/htmldoc/AppendixD.html#udp">appendix D</a>: if you do not conform to them, we will probably not be able to accept your patch. </li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="feedback-feature-priority"></a><a name="SB.5"></a>B.5 Requesting features that have already been requested</h2>
<p> If a feature is already listed on the Wishlist, then it usually means we would like to add it to PuTTY at some point. However, this may not be in the near future. If there's a feature on the Wishlist which you would like to see in the <em>near</em> future, there are several things you can do to try to increase its priority level: </p>
<ul>
<li> Mail us and vote for it. (Be sure to mention that you've seen it on the Wishlist, or we might think you haven't even <em>read</em> the Wishlist). This probably won't have very <em>much</em> effect; if a huge number of people vote for something then it may make a difference, but one or two extra votes for a particular feature are unlikely to change our priority list immediately. Offering a new and compelling justification might help. Also, don't expect a reply. </li>
<li> Offer us money if we do the work sooner rather than later. This sometimes works, but not always. The PuTTY team all have full-time jobs and we're doing all of this work in our free time; we may sometimes be willing to give up some more of our free time in exchange for some money, but if you try to bribe us for a <em>big</em> feature it's entirely possible that we simply won't have the time to spare - whether you pay us or not. (Also, we don't accept bribes to add <em>bad</em> features to the Wishlist, because our desire to provide high-quality software to the users comes first.) </li>
<li> Offer to help us write the code. This is probably the <em>only</em> way to get a feature implemented quickly, if it's a big one that we don't have time to do ourselves. </li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="feedback-support"></a><a name="SB.6"></a>B.6 <a name="i6"></a>Support requests</h2>
<p> If you're trying to make PuTTY do something for you and it isn't working, but you're not sure whether it's a bug or not, then <em>please</em> consider looking for help somewhere else. This is one of the most common types of mail the PuTTY team receives, and we simply don't have time to answer all the questions. Questions of this type include: </p>
<ul>
<li> If you want to do something with PuTTY but have no idea where to start, and reading the manual hasn't helped, try posting to a newsgroup (see <a href="#feedback-other-fora">section B.1.2</a>) and see if someone can explain it to you. </li>
<li> If you have tried to do something with PuTTY but it hasn't worked, and you aren't sure whether it's a bug in PuTTY or a bug in your SSH server or simply that you're not doing it right, then try posting to a newsgroup (see <a href="#feedback-other-fora">section B.1.2</a>) and see if someone can solve your problem. Or try doing the same thing with a different SSH client and see if it works with that. Please do not report it as a PuTTY bug unless you are really sure it <em>is</em> a bug in PuTTY. </li>
<li> If someone else installed PuTTY for you, or you're using PuTTY on someone else's computer, try asking them for help first. They're more likely to understand how they installed it and what they expected you to use it for than we are. </li>
<li> If you have successfully made a connection to your server and now need to know what to type at the server's command prompt, or other details of how to use the server-end software, talk to your server's system administrator. This is not the PuTTY team's problem. PuTTY is only a communications tool, like a telephone; if you can't speak the same language as the person at the other end of the phone, it isn't the telephone company's job to teach it to you. </li>
</ul>
<p> If you absolutely cannot get a support question answered any other way, you can try mailing it to us, but we can't guarantee to have time to answer it. </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-webadmin"></a><a name="SB.7"></a>B.7 Web server administration</h2>
<p> If the PuTTY <a name="i7"></a>web site is down (Connection Timed Out), please don't bother mailing us to tell us about it. Most of us read our e-mail on the same machines that host the web site, so if those machines are down then we will notice <em>before</em> we read our e-mail. So there's no point telling us our servers are down. </p>
<p> Of course, if the web site has some other error (Connection Refused, 404 Not Found, 403 Forbidden, or something else) then we might <em>not</em> have noticed and it might still be worth telling us about it. </p>
<p> If you want to report a problem with our web site, check that you're looking at our <em>real</em> web site and not a mirror. The real web site is at <a href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/"><code>https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/</code></a>; if that's not where you're reading this, then don't report the problem to us until you've checked that it's really a problem with the main site. If it's only a problem with the mirror, you should try to contact the administrator of that mirror site first, and only contact us if that doesn't solve the problem (in case we need to remove the mirror from our list). </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-permission"></a><a name="SB.8"></a>B.8 Asking permission for things</h2>
<p> PuTTY is distributed under the MIT Licence (see <a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/htmldoc/AppendixC.html#licence">appendix C</a> for details). This means you can do almost <em>anything</em> you like with our software, our source code, and our documentation. The only things you aren't allowed to do are to remove our copyright notices or the licence text itself, or to hold us legally responsible if something goes wrong. </p>
<p> So if you want permission to include PuTTY on a magazine cover disk, or as part of a collection of useful software on a CD or a web site, then <em>permission is already granted</em>. You don't have to mail us and ask. Just go ahead and do it. We don't mind. </p>
<p> (If you want to distribute PuTTY alongside your own application for use with that application, or if you want to distribute PuTTY within your own organisation, then we recommend, but do not insist, that you offer your own first-line technical support, to answer questions about the interaction of PuTTY with your environment. If your users mail us directly, we won't be able to tell them anything useful about your specific setup.) </p>
<p> If you want to use parts of the PuTTY source code in another program, then it might be worth mailing us to talk about technical details, but if all you want is to ask permission then you don't need to bother. You already have permission. </p>
<p> If you just want to link to our web site, just go ahead. (It's not clear that we <em>could</em> stop you doing this, even if we wanted to!) </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-mirrors"></a><a name="SB.9"></a>B.9 Mirroring the PuTTY web site</h2>
<p> If you want to set up a mirror of the PuTTY website, go ahead and set one up. Please don't bother asking us for permission before setting up a mirror. You already have permission. </p>
<p> If the mirror is in a country where we don't already have plenty of mirrors, we may be willing to add it to the list on our <a href="mirrors.html">mirrors page</a>. Read the guidelines on that page, make sure your mirror works, and email us the information listed at the bottom of the page. </p>
<p> Note that we do not <em>promise</em> to list your mirror: we get a lot of mirror notifications and yours may not happen to find its way to the top of the list. </p>
<p> Also note that we link to all our mirror sites using the <code>rel="nofollow"</code> attribute. Running a PuTTY mirror is not intended to be a cheap way to gain search rankings. </p>
<p> If you have technical questions about the process of mirroring, then you might want to mail us before setting up the mirror (see also the <a href="mirrors.html#guidelines">guidelines on the Mirrors page</a>); but if you just want to ask for permission, you don't need to. You already have permission. </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-compliments"></a><a name="SB.10"></a>B.10 Praise and compliments</h2>
<p> One of the most rewarding things about maintaining free software is getting e-mails that just say &#x2018;thanks&#x2019;. We are always happy to receive e-mails of this type. </p>
<p> Regrettably we don't have time to answer them all in person. If you mail us a compliment and don't receive a reply, <em>please</em> don't think we've ignored you. We did receive it and we were happy about it; we just didn't have time to tell you so personally. </p>
<p> To everyone who's ever sent us praise and compliments, in the past and the future: <em>you're welcome</em>! </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-address"></a><a name="SB.11"></a>B.11 E-mail address</h2>
<p> The actual address to mail is <code>&lt;<a href="mailto:putty@projects.tartarus.org">putty@projects.tartarus.org</a>&gt;</code>. </p>
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<p class="centre"><a href="plato.htm">English section</a> - <a href="sitemap.htm">Map of site</a> - <a href="fr/plato.htm">Partie en français</a> - <a href="sitemap.htm">Plan du site</a><br> <font size="-1">© 1996, 2001 <a href="mailto:bernard.suzanne@polytechnique.org">Bernard SUZANNE</a></font></p>
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<h1>Secure iXplorer - Purchasing</h1>
<h3>Only $29.90 per license!</h3>
<h3>Purchasing Notes</h3>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Buy from one of the two Internet stores below.</li>
<li>After purchasing your registration code for unlocking the evaluation version will be sent by email</li>
<li>The registration code is automatically valid for all upgrades within the 1.xx series</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p><br></p>
<p></p>
<p>Purchase on-line, by fax, telephone or postal mail from:<br> <a href="http://www.regsoft.net/purchase.php3?productid=51999"> <img src="/regsoft.gif" alt="Purchase Secure iXplorer NOW at www.RegSoft.com"> </a> </p>
<p>... or purchase on-line in different currencies from:<br><a href="https://order.kagi.com/?HPV"><img src="/logo_kagi.gif" border="0" alt="Purchase Secure iXplorer NOW at www.kagi.com"></a> <!--width="75" height="23"--> </p>
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<blockquote> <font face="Arial,Helvetica" size="3"> <b>Latest version is 1.31</b>
<hr> <p><strong>Improvements:</strong> </p>
<ul>
<li>Latest version of Putty (0.58) is included in the install distribution</li>
<li>This is a <strong>security update</strong>. Please upgrade from earlier versions to this!</li>
</ul> <p></p> <p> <strong>Registered users</strong>: <br>This is a <strong>free upgrade</strong> </p> <p><strong>Non registered users</strong>: <br>Downloading this upgrade entitles to the <strong>full trial duration</strong> -even if the previous version has expired </p> </font>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Ipvanish VPN</h1>
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<p>Below you will find a guide on how to connect your Amahi server HDA as a client to Ipvanish VPN. <br>We are going to connect your HDA through a VPN tunnel to Ipvanish's servers. We will ssh into your HDA, show your current IP addresses Geo location and then connect to Ipvanish's servers and show the geolocation again. I will also introduce you to ways on how to check that your HDA is definitely connected by using a shell based text browser called lynx. Connecting is not a problem as such. I have yet to find a clean way to disconnect the VPN tunnel. in the last part of this tutorial we will disconnect from the VPN tunnel manually ( the hard way). </p>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#What_is_Ipvanish"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">What is Ipvanish</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Prerequisites"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Prerequisites</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Getting_your_config_files"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Getting your config files</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Connecting_to_your_VPN"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Connecting to your VPN</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Confirming_your_Ipvanish_VPN_connection"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Confirming your Ipvanish VPN connection</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Disconnecting_Ipvanish_VPN"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Disconnecting Ipvanish VPN</span></a></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="What_is_Ipvanish">What is Ipvanish</span></h2>
<p>Ipvanish is a service that allows you to connect through a secure VPN tunnel and change your locations IP address. this is in particular useful if you need to browse something that is not accessible for your country location. read more about IPvanish <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipvanish.com">here</a> </p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Prerequisites">Prerequisites</span></h2>
<p>- This tutorial assumes that you are running your Amahi HDA headless on version 9 based on fedora 23. Installation instructions can be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.amahi.org/index.php/Amahi_9_Install">here</a> <br>- You have Openvpn server installed. ( for this tutorial we purchased the amahi app for openvpn). can be purchased <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amahi.org/apps/openvpn">here</a> <br>- Please understand that this tutorial is not perfect as closing the VPN tunnel still requires some manual work. <br>- I am currently working on a shell script that will allow you to connect , show the status of your geolocation and disconnect. </p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Getting_your_config_files">Getting your config files</span></h2>
<p>You will need to browse on another computer to the location of Ipvanish's config files and decide which location config file you would like to use. please see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipvanish.com/software/configs/">here </a> <br> For this example I have used ipvanish-NL-Amsterdam-ams-a17.ovpn. You will also need the certificate file ca.ipvanish.com.crt <br> <br>lets ssh into our HDA server and get these files. <br> open a terminal window using putty or for linux or mac just use terminal. <br><br> <code>ssh username@your_hda_ip_adress</code> <br> replace <code>ssh username</code> with your HDA login credentials and <code>your_hda_ip_address</code> with the ip address of your HDA <br><br>After inputting your password you should be in your username folder. In this folder we are going to create a new folder and then change directory to this folder. We will store the config files here <br><code> mkdir ipvanish </code> <br><code> cd ipvanish</code><br> <br> now lets download the files <br><code>wget http://www.ipvanish.com/software/configs/ca.ipvanish.com.crt</code> <br><code>wget http://www.ipvanish.com/software/configs/ipvanish-NL-Amsterdam-ams-a17.ovpn</code> </p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Connecting_to_your_VPN">Connecting to your VPN</span></h2>
<p>If you have followed the above steps you should have successfully downloaded the config files and we are ready to connect. <br><br> issue the following command <br><code>sudo openvpn --config ipvanish-NL-Amsterdam-ams-a17.ovpn</code>. <br>of course replace your server config name with the one you have chosen.<br>You will be firstly asked to input your HDA's super user password and then the script will run. At some point during the script you will be prompted for your Ipvanish username and password. <br> <br>You are now connected. The shell window will show a bunch of code. you will not be able to enter any code to it. Just close the Shell window. </p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Confirming_your_Ipvanish_VPN_connection">Confirming your Ipvanish VPN connection</span></h2>
<p>There are a couple ways to check wether your connection to Ipvanish's servers has really happened. I will show you a couple ways below<br> <br>- Using freegeoip.net <br><br> firstly lets get our wan IP address. <br> Issue the following command whilst logged into shell. <br> <code>dig +short myip.opendns.com @resolver1.opendns.com</code> <br><br> this will show you you current wan IP address. <br>in the example above it shows <code>81.171.81.95</code> <br><br>Using freegeoip.net we are going to see what the location of this IP address is by issuing the following command <br> <code>curl freegeoip.net/xml/81.171.81.95</code> <br>this will display the location of the server and you will see that you are now connected through a different country. <code> </code></p>
<p><code>&lt;Response&gt; <br>&lt;IP&gt;81.171.81.95&lt;/IP&gt; <br>&lt;CountryCode&gt;US&lt;/CountryCode&gt; <br>&lt;CountryName&gt;United States&lt;/CountryName&gt; <br>&lt;RegionCode&gt;NY&lt;/RegionCode&gt; <br>&lt;RegionName&gt;New York&lt;/RegionName&gt; <br>&lt;City&gt;New York&lt;/City&gt; <br>&lt;ZipCode&gt;10118&lt;/ZipCode&gt; <br>&lt;TimeZone&gt;America/New_York&lt;/TimeZone&gt; <br>&lt;Latitude&gt;40.7143&lt;/Latitude&gt; <br>&lt;Longitude&gt;-74.006&lt;/Longitude&gt; <br>&lt;MetroCode&gt;501&lt;/MetroCode&gt; <br>&lt;/Response&gt; </code></p>
<p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>
<p><br>- The second way you can confirm that you are connected to Ipvanish VPN is Using a terminal based text browser Lynx. <br>If the site is blocked by your ISP's warning message using Lynx we can browse and see the warning message. Once connected to Ipvanish VPN you can browse the blocked website again and see that the warning message is no longer there and you can visit the site. </p>
<p class="mw-empty-elt"></p>
<p>Lynx is not installed by default so we will have to install this application </p>
<p>issue the following command <br><code> sudo dnf install lynx</code> </p>
<p>Once the application is installed you can browse the web using your shell terminal as follows <br>Issue the following command <code> lynx http://www.google.com</code> <br><br> of course google is not on anyone's blocked list. So please check <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_websites_blocked_in_the_United_Kingdom">here</a> for sites that are blocked by ISP's and confirm that you can browse them without any block message. <br><br> - Alternatively you can always logon to your Amahi control panel https://www.amahi.org/users and under the section Alerts you can see that your Wan IP address of your HDA has changed. </p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Disconnecting_Ipvanish_VPN">Disconnecting Ipvanish VPN</span></h2>
<p>As mentioned before disconnecting the VPN tunnel is a little troublesome as it doesn't disconnect in an easy way. <br> we need to find the VPN tunnel connection and then using a Kill command stop it </p>
<p><br> Issue the following command in your shell console <br><code>ifconfig</code> <br>look out for a connection named tun0 or tun1 that looks like this &lt;POINTOPOINT,NOARP,MULTICAST&gt;. </p>
<p class="mw-empty-elt"></p>
<p> once we have identified the connection we simply kill it by issuing the following command </p>
<p><code>sudo ifconfig tun0 down</code> <br> or <br><code>sudo ifconfig tun1 down</code> </p>
<p><br> Using the section above 'Confirming your Ipvanish VPN connection' you will be able to check that you are back on your ISP's wan IP. </p> <!--
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<title>PuTTY Feedback and Bug Reporting</title>
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<h1 align="center">PuTTY Feedback and Bug Reporting</h1> <!--MIRRORWARNING-->
<div align="center" class="mirrorwarning">
This is a mirror. The primary PuTTY web site can be found <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">here</a>.
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<p align="center"> <a href="./">Home</a> | <a href="licence.html">Licence</a> | <a href="faq.html">FAQ</a> | <a href="docs.html">Docs</a> | <a href="download.html">Download</a> | <a href="keys.html">Keys</a> | <a href="links.html">Links</a><br> <a href="mirrors.html">Mirrors</a> | <a href="maillist.html">Updates</a> | <b>Feedback</b> | <a href="changes.html">Changes</a> | <a href="wishlist/">Wishlist</a> | <a href="team.html">Team</a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#feedback">Appendix B: Feedback and bug reporting</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#feedback-general">B.1 General guidelines</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#feedback-largefiles">B.1.1 Sending large attachments</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-other-fora">B.1.2 Other places to ask for help</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-bugs">B.2 Reporting bugs</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-features">B.3 Requesting extra features</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-feature-priority">B.4 Requesting features that have already been requested</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-support">B.5 Support requests</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-webadmin">B.6 Web server administration</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-permission">B.7 Asking permission for things</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-mirrors">B.8 Mirroring the PuTTY web site</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-compliments">B.9 Praise and compliments</a></li>
<li><a href="#feedback-address">B.10 E-mail address</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h1><a name="feedback"></a><a name="AB"></a>Appendix B: <a name="i0"></a>Feedback and <a name="i1"></a>bug reporting</h1>
<p> This is a guide to providing feedback to the PuTTY development team. It is provided as both a web page on the PuTTY site, and an appendix in the PuTTY manual. </p>
<p> <a href="#feedback-general">Section B.1</a> gives some general guidelines for sending any kind of e-mail to the development team. Following sections give more specific guidelines for particular types of e-mail, such as bug reports and feature requests. </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-general"></a><a name="SB.1"></a>B.1 General guidelines</h2>
<p> The PuTTY development team gets a <em>lot</em> of mail. If you can possibly solve your own problem by reading the manual, reading the FAQ, reading the web site, asking a fellow user, perhaps posting to a newsgroup (see <a href="#feedback-other-fora">section B.1.2</a>), or some other means, then it would make our lives much easier. </p>
<p> We get so much e-mail that we literally do not have time to answer it all. We regret this, but there's nothing we can do about it. So if you can <em>possibly</em> avoid sending mail to the PuTTY team, we recommend you do so. In particular, support requests (<a href="#feedback-support">section B.5</a>) are probably better sent to newsgroups, or passed to a local expert if possible. </p>
<p> The PuTTY contact email address is a private <a name="i2"></a>mailing list containing four or five core developers. Don't be put off by it being a mailing list: if you need to send confidential data as part of a bug report, you can trust the people on the list to respect that confidence. Also, the archives aren't publicly available, so you shouldn't be letting yourself in for any spam by sending us mail. </p>
<p> Please use a meaningful subject line on your message. We get a lot of mail, and it's hard to find the message we're looking for if they all have subject lines like &#x2018;PuTTY bug&#x2019;. </p>
<h3><a name="feedback-largefiles"></a><a name="SB.1.1"></a>B.1.1 Sending large attachments</h3>
<p> Since the PuTTY contact address is a mailing list, e-mails larger than 40Kb will be held for inspection by the list administrator, and will not be allowed through unless they really appear to be worth their large size. </p>
<p> If you are considering sending any kind of large data file to the PuTTY team, it's almost always a bad idea, or at the very least it would be better to ask us first whether we actually need the file. Alternatively, you could put the file on a web site and just send us the URL; that way, we don't have to download it unless we decide we actually need it, and only one of us needs to download it instead of it being automatically copied to all the developers. </p>
<p> Some people like to send mail in MS Word format. Please <em>don't</em> send us bug reports, or any other mail, as a Word document. Word documents are roughly fifty times larger than writing the same report in plain text. In addition, most of the PuTTY team read their e-mail on Unix machines, so copying the file to a Windows box to run Word is very inconvenient. Not only that, but several of us don't even <em>have</em> a copy of Word! </p>
<p> Some people like to send us screen shots when demonstrating a problem. Please don't do this without checking with us first - we almost never actually need the information in the screen shot. Sending a screen shot of an error box is almost certainly unnecessary when you could just tell us in plain text what the error was. (On some versions of Windows, pressing Ctrl-C when the error box is displayed will copy the text of the message to the clipboard.) Sending a full-screen shot is <em>occasionally</em> useful, but it's probably still wise to check whether we need it before sending it. </p>
<p> If you <em>must</em> mail a screen shot, don't send it as a <code>.BMP</code> file. <code>BMP</code>s have no compression and they are <em>much</em> larger than other image formats such as PNG, TIFF and GIF. Convert the file to a properly compressed image format before sending it. </p>
<p> Please don't mail us executables, at all. Our mail server blocks all incoming e-mail containing executables, as a defence against the vast numbers of e-mail viruses we receive every day. If you mail us an executable, it will just bounce. </p>
<p> If you have made a tiny modification to the PuTTY code, please send us a <em>patch</em> to the source code if possible, rather than sending us a huge <code>.ZIP</code> file containing the complete sources plus your modification. If you've only changed 10 lines, we'd prefer to receive a mail that's 30 lines long than one containing multiple megabytes of data we already have. </p>
<h3><a name="feedback-other-fora"></a><a name="SB.1.2"></a>B.1.2 Other places to ask for help</h3>
<p> There are two Usenet newsgroups that are particularly relevant to the PuTTY tools: </p>
<ul>
<li> <a href="news:comp.security.ssh"><code>comp.security.ssh</code></a>, for questions specific to using the SSH protocol; </li>
<li> <a href="news:comp.terminals"><code>comp.terminals</code></a>, for issues relating to terminal emulation (for instance, keyboard problems). </li>
</ul>
<p> Please use the newsgroup most appropriate to your query, and remember that these are general newsgroups, not specifically about PuTTY. </p>
<p> If you don't have direct access to Usenet, you can access these newsgroups through Google Groups (<a href="http://groups.google.com/"><code>groups.google.com</code></a>). </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-bugs"></a><a name="SB.2"></a>B.2 Reporting bugs</h2>
<p> If you think you have found a bug in PuTTY, your first steps should be: </p>
<ul>
<li> Check the <a href="wishlist/">Wishlist page</a> on the PuTTY website, and see if we already know about the problem. If we do, it is almost certainly not necessary to mail us about it, unless you think you have extra information that might be helpful to us in fixing it. (Of course, if we actually <em>need</em> specific extra information about a particular bug, the Wishlist page will say so.) </li>
<li> Check the <a href="changes.html">Change Log</a> on the PuTTY website, and see if we have already fixed the bug in the <a name="i3"></a>development snapshots. </li>
<li> Check the <a href="faq.html">FAQ</a> on the PuTTY website (also provided as <a href="faq.html#faq">appendix A</a> in the manual), and see if it answers your question. The FAQ lists the most common things which people think are bugs, but which aren't bugs. </li>
<li> Download the latest development snapshot and see if the problem still happens with that. This really is worth doing. As a general rule we aren't very interested in bugs that appear in the release version but not in the development version, because that usually means they are bugs we have <em>already fixed</em>. On the other hand, if you can find a bug in the development version that doesn't appear in the release, that's likely to be a new bug we've introduced since the release and we're definitely interested in it. </li>
</ul>
<p> If none of those options solved your problem, and you still need to report a bug to us, it is useful if you include some general information: </p>
<ul>
<li> Tell us what <a name="i4"></a>version of PuTTY you are running. To find this out, use the &#x2018;About PuTTY&#x2019; option from the System menu. Please <em>do not</em> just tell us &#x2018;I'm running the latest version&#x2019;; e-mail can be delayed and it may not be obvious which version was the latest at the time you sent the message. </li>
<li> PuTTY is a multi-platform application; tell us what version of what OS you are running PuTTY on. (If you're running on Unix, or Windows for Alpha, tell us, or we'll assume you're running on Windows for Intel as this is overwhelmingly the case.) </li>
<li> Tell us what protocol you are connecting with: SSH, Telnet, Rlogin or Raw mode. </li>
<li> Tell us what kind of server you are connecting to; what OS, and if possible what SSH server (if you're using SSH). You can get some of this information from the PuTTY Event Log (see <a href="http://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/htmldoc/Chapter3.html#using-eventlog">section 3.1.3.1</a> in the manual). </li>
<li> Send us the contents of the PuTTY Event Log, unless you have a specific reason not to (for example, if it contains confidential information that you think we should be able to solve your problem without needing to know). </li>
<li> Try to give us as much information as you can to help us see the problem for ourselves. If possible, give us a step-by-step sequence of <em>precise</em> instructions for reproducing the fault. </li>
<li> Don't just tell us that PuTTY &#x2018;does the wrong thing&#x2019;; tell us exactly and precisely what it did, and also tell us exactly and precisely what you think it should have done instead. Some people tell us PuTTY does the wrong thing, and it turns out that it was doing the right thing and their expectations were wrong. Help to avoid this problem by telling us exactly what you think it should have done, and exactly what it did do. </li>
<li> If you think you can, you're welcome to try to fix the problem yourself. A <a name="i5"></a>patch to the code which fixes a bug is an excellent addition to a bug report. However, a patch is never a <em>substitute</em> for a good bug report; if your patch is wrong or inappropriate, and you haven't supplied us with full information about the actual bug, then we won't be able to find a better solution. </li>
<li> <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html"><code>http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html</code></a> is an article on how to report bugs effectively in general. If your bug report is <em>particularly</em> unclear, we may ask you to go away, read this article, and then report the bug again. </li>
</ul>
<p> It is reasonable to report bugs in PuTTY's documentation, if you think the documentation is unclear or unhelpful. But we do need to be given exact details of <em>what</em> you think the documentation has failed to tell you, or <em>how</em> you think it could be made clearer. If your problem is simply that you don't <em>understand</em> the documentation, we suggest posting to a newsgroup (see <a href="#feedback-other-fora">section B.1.2</a>) and seeing if someone will explain what you need to know. <em>Then</em>, if you think the documentation could usefully have told you that, send us a bug report and explain how you think we should change it. </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-features"></a><a name="SB.3"></a>B.3 Requesting extra features</h2>
<p> If you want to request a new feature in PuTTY, the very first things you should do are: </p>
<ul>
<li> Check the <a href="wishlist/">Wishlist page</a> on the PuTTY website, and see if your feature is already on the list. If it is, it probably won't achieve very much to repeat the request. (But see <a href="#feedback-feature-priority">section B.4</a> if you want to persuade us to give your particular feature higher priority.) </li>
<li> Check the Wishlist and <a href="changes.html">Change Log</a> on the PuTTY website, and see if we have already added your feature in the development snapshots. If it isn't clear, download the latest development snapshot and see if the feature is present. If it is, then it will also be in the next release and there is no need to mail us at all. </li>
</ul>
<p> If you can't find your feature in either the development snapshots <em>or</em> the Wishlist, then you probably do need to submit a feature request. Since the PuTTY authors are very busy, it helps if you try to do some of the work for us: </p>
<ul>
<li> Do as much of the design as you can. Think about &#x2018;corner cases&#x2019;; think about how your feature interacts with other existing features. Think about the user interface; if you can't come up with a simple and intuitive interface to your feature, you shouldn't be surprised if we can't either. Always imagine whether it's possible for there to be more than one, or less than one, of something you'd assumed there would be one of. (For example, if you were to want PuTTY to put an icon in the System tray rather than the Taskbar, you should think about what happens if there's more than one PuTTY active; how would the user tell which was which?) </li>
<li> If you can program, it may be worth offering to write the feature yourself and send us a patch. However, it is likely to be helpful if you confer with us first; there may be design issues you haven't thought of, or we may be about to make big changes to the code which your patch would clash with, or something. If you check with the maintainers first, there is a better chance of your code actually being usable. Also, read the design principles listed in <a href="http://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/htmldoc/AppendixD.html#udp">appendix D</a>: if you do not conform to them, we will probably not be able to accept your patch. </li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="feedback-feature-priority"></a><a name="SB.4"></a>B.4 Requesting features that have already been requested</h2>
<p> If a feature is already listed on the Wishlist, then it usually means we would like to add it to PuTTY at some point. However, this may not be in the near future. If there's a feature on the Wishlist which you would like to see in the <em>near</em> future, there are several things you can do to try to increase its priority level: </p>
<ul>
<li> Mail us and vote for it. (Be sure to mention that you've seen it on the Wishlist, or we might think you haven't even <em>read</em> the Wishlist). This probably won't have very <em>much</em> effect; if a huge number of people vote for something then it may make a difference, but one or two extra votes for a particular feature are unlikely to change our priority list immediately. Offering a new and compelling justification might help. Also, don't expect a reply. </li>
<li> Offer us money if we do the work sooner rather than later. This sometimes works, but not always. The PuTTY team all have full-time jobs and we're doing all of this work in our free time; we may sometimes be willing to give up some more of our free time in exchange for some money, but if you try to bribe us for a <em>big</em> feature it's entirely possible that we simply won't have the time to spare - whether you pay us or not. (Also, we don't accept bribes to add <em>bad</em> features to the Wishlist, because our desire to provide high-quality software to the users comes first.) </li>
<li> Offer to help us write the code. This is probably the <em>only</em> way to get a feature implemented quickly, if it's a big one that we don't have time to do ourselves. </li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="feedback-support"></a><a name="SB.5"></a>B.5 <a name="i6"></a>Support requests</h2>
<p> If you're trying to make PuTTY do something for you and it isn't working, but you're not sure whether it's a bug or not, then <em>please</em> consider looking for help somewhere else. This is one of the most common types of mail the PuTTY team receives, and we simply don't have time to answer all the questions. Questions of this type include: </p>
<ul>
<li> If you want to do something with PuTTY but have no idea where to start, and reading the manual hasn't helped, try posting to a newsgroup (see <a href="#feedback-other-fora">section B.1.2</a>) and see if someone can explain it to you. </li>
<li> If you have tried to do something with PuTTY but it hasn't worked, and you aren't sure whether it's a bug in PuTTY or a bug in your SSH server or simply that you're not doing it right, then try posting to a newsgroup (see <a href="#feedback-other-fora">section B.1.2</a>) and see if someone can solve your problem. Or try doing the same thing with a different SSH client and see if it works with that. Please do not report it as a PuTTY bug unless you are really sure it <em>is</em> a bug in PuTTY. </li>
<li> If someone else installed PuTTY for you, or you're using PuTTY on someone else's computer, try asking them for help first. They're more likely to understand how they installed it and what they expected you to use it for than we are. </li>
<li> If you have successfully made a connection to your server and now need to know what to type at the server's command prompt, or other details of how to use the server-end software, talk to your server's system administrator. This is not the PuTTY team's problem. PuTTY is only a communications tool, like a telephone; if you can't speak the same language as the person at the other end of the phone, it isn't the telephone company's job to teach it to you. </li>
</ul>
<p> If you absolutely cannot get a support question answered any other way, you can try mailing it to us, but we can't guarantee to have time to answer it. </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-webadmin"></a><a name="SB.6"></a>B.6 Web server administration</h2>
<p> If the PuTTY <a name="i7"></a>web site is down (Connection Timed Out), please don't bother mailing us to tell us about it. Most of us read our e-mail on the same machines that host the web site, so if those machines are down then we will notice <em>before</em> we read our e-mail. So there's no point telling us our servers are down. </p>
<p> Of course, if the web site has some other error (Connection Refused, 404 Not Found, 403 Forbidden, or something else) then we might <em>not</em> have noticed and it might still be worth telling us about it. </p>
<p> If you want to report a problem with our web site, check that you're looking at our <em>real</em> web site and not a mirror. The real web site is at <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/"><code>http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/</code></a>; if that's not where you're reading this, then don't report the problem to us until you've checked that it's really a problem with the main site. If it's only a problem with the mirror, you should try to contact the administrator of that mirror site first, and only contact us if that doesn't solve the problem (in case we need to remove the mirror from our list). </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-permission"></a><a name="SB.7"></a>B.7 Asking permission for things</h2>
<p> PuTTY is distributed under the MIT Licence (see <a href="http://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/htmldoc/AppendixC.html#licence">appendix C</a> for details). This means you can do almost <em>anything</em> you like with our software, our source code, and our documentation. The only things you aren't allowed to do are to remove our copyright notices or the licence text itself, or to hold us legally responsible if something goes wrong. </p>
<p> So if you want permission to include PuTTY on a magazine cover disk, or as part of a collection of useful software on a CD or a web site, then <em>permission is already granted</em>. You don't have to mail us and ask. Just go ahead and do it. We don't mind. </p>
<p> (If you want to distribute PuTTY alongside your own application for use with that application, or if you want to distribute PuTTY within your own organisation, then we recommend, but do not insist, that you offer your own first-line technical support, to answer questions about the interaction of PuTTY with your environment. If your users mail us directly, we won't be able to tell them anything useful about your specific setup.) </p>
<p> If you want to use parts of the PuTTY source code in another program, then it might be worth mailing us to talk about technical details, but if all you want is to ask permission then you don't need to bother. You already have permission. </p>
<p> If you just want to link to our web site, just go ahead. (It's not clear that we <em>could</em> stop you doing this, even if we wanted to!) </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-mirrors"></a><a name="SB.8"></a>B.8 Mirroring the PuTTY web site</h2>
<p> If you want to set up a mirror of the PuTTY website, go ahead and set one up. Please don't bother asking us for permission before setting up a mirror. You already have permission. </p>
<p> If the mirror is in a country where we don't already have plenty of mirrors, we may be willing to add it to the list on our <a href="mirrors.html">mirrors page</a>. Read the guidelines on that page, make sure your mirror works, and email us the information listed at the bottom of the page. </p>
<p> Note that we do not <em>promise</em> to list your mirror: we get a lot of mirror notifications and yours may not happen to find its way to the top of the list. </p>
<p> Also note that we link to all our mirror sites using the <code>rel="nofollow"</code> attribute. Running a PuTTY mirror is not intended to be a cheap way to gain search rankings. </p>
<p> If you have technical questions about the process of mirroring, then you might want to mail us before setting up the mirror (see also the <a href="mirrors.html#guidelines">guidelines on the Mirrors page</a>); but if you just want to ask for permission, you don't need to. You already have permission. </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-compliments"></a><a name="SB.9"></a>B.9 Praise and compliments</h2>
<p> One of the most rewarding things about maintaining free software is getting e-mails that just say &#x2018;thanks&#x2019;. We are always happy to receive e-mails of this type. </p>
<p> Regrettably we don't have time to answer them all in person. If you mail us a compliment and don't receive a reply, <em>please</em> don't think we've ignored you. We did receive it and we were happy about it; we just didn't have time to tell you so personally. </p>
<p> To everyone who's ever sent us praise and compliments, in the past and the future: <em>you're welcome</em>! </p>
<h2><a name="feedback-address"></a><a name="SB.10"></a>B.10 E-mail address</h2>
<p> The actual address to mail is <code>&lt;<a href="mailto:putty@projects.tartarus.org">putty@projects.tartarus.org</a>&gt;</code>. </p>
<hr>
<p>If you want to provide feedback on this manual or on the PuTTY tools themselves, see the <a href="feedback.html">Feedback page</a>.</p>
<address> [Built from revision 8497]</address>
<br> (last modified on <!--LASTMOD-->Wed Mar 25 00:33:43 2009<!--END-->)
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Download PuTTY: release 0.49</title>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/releases/0.49.html">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../sitestyle.css" title="PuTTY Home Page Style">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="putty.ico">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow">
</head>
<body>
<h1 align="center">Download PuTTY: release 0.49</h1>
<div align="center" class="mirrorwarning">
This is a mirror. Follow this link to find <a href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">the primary PuTTY web site</a>.
</div>
<p align="center"> <a href="../">Home</a> | <a href="../faq.html">FAQ</a> | <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback</a> | <a href="../licence.html">Licence</a> | <a href="../maillist.html">Updates</a> | <a href="../mirrors.html">Mirrors</a> | <a href="../keys.html">Keys</a> | <a href="../links.html">Links</a> | <a href="../team.html">Team</a> <br> Download: <a href="../latest.html">Stable</a> · <a href="../snapshot.html">Snapshot</a> | <a href="../docs.html">Docs</a> | <a href="../changes.html">Changes</a> | <a href="../wishlist/">Wishlist</a> </p>
<p> This page contains download links for PuTTY release 0.49. </p>
<p> 0.49, released on 2000-06-28, is <em>not</em> the latest release. See the <a href="../latest.html">Latest Release page</a> for the most up-to-date release (currently 0.74). </p>
<p> Past releases of PuTTY are versions we thought were reasonably likely to work well, at the time they were released. However, later releases will almost always have fixed bugs and/or added new features. If you have a problem with this release, please try the <a href="../latest.html">latest release</a>, to see if the problem has already been fixed. </p>
<h2 class="securityboxtop">SECURITY WARNING</h2>
<div class="securityboxbottom">
<p class="securityboxbottomfirst"> This release has known security vulnerabilities. Consider using a later release instead, such as the <a href="../latest.html">latest version, 0.74</a>. </p>
<p> The known vulnerabilities in this release are: </p>
<ul class="securityboxbottomlast">
<li><a href="../wishlist/private-key-not-wiped.html">private-key-not-wiped</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/private-key-not-wiped-2.html">private-key-not-wiped-2</a> (fixed in release 0.64) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-agent-fwd-overflow.html">vuln-agent-fwd-overflow</a> (fixed in release 0.68) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-auth-prompt-spoofing.html">vuln-auth-prompt-spoofing</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-bignum-division-by-zero.html">vuln-bignum-division-by-zero</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-indirect-dll-hijack.html">vuln-indirect-dll-hijack</a> (fixed in release 0.68) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-2.html">vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-2</a> (fixed in release 0.69) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-3.html">vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-3</a> (fixed in release 0.70) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-modmul.html">vuln-modmul</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-modpow.html">vuln-modpow</a> (fixed in release 0.55) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-passwd-memdump.html">vuln-passwd-memdump</a> (fixed in release 0.54) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-pscp-sink-sscanf.html">vuln-pscp-sink-sscanf</a> (fixed in release 0.67) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-rng-reuse.html">vuln-rng-reuse</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-sftp-readdir.html">vuln-sftp-readdir</a> (fixed in release 0.57) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-sftp-string.html">vuln-sftp-string</a> (fixed in release 0.57) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-signature-stringlen.html">vuln-signature-stringlen</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-ssh1-buffer-length-underflow.html">vuln-ssh1-buffer-length-underflow</a> (fixed in release 0.72) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-ssh1-kex.html">vuln-ssh1-kex</a> (fixed in release 0.55) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-ssh1-short-rsa-keys.html">vuln-ssh1-short-rsa-keys</a> (fixed in release 0.72) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-sshredder.html">vuln-sshredder</a> (fixed in release 0.53b) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-terminal-dos-one-column-cjk.html">vuln-terminal-dos-one-column-cjk</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-win-exclusiveaddruse.html">vuln-win-exclusiveaddruse</a> (fixed in release 0.73) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-win-pageant-client-missing-length-check.html">vuln-win-pageant-client-missing-length-check</a> (fixed in release 0.72) </li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadinsecuretopcolour
">Binary files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadinsecurebotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>putty.exe</code> (the SSH and Telnet client itself)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">x86:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.49/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.49/putty.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Alpha:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.49/putty-alpha.exe"><code>putty-alpha.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.49/putty-alpha.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Win32s:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.49/putty-win32s.exe"><code>putty-win32s.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.49/putty-win32s.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>pscp.exe</code> (an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">x86:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.49/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.49/pscp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Alpha:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.49/pscp-alpha.exe"><code>pscp-alpha.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.49/pscp-alpha.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Win32s:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.49/pscp-win32s.exe"><code>pscp-win32s.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.49/pscp-win32s.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>puttytel.exe</code> (a Telnet-only client)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">x86:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.49/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.49/puttytel.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Alpha:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.49/puttytel-alpha.exe"><code>puttytel-alpha.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.49/puttytel-alpha.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Win32s:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.49/puttytel-win32s.exe"><code>puttytel-win32s.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.49/puttytel-win32s.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadinsecuretopcolour
">Source code</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadinsecurebotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Windows source archive
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname"><code>.zip</code>:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.49/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.49/putty.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
git repository
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Clone:</span> <span class="downloadgitlink"><code>https://git.tartarus.org/simon/putty.git</code></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">gitweb:</span> <span class="downloadgitlink"><a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git">main</a> | <a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git;a=commit;h=refs/tags/0.49"><code>0.49</code> release tag</a> </span>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<hr> If you want to comment on this web site, see the <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback page</a>.
<br> (last modified on <!--LASTMOD-->Sun Nov 22 22:29:04 2020<!--END-->)
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>PuTTY bug ssh.com-userauth-refused</title>
<link rel="canonical" href="ssh.com-userauth-refused.html">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../sitestyle.css" title="PuTTY Home Page Style">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../putty.ico">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
</head>
<body>
<h1 align="center">PuTTY bug ssh.com-userauth-refused</h1>
<p align="center"> <a href="../index.html">Home</a> | <a href="../licence.html">Licence</a> | <a href="../faq.html">FAQ</a> | <a href="../docs.html">Docs</a> | <a href="../download.html">Download</a> | <a href="../keys.html">Keys</a> | <a href="../links.html">Links</a><br> <a href="../mirrors.html">Mirrors</a> | <a href="../maillist.html">Updates</a> | <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback</a> | <a href="../changes.html">Changes</a> | <b><a href="index.html">Wishlist</a></b> | <a href="../team.html">Team</a></p> <b>summary</b>: Breakage when compression enabled with ssh.com 3.2.0 server
<br> <b>class</b>: <i>bug:</i> This is clearly an actual problem we want fixed.
<br> <b>present-in</b>: 2002-07-02 2002-08-04
<br> <b>fixed-in</b>: 2002-08-09 0.53 (0.54) (0.55) (0.56) (0.57) (0.58) (0.59) (0.60) (0.61) (0.62)
<br>
<p> We've received reports of the message "Server refused user authentication protocol" when attempting to connect to an <a href="http://www.ssh.com/products/ssh/">ssh.com</a> server (version string "SSH-2.0-3.2.0 SSH Secure Shell (non-commercial)") with compression enabled. Connection is fine when compression is disabled. </p>
<p> In the code, this message corresponds to not receiving the right response to a "ssh-userauth" service request in SSH-2. </p>
<p> We've also heard of problems with port-forwarding with compression enabled. </p>
<p> <em>Update:</em> We believe that the bug in talking to ssh.com 3.2 with compression enabled has been fixed as of 2002-08-09. We've had one confirmation. </p>
<p><a href="http://svn.tartarus.org/sgt/putty-wishlist/data/ssh.com-userauth-refused"> Audit trail</a> for this bug. </p>
<p></p>
<hr>If you want to comment on this web site, see the <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback page</a>.
<br> (last revision of this bug record was at 2004-11-16 15:27:00 +0000)
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>PuTTY semi-bug psftp-speedups</title>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/wishlist/psftp-speedups.html">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../sitestyle.css" title="PuTTY Home Page Style">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="putty.ico">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow">
</head>
<body>
<h1 align="center">PuTTY semi-bug psftp-speedups</h1>
<div align="center" class="mirrorwarning">
This is a mirror. Follow this link to find <a href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">the primary PuTTY web site</a>.
</div>
<p align="center"> <a href="../">Home</a> | <a href="../faq.html">FAQ</a> | <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback</a> | <a href="../licence.html">Licence</a> | <a href="../maillist.html">Updates</a> | <a href="../mirrors.html">Mirrors</a> | <a href="../keys.html">Keys</a> | <a href="../links.html">Links</a> | <a href="../team.html">Team</a> <br> Download: <a href="../latest.html">Stable</a> · <a href="../snapshot.html">Snapshot</a> | <a href="../docs.html">Docs</a> | <a href="../changes.html">Changes</a> | <a href="./">Wishlist</a> </p> <b>summary</b>: Further speedups for PSFTP
<br> <b>class</b>: <i>semi-bug:</i> This might or might not be a bug, depending on your precise definition of what a bug is.
<br> <b>difficulty</b>: <i>tricky:</i> Needs many tuits.
<br>
<p></p>
<pre>We've had some suggestions (and patches) that are claimed to significantly
improve PSFTP's throughput, by frobbing Nagle and trying to be clever
about how the SSH protocol is broken up into TCP packets.
&lt;<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="7c4e4c4c484c4f4d4d4e4c4e4e4d49523b3d4d4e484c453c12130e0819101219080b130e170f521f1311">[email&nbsp;protected]</a>&gt; et seq.
</pre>
<div class="audit">
<a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty-wishlist.git;a=history;f=data/psftp-speedups;hb=refs/heads/main">Audit trail</a> for this semi-bug.
</div>
<p></p>
<hr> If you want to comment on this web site, see the <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback page</a>.
<br>
<div class="timestamp">
(last revision of this bug record was at 2016-12-21 16:52:17 +0000)
</div>
<script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script>
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<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="booklist.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
<title>What I read in 2018</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>What I read in 2018</h1>
<div class="booklist">
<h3 id="rust-programming-language"><span class="date">12/29</span> Steve Klabnik and Carol Nichols, <i>The Rust Programming Language</i></h3>
<p>The second edition of the official book. Rust is still fast moving, though, and even as a beginner I know of a few new features that haven't yet made it into this book.</p>
<h3 id="how-we-look"><span class="date">12/27</span> <a href="https://www.classics.cam.ac.uk/di">Mary Beard</a>, <i>How Do We Look: The Body, the Divine, and the Question of Civilisation</i></h3>
<p>Mary Beard is a Cambridge classicist who specializes in ancient Rome, but this book is broader than that: it's art history, mostly about representations of the human body and how people looked at those images over the centuries. Ancient Greece and Rome appear, but so do India, China, Mexico (the first and earliest image in the book is an enormous Olmec head), Islamic Spain, and other places.</p>
<p>This book was based on BBC's 2018 <i>Civilisations</i> series, for which Beard was one of the authors and presenters, and it's in part in dialogue with Kenneth Clark.</p>
<h3 id="whose-body"><span class="date">12/26</span> Dorothy Sayers, <i>Whose Body?</i></h3>
<p>It's one of those mysteries where, once Lord Peter and Inspector Parker realize who probably committed the crime, everything suddenly seems very obvious and the rest of the book goes very quickly.</p>
<h3 id="baru2"><span class="date">12/23</span> Seth Dickinson, <i>The Monster Baru Cormorant</i></h3>
<p>The main character in <i>The Traitor Baru Cormorant</i> ultimately achieves her goal of political power, at a high cost. In the sequel, Baru is dealing with consequences of the atrocities she committed, the people she befrended and betrayed. She spends most of the book with what looks like clinical depression. Also an entirely unrelated problem caused by traumatic brain injury. Also she thinks that there are giant conspiracies at the highest reaches of government and that some of the people close to her are plotting to destroy her; that's not paranoia, though, because she's completely right. And although Baru Cormorant's actions were indeed pretty monstrous, it's not at all clear that she had better choices open to her. (What exactly is the best course of action when your country is stolen by a ruthless colonial empire?)</p>
<p>If you've already read <i>The Traitor Baru Cormorant</i>, you'll probably want to read <i>The Monster Baru Cormorant</i> and however many more books there are in the series.</p>
<h3 id="girl-genius-17"><span class="date">12/16</span> Phil &amp; Kaja Foglio, <i><a href="http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/">Girl Genius</a>: Kings and Wizards</i></h3>
<p>“Pardon me, but you, Lady Heterodyne, are in need of a <b>biographer</b>. Look at you: a nice, sensible, well-brought-up young lady, if I'm any judge — who has, with <b>very</b> little trouble, revived the threat of Heterodynes, thrown the Empire into chaos, secured the rather obsessive attention of the young ruler of the Wulfenbach Empire, as well as <b><i>both</i></b> heirs to the throne of the Storm King — turned the House of Sturmvorhaus against itself — <b>and</b> released, by your own report, some monstrous, vengeful remnant of the <b><i>original</i></b> Storm King. All, apparently, while dressed like <b><i>that</i></b>—”</p>
<p>“Uh… Not the whole time…”</p>
<h3 id="bellona"><span class="date">12/13</span> Dorothy Sayers, <i>The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club</i></h3>
<p>A nice cozy Armistice Day murder. </p>
<h3 id="vanquished"><span class="date">12/10</span> Robert Gerwarth, <i>The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End</i></h3>
<p>Most of this book is about the period between about 1917 and 1923. There were brutal civil wars in that period (e.g. Finland, Ireland, Russia), wars between states or proto-states (e.g. the Greek invasion of Asia Minor, the Romanian invasion of Hungary, the war between Poland and Ukraine over eastern Galicia and Lemberg/Lwów/Lviv/Львів), revolutionary and counter-revolutionary violence (the Bavarian Soviet Republic; the Red Terror and White Terror in Hungary), places where order completely broke down, and things that are more complicated and harder to describe or characterize, like the fighting in the Baltic region involving Bolsheviks, paramilitary German Freikorps, and home-grown nationalist organizations.</p>
<p>Organized and disorganized violence continued after November 11 for several reasons, one of which was that the defeated states or their successors didn't accept the terms that came out of the 1919 Paris conference, and neither did some of the victors (Italy, Japan, to a lesser extent Greece) who didn't get what they hoped for from the victory. The book mostly ends in 1923, at the beginning of a brief period of relative peace, but shows the continuity between these events and the rest of the bloody 20th century.</p>
<p>I read this book at Josh Marshall's <a href="https://talkingpointsmemo.com/edblog/a-good-book-for-this-centenary">recommendation</a>, and I recommend it too.</p>
<h3 id="jeeves-morning"><span class="date">12/6</span> P. G. Wodehouse, <i>Jeeves in the Morning</i></h3>
<p>One of those funny coincidences: this is the second book in a row I've read in which Sindbad the Sailor features prominently.</p>
<h3 id="monte-cristo"><span class="date">12/4</span> Alexandre Dumas, <i>The Count of Monte Cristo</i> (tr. anonymous and David Coward)</h3>
<p>I read the Oxford World's Classics edition, which is apparently the anonymously published 1846 translation, lightly revised and with an introduction by David Coward. I don't think I've ever read this book before, except perhaps decades ago in a severely abridged children's version or something. It was almost entirely new to me. It's about revenge, of course, and also about the limits of revenge. It's a big sprawling novel that's partly adventure fiction, partly a social novel, partly psychological realism.</p>
<blockquote>
“I too, as happens to every man once in his life, have been taken by Satan into the highest mountain in the earth, and when there he showed me all the kingdoms of the world, and as he said before, so said he to me, “Child of earth, what wouldst thou have to make thee adore me?” I reflected long, for a gnawing ambition had long preyed upon me, and then I replied, “Listen,— I have always heard of Providence, and yet I have never seen him, or anything that resembles him, or which can make me believe that he exists. I wish to be Providence myself, for I feel that the most beautiful, noblest, most sublime thing in the world, is to recompense and punish.” Satan bowed his head, and groaned. “You mistake,” he said, “Providence does exist, only you have never seen him, because the child of God is as invisible as the parent. You have seen nothing that resembles him, because he works by secret springs, and moves by hidden ways. All I can do for you is to make you one of the agents of that Providence.” The bargain was concluded. I may sacrifice my soul, but what matters it?” added Monte Cristo. “If the thing were to do again, I would again do it.”
</blockquote>
<p>(That's what the main character thinks midway through the book. Not clear whether he still thinks it by the end.)</p>
<h3 id="girl-genius-16"><span class="date">12/1</span> Phil &amp; Kaja Foglio, <i><a href="http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/">Girl Genius</a>: The Incorruptible Library</i></h3>
<h3 id="consuming-fire"><span class="date">11/14</span> John Scalzi, <i>The Consuming Fire</i></h3>
<p>Sequel to <i>The Collapsing Empire</i>, and second book in a space opera trilogy.</p>
<p>Part of the book reads to me like a commentary about how we deal with climate change: scientists have discovered a potentially civilization-ending disaster years or decades in the future and then comes the question of whether to take the danger seriously or to ignore it, keep maximizing profits in the short term while things still look normal on the surface, and attack the people who warned about the danger. Toward the end we get something that reads to me like an even more pointed observation about Brexit. I'm pretty sure that's not just me reading things into it.</p>
<h3 id="postcards-trenches"><span class="date">11/11</span> <i>Postcards From The Trenches: Images from the First World War</i> (collected by John Fraser, introduction by Andrew Roberts)</h3>
<p>One of the other reasons I continue to find the War fascinating is the weird mixture of a vanished age with modernity. And one aspect of that modernity is how thoroughly the War was documented. We have newsreels, official propaganda, telegrams, diaries, letters. It was fought by mass armies in an age of mass literacy. </p>
<p>The images in this book are selected from the Bodleian Library's enormous collection of postcards. Many combatants are represented: Britain, of course, but also France, Germany, Canada, Australia, the US, Russia, Belgium, India. Many of them are labeled as official army photographs with government copyrights. The grimmest (as the editor says, it's hard to imagine someone actually mailing this back home, but apparently some French soldier did) was a photo of a trench littered with skulls, labeled “Verdun. — Le Ravin de la Mort. — Une Tranchée.”</p>
<h3 id="long-shadow"><span class="date">11/11</span> David Reynolds, <i>The Long Shadow: The Legacies of the Great War in the Twentieth Century</i></h3>
<p>The Great War ended a hundred years ago today, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month — mostly. For Italy and Austria-Hungary it ended a week earlier, and in Russia it turned seamlessly into the Civil War, and in some other places it took years of violence before borders were finalized. (To the extent they ever were.) The story didn't end on November 11 1918; history doesn't. One of the reasons I read all these books about the War is that it shaped so many of the events that came later. As the German historian Eberhard Jäckel said, it was <i>Die Urkatastrophe</i> of the century. That's true not just in the familiar battlefields of Belgium and northern France, but also in Russia, Palestine, Iraq, Ireland, and China.</p>
<p>This book is partly about the War itself, partly a book about how different eras have perceived the War (today's view is largely shaped by works from the 1960s, like Britten's <i>War Requiem</i> and Tuchman's <i>The Guns of August</i> and Attenborough's <i>Oh! What a Lovely War</i>), and partly a history of the 20th century and beyond, from the days before 1914 through the end of the Cold War, the creation of the EU, and the two US-Iraq wars, in light of “the long shadow cast by the Great War over the twentieth century.” In some cases it's all three of those at the same time; there have been times and places where the way the War was remembered and commemorated was a crucial driver of events.</p>
<p><i>The Long Shadow</i> has an unusual organizational system, simultaneously chronological and thematic. It proceeds roughly from beginning to end, with a few digressions both forward and backward, but the chapters all have thematic titles: <i>Nations</i>, <i>Empire</i>, <i>Capitalism</i>, <i>Evil</i>, <i>Remembrance</i>, etc. It's surprisingly effective.</p>
<h3 id="mirror-marple"><span class="date">11/11</span> Agatha Christie, <i>The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side</i></h3>
<h3 id="owen"><span class="date">11/4</span> <a href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/wilfred-owen">Wilfred Owen</a>, <i><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1034">Poems</a></i></h3>
<p>Wilfred Owen was killed on November 4, just a week before the Armistice. Only a very few of his poems were published in his lifetime. This <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/">gutenberg.org</a> collection is a reprint of the 1921 edition of Owen's poems, compiled and edited by Owen's friend and fellow soldier-poet Siegfried Sassoon with help from Edith Sitwell, and with an introduction by Sassoon. (Also an incomplete introduction by Owen.)</p>
<blockquote class="poem">
<li>What passing-bells for these who die as cattle?</li>
<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Only the monstrous anger of the guns.</li>
<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Only the stuttering rifles' rapid rattle</li>
<li>Can patter out their hasty orisons.</li>
<li>No mockeries for them; no prayers nor bells,</li>
<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nor any voice of mourning save the choirs,—</li>
<li>The shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells;</li>
<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And bugles calling for them from sad shires.</li>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="poem">
<li>What candles may be held to speed them all?</li>
<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not in the hands of boys, but in their eyes</li>
<li>Shall shine the holy glimmers of goodbyes.</li>
<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The pallor of girls' brows shall be their pall;</li>
<li>Their flowers the tenderness of patient minds,</li>
<li>And each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds.</li>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="adversary"><span class="date">11/4</span> Agatha Christie, <i>The Secret Adversary</i></h3>
<p>There's a conceit in this book that's also found in the Richard Hannay novels: a villain who can hide in plain sight because of essentially a superpower of acting, switching from one persona to another and working from the shadows as an inconspicuous clerk or a face in the crowds while also maintaining a high public figure, and nobody who sees him in one role recognizes him as another. I haven't seen that elsewhere. I wonder if it was peculiar to these two authors (in which case perhaps Christie got it from Buchan), or whether it was a common conceit among British thriller writers in the first couple decades of the 20th century.</p>
<h3 id="backs-wall"><span class="date">11/3</span> David Stevenson, <i>With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918</i></h3>
<p>The title is taken from General Sir Douglas Haig's special order of the day of April 11. “There is no course open to us but to fight it out. Every position must be held to the last man: there must be no retirement. With our backs to the wall and believing in the justice of our cause each one of us must fight on to the end.”</p>
<p>The preface begins by asking the question that the rest of the book tries to answer: why did the First World War end at the time and in the manner that it did? It begins with three chapters of narrative history (pre-1918, March-July, and July-November) and closes with another one (“Armistice and After”), and the bulk of the book, the real answer to that question, is a series of chapters about individual aspects of the War: technology, intelligence and logistics, manpower and morale, organization of the war economies, and so on.</p>
<p>Both sides had their backs to the wall in 1918. In the spring the Germans launched a series of spectacularly successful offensives on the Western Front, achieving multiple breakthroughs of enemy lines, a goal that both sides had failed to achieve for years, gaining dozens of miles of ground and coming within artillery range of Paris — and by doing so they lost the War. The victories were too costly and didn't fundamentally change the strategic status of the War, and time wasn't on Germany's side. The Allies had huge advantages in mobility, both in rail efficiency and in numbers of horses and trucks, they had large superiority in numbers of tanks and aircraft, Britain's naval blockade of Germany was still effective while Germany's submarine campaign against British shipping had failed, and the American military buildup was beginning to be important. The Allied counterattacks began in July; at the time all of the combatants thought the War would continue at least into 1919, but then everything happened quickly: Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire were defeated, Austria-Hungary ceased to exist and the component parts stopped fighting, and, once defeat was obviously inevitable, Germany was no longer willing (or maybe no longer able) to keep fighting.</p>
<h3 id="legacy"><span class="date">10/19</span> Sybille Bedford, <i>A Legacy</i></h3>
<p>I'd never heard of Sybille Bedford before. I picked this novel up on spec largely because it was published by the NYRB Classics, and they do a good job of rediscovering authors who ought to be better known. The blurb by Nancy Mitford didn't hurt either.</p>
<p>I don't think this novel is exactly autobiographical, but some of the circumstances of the book, including the narrator's complicated nationality, are similar to those of the author — starting with the fact that the book was written in English even though it's a novel of Wilhelmine Germany. The story is told by the daughter of an aristocratic but not rich rural southern German family, old-fashioned and out of step with their time, for whom the Napoleonic wars still seem more real than this new and strange thing, the Prussian-dominated German Empire. The narrator's father is elegant, cosmopolitan, weak, and uninterested in thinking beyond the moment. He speaks a mixture of languages, French more than German.</p>
<p>The book is interestingly distanced. The title refers partly to a literal financial legacy, an inheritance from the rich German-Jewish family that the narrator's father's first wife came from; it also refers to the legacy of family history that the narrator tells, the stories from before her birth, and from a vanished era, that she's managed to piece together. (Bedford was born in 1911, and the narrator was probably born about the same time.) Her legacy is the Felden Scandal, fictional but no more implausible than the real scandals of the late Wilhelmine era. The novel is a sort of slow burn, a combination of the darkly ridiculous and the quietly catastrophic, where seemingly minor events from decades earlier have long lasting consequences.</p>
<h3 id="mirrors"><span class="date">10/14</span> Agatha Christie, <i>They Do It with Mirrors</i></h3>
<h3 id="lawrence-arabia"><span class="date">10/14</span> Scott Anderson, <i>Lawrence in Arabia: War, Deceit, Imperial Folly and the Making of the Modern Middle East</i></h3>
<p>It's more about Lawrence of Arabia than anyone else, as the title suggests, but it's written with four viewpoint characters: T. E. Lawrence, the junior intelligence officer and Oxford scholar and amateur archaeologist who received his lieutenant's commission (and later a promotion to captain, then major, then colonel) without a single day of military training; William Yale, a Standard Oil operative (and later a State Department representative, after the US entered the War); Aaron Aaronsohn, an agronomist and Ottoman subject, originally from Romania, who founded the Jewish Agricultural Experiment Station near Haifa and who later created a British spy ring; and Curt Prüfer, a German scholar and diplomat and spy, later a military advisor to the Ottoman government. (And still later, in another war, Nazi Germany's ambassador to Brazil.) It was a small world. Lawrence and Yale first met in the desert in January 1914; one of Prüfer's lovers and agents was a woman named Minna Weizmann, and one of Aaronsohn's colleagues and rivals in the Zionist movement was Minna's brother Chaim. Lawrence is the most famous and most cinematic of the four, but not the only one whose life was a near-unbelievable story.</p>
<p>One of the things I got from this book was that the Sykes-Picot agreement, and the Anglo-French betrayal of the Arabs more generally, was even more sordid than I had realized. In this, as in many other things, Wilson was singularly unhelpful. Things didn't have to turn out as badly as they did.</p>
<h3 id="fun-home"><span class="date">10/13</span> Alison Bechdel, <i>Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic</i></h3>
<p>The <a href="https://theatreworks.org/">TheatreWorks</a> production of the musical is really good. Janet and I saw it last week, and we're going again tonight with Alice. Naturally I wanted to reread the original book, which is structurally complicated and literary in a way the musical isn't. Wonderful example of adaptation, of how different media have different strengths.</p>
<h3 id="murderbot4"><span class="date">10/7</span> Martha Wells, <i>Exit Strategy</i></h3>
<p>The fourth and last Murderbot novella. I liked all of them a lot, mainly because of the main character, who is sympathetic, sarcastic, comprehensible, a good person (although it takes a while for it to start thinking of itself as a person, and even longer to think of itself as good), but doesn't think like a human. The humans and augmented humans who know what it is eventually realize that it isn't human and doesn't want to be.</p>
<p>I'm looking forward to the upcoming novel.</p>
<h3 id="return-soldier"><span class="date">10/5</span> Rebecca West, <i>The Return of the Soldier</i></h3>
<p>I'm sure this wasn't the first novel to feature shell shock and psychiatric treatment but it must have been one of the early ones: written and set in 1916, published in 1918.</p>
<p>It's not really a War novel: it's set in a country home in England, not in “that No Man's Land where bullets fall like rain on the rotting faces of the dead.” It's a book about the early 20th century English class system, about memory and the passage of time, about the tension between truth and happiness, about the relationships between the titular soldier and the three women (one of them the main character and narrator) who love him in very different ways. It couldn't have been set in any other time and place, though; the presence of the War, and the fact that the main character can imagine it and knows images from it even without having seen it herself, is crucial.</p>
<h3 id="towards-zero"><span class="date">10/2</span> Agatha Christie, <i>Towards Zero</i></h3>
<h3 id="amberlough"><span class="date">10/1</span> Lara Elena Donnelly, <i>Amberlough</i></h3>
<p>Not what I expected. I thought it was going to be a nice wholesome spy thriller set in a fictional country. And so it is, at first, until the election, or maybe a cross between an election and a coup, where somehow the unthinkable happens and the candidate who seemed like a nightmarish bad joke ends up in power. The main character's choices become much darker, and the world of the spy seems much less glamorous, and the blackboots are closing in… One realizes that the sexual freedom and cheerful decadence of Amberlough City is reminiscent of early 1930s Berlin, and that the Bumble Bee, the theater where so many of the characters work and play, bears more than a passing resemblance to the Kit Kat Klub from <i>Cabaret</i>.</p>
<h3 id="standfast"><span class="date">9/26</span> John Buchan, <i>Mr Standfast</i></h3>
<p>The third Richard Hannay novel, sequel to <i>The Thirty-Nine Steps</i> and <i>Greenmantle</i>. It was published in 1919 (was it written before or after the end of the War, I wonder?) and begins in 1917, shortly before the Battle of Messines. Richard Hannay is now a general serving in the trenches of the Western Front, but he's called away from his brigade (and later, after his promotion, from his division!) to hunt a dangerous German spy ring, spies who were secretly responsible for the Bolshevik revolution, and the French Army mutiny after the failed Nivelle Offensive, and the Italian defeat in the Battle of Caporetto, and who are now plotting to wreck the Allied armies before the upcoming Ludendorff Offensive. Yes, there's another desperate flight across Scotland pursued by the police.</p>
<p>I initially thought that this book would be about defeating the treasonous English peace movement, but no. The peace movement is treated with a lot more respect than I had expected. Some of the pacifists and socialists and advanced modern artists are portrayed as ridiculous or deluded or worse, but by no means all. At least one of the pacifists, who never repents of his refusal to fight, is portrayed unambiguously as a hero.</p>
<p>This book also reminds me that I've never gotten around to reading <i>The Pilgrim's Progress</i>. I ought to.</p>
<h3 id="sad-cypress"><span class="date">9/24</span> Agatha Christie, <i>Sad Cypress</i></h3>
<h3 id="stokesbury"><span class="date">9/23</span> James Stokesbury, <i>A Short History of World War I</i></h3>
<p>A short history (one volume, 350 pages), but thorough and insightful. The author was a Canadian history professor, so this book has just a little more emphasis on the Canadian experience of the War than most of the other books I've read.</p>
<p>I enjoyed the tone, which is often caustic and often funny in a dry sort of way. Here's a description of Allied response to the German attack in the second battle of Ypres: “General Foch, who was commanding the Northern Army Group, ordered an immediate counterattack. The French did nothing; they were still trying to collect their broken divisions. Smith-Dorrien, implying that Foch's orders were nonsense, which they were, proposed instead to retire back to a line just in front of the Ypres. Sir John French was so angered by this sensible suggestion that he immediately sacked Smith-Dorrien and replaced him with Sir Herbert Plumer—who then retired to a line just in front of Ypres.”</p>
<h3 id="GEB"><span class="date">9/17</span> Douglas Hofstadter, <i>Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid</i></h3>
<p>Back when I was in high school <i>Gödel, Escher, Bach</i> was one of my three favorite books. (Along with <i>War and Peace</i> and, um, I forget what the third was.) I read it several times, and it had a huge influence on the way I thought. I'm sure this book is where I first encountered Gödel's incompleteness theorem, and the halting problem, and Zen kōans, and renormalization (I didn't understand it at the time; I still don't, but at least now I know enough quantum field theory to know why I'm confused), and analysis of fugal technique, and an attempt to understand the mind starting from neurons. Possibly it's even where I learned about the Turing test, and the Epimenides paradox, and Zeno's paradox. I took from <i>GEB</i> the idea that it's important to distinguish between multiple levels of explanation (or, if you like, that holism and reductionism are in tension but not in conflict), that interesting things happen when levels mix, that self-reference is subtle and important and worth thinking hard about.</p>
<p>I hadn't read <i>Gödel, Escher, Bach</i> recently. I was reminded of it partly from reading <i>Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality</i> and partly from reading <i>The Gold Bug Variations</i>. My basic reaction: parts of it seem dated, and not just the parts referring to computer technology of the 1970s, but by and large it holds up pretty well. Nerdy high school students should still read it.</p>
<p>One of the parts that seemed most dated to me is Hofstadter's assumptions about artificial intelligence. I share his assumption that AI is possible in principle, that there's no reason a machine made of silicon can't be a person. (The arguments to the contrary have always seemed to me like special pleading, and even the sophisticated ones are in the same category as Zeno's paradox or the Ontological Argument: anyone can see they're wrong, even if formulating exactly how they're wrong can be interesting and productive.) But Hofstadter makes a further assumption, which I don't think he quite stated explicitly: that developing AI would go hand in hand with understanding and explaining how our own minds work, and that it would mean explicitly implementing the sorts of semantic networks that he was sure we had in our heads. It probably seemed obvious to him, and it seemed obvious to me when I first read <i>GEB</i>, but it doesn't seem so obvious to me now, and I don't think today's AI researchers are so certain of it either.</p>
<p>We now know that it's possible to write a program that plays superhuman chess but that's still just a program, not a person (Hofstader guessed that would be impossible), and that probably plays chess differently than the best human players do. And of course machine learning has made astonishing progress in recent years in other areas too, including machine translation, which Hofstadter correctly identifies as a very hard problem — but again, it's made that progress by throwing enormous amounts of data and lots of floating-point calculations at the problem, not by embedding semantic networks or self-referential symbols. There are no symbols or semantics in sight, just bfloat16 matrices. We don't have a good way of explaining how a deep learning network makes a particular decision or what it's thinking about, and it's entirely possible that we'll be able to create a machine that passes the Turing test without ever getting such an explanation. It hardly seems like progress toward understanding human thought. Except… maybe it is. All of Hofstadter's speculation about how the human mind must work, with the implicit question of what else could it be: well, we've got an example now of what else it could be. Maybe Hofstadter's symbols and Chomsky's deep structures just aren't there, and what's in our heads is more like deep learning and statistical generalization, and there is no satisfactory unifying explanation to be found.</p>
<h3 id="beast-of-the-rails"><span class="date">9/10</span> Phil &amp; Kaja Foglio, <i><a href="http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/">Girl Genius</a>: The City of Lightning</i></h3>
<p>Alice is right: the best scene is indeed when Bangladesh DePree and Princess Zeetha, Daughter of Chump, are having tea and cake.</p>
<blockquote>
“Uh… Do you know who I am?”
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
“Captain Bangladesh DuPree — exiled pirate queen. You kill stuff for the Empire. — And you're pretty <b>good</b> at it, too. Cream?”
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
“Ooh! Yes, please! Ha — ‘Pretty good?’ Do you even <b>know</b> how <b>much</b> stuff I've killed?”
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
“Hey, I don't even keep track of how much <b>I've</b> killed.”
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
“Oh, sure. Numbers, right?”
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
“Yeah, tell me about it.
</blockquote>
<h3 id="beast-of-the-rails"><span class="date">9/8</span> Kaja &amp; Phil Foglio, <i><a href="http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/">Girl Genius</a>: The Beast of the Rails</i></h3>
<p>“<i>*sigh*</i> Frau Doctor, I <b>have</b> personally meddled with inexplicable scientific anomalies before…”</p>
<h3 id="edgware"><span class="date">9/2</span> Agatha Christie, <i>Lord Edgware Dies</i></h3>
<p>Poirot missed an important psychological clue that he should have picked up on even before the murder.</p>
<h3 id="cuckoo-song"><span class="date">9/1</span> <a href="http://www.franceshardinge.com/">Frances Hardinge</a>, <i>Cuckoo Song</i></h3>
<p>An 11 year old girl, on holiday in the country in 1923, wakes up after a near-fatal accident. It's immediately clear to her and the reader that something isn't right; the things that aren't right build up, in an impressively creepy way, and it also becomes clear very quickly that at least some of them can only be supernatural. The year is also no accident; this book is partly a fairy story and partly a story about the aftermaths of the War.</p>
<h3 id="binti3"><span class="date">8/31</span> <a href="http://nnedi.com/">Nnedi Okorafor</a>, “Binti: The Night Masquerade”</h3>
<p>Third book in the trilogy that began with “Binti.”</p>
<h3 id="ask-evans"><span class="date">8/30</span> Agatha Christie, <i>Why Didn't They Ask Evans?</i></h3>
<h3 id="bring-bodies"><span class="date">8/29</span> Hilary Mantel, <i>Bring Up the Bodies</i></h3>
<p><i>Wolf Hall</i> tells the story of the rise of Anne Boleyn, and <i>Bring Up the Bodies</i>, the sequel (the middle book in a planned trilogy, apparently), tells about her fall. In both books the main character is Thomas Cromwell.</p>
<p><i>Bring Up the Bodies</i> is told in the third person, but it's a third person tighly focused on Cromwell. He seems more elusive in this book than in <i>Wolf Hall</i>; it's harder to understand why he did what he did, especially in the crucial few weeks when he gradually and almost imperceptibly shifts from trying to arrange an annulment of Henry and Anne's marriage to working toward her execution for adultery and treason. Is it ambition? Fear of the Boleyn clan? A desire to carry out Henry's wishes faithfully no matter how incoherent those wishes are? A sincere belief that he has found evidence of Anne's guilt? Concern about preserving the stability of the realm? Some kind of complicated Machiavellian religious machination? Revenge? Sometimes it seems to be one of those, sometime another, sometimes a contradictory combination of them.</p>
<h3 id="princeless2"><span class="date">8/25</span> Jeremy Whitley and Emily Martin, <i>Princeless: Book 2 — Get Over Yourself</i></h3>
<h3 id="gwenpool1"><span class="date">8/25</span> Chris Hastings (writer), Danilo Beyruth (artist), Tamra Bonvillain (color artist), Travis Lanham (letterer), <i>The Unbelievable Gwenpool: Volume 1: Believe It</i></h3>
<p>Marvel's worst role model.</p>
<h3 id="teeth-evidence"><span class="date">8/25</span> Dorothy Sayers, <i>In the Teeth of the Evidence</i></h3>
<p>Short stories: some Lord Peter, some Montague Egg, some one-off. </p>
<h3 id="have-carcase"><span class="date">8/21</span> Dorothy Sayers, <i>Have His Carcase</i></h3>
<p>A request to friends and family: if I'm ever found with my throat cut under mysterious circumstances and the police are trying to establish the time of death, make sure the medical examiner has read this book.</p>
<h3 id="rogue-protocol"><span class="date">8/18</span> Martha Wells, <i>Rogue Protocol</i></h3>
<p>The third book of the wonderful Hugo-winning Murderbot series.</p>
<p>“After trying and rejecting a few newly downloaded shows, I started on a first espisode that looked promising. It took place in an alt-world with magic and improbable talking weapons. (Improbable because I was a talking weapon and I knew how people felt about me.)”</p>
<h3 id="mcginty"><span class="date">8/14</span> Agatha Christie, <i>Mrs. McGinty's Dead</i></h3>
<h3 id="inversions"><span class="date">8/12</span> Iain M. Banks, <i>Inversions</i></h3>
<p>The very first page of the book, a note on the text written by the fictional editor who compiled it, writes that half of it is “the Story of the Woman Vosill, a Royal Physician during the Reign of King Quience, and who may, or may not, have been from the distant Archipelago of Drezen but who was, without Argument, from a different Culture.” A few pages from the end, the last we hear from a character is “a note declining the invitation, citing an indisposition due to special circumstances.”</p>
<p>The narrators of the two stories attach no particular significance to the words in those quotes that will be familiar to readers of Banks's other science fiction novels. The most obvious inversion of this novel is that the point of view characters are the ones visited by Contact; the people telling the story don't know what the story is.</p>
<h3 id="strong-poison"><span class="date">8/10</span> Dorothy Sayers, <i>Strong Poison</i></h3>
<p>“It was natural that the conversation should turn to the subject of murder. Nothing goes so well with a hot fire and buttered crumpets as a wet day without and a good dose of comfortable horrors within. The heavier the lashing of the rain and the ghastlier the details, the better the flavour seems to be. On the present occasion, all the ingredients of an enjoyable party were present in full force.” </p>
<h3 id="woman-white"><span class="date">8/8</span> Wilkie Collins, <i>The Woman in White</i></h3>
<p>One of the earliest mystery novels, published in 1860. (Originally published as a serial, in a magazine founded by Charles Dickens, starting the previous year.) It's not exactly a detective novel and not exactly a thriller, certainly not in the modern sense; those genres evolved later, and the pacing in this novel is much more Victorian than modern.</p>
<p>I read this once before, I think, but remembered very little about it. I did remember Count Fosco, though; he's a wonderful villain.</p>
<h3 id="wolf-hall"><span class="date">8/5</span> Hilary Mantel, <i>Wolf Hall</i></h3>
<p>A novel set in the time of Henry VIII, and mostly about the politics centered around Henry's court around the time of his divorce from Catherine of Aragon and his marriage to Anne Boleyn. Most of the characters are people you'll read about in history books. The main character is Thomas Cromwell, whom I (like most Americans, I suspect) had previously encountered mainly as the villain in “A Man for All Seasons.” He comes across as a very different and much more interesting character in this book, and More comes across as a remarkably unpleasant person.</p>
<h3 id="princeless1"><span class="date">8/4</span> Jeremy Whitley and M. Goodwin, <i>Princeless Volume 1: Save Yourself</i></h3>
<h3 id="my-man-jeeves"><span class="date">7/28</span> P. G. Wodehouse, <i>My Man Jeeves</i></h3>
<p>Short stories, not all about Jeeves and Bertie.</p>
<h3 id="pride-prejudice"><span class="date">7/27</span> Jane Austen, <i>Pride and Prejudice</i></h3>
<p>All three of us were reading this book at the same time! Sort of a small family book club.</p>
<h3 id="old-shades"><span class="date">7/25</span> Georgette Heyer, <i>These Old Shades</i></h3>
<p>Not a Regency romance. A romance, yes, but set a couple generations earlier, in the age of Louis XV and George II.</p>
<h3 id="dubliners"><span class="date">7/23</span> James Joyce, <i>Dubliners</i></h3>
<p>What better short story collection to read when one is in Dublin?</p>
<h3 id="peter-body"><span class="date">7/22</span> Dorothy Sayers, <i>Lord Peter Views the Body</i></h3>
<p>A short story collection, including a crossword puzzle.</p>
<h3 id="right-ho-jeeves"><span class="date">7/19</span> P. G. Wodehouse, <i>Right Ho, Jeeves</i></h3>
<p>P. G. Wodehouse isn't best known for his writings about nuclear physics, but here's what Bertie Wooster was reminded of by Gussie Fink-Nottle's drunken grammar school prize presentation, in a book published in 1922.</p>
<blockquote>
“It was a dashed tricky thing, of course, to have to decide on the spur of the moment. I was reading in the paper the other day about those birds who are trying to split the atom, the nub being that they haven't the foggiest as to what will happen if they do. It may be all right. On the other hand, it may not be all right. And pretty silly a chap would feel, no doubt, if, having split the atom, he suddenly found the house going up in smoke and himself torn limb from limb.”
</blockquote>
<h3 id="dust1"><span class="date">7/17</span> Philip Pullman, <i>The Book of Dust: Vol 1: La Belle Sauvage</i></h3>
<p>Prequel to <i>His Dark Materials</i>: the adventures of baby Lyra. Well, not exactly her adventures (she's a baby), but the adventures surrounding her. I liked the first half of this book, but started liking it a lot less in the second half. It felt padded, especially the interminable boat voyage.</p>
<h3 id="bad-blood"><span class="date">7/14</span> John Carreyrou, <i>Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup</i></h3>
<p>The Theranos story, written by the reporter who exposed what was going on. It has relevance beyond Theranos, of course. The epilogue suggests that the moral of the story is that Silicon Valley's loose ways have no place in the world of health care, but I take a different moral from it. The question I ask is: why was it possible for this to go on so long? Why were people, including journalists, so credulous?</p>
<p>I note three things, in particular. First: people like Holmes were successfully able to hack the the mechanism of American journalism. Reporters, despite their skeptical self-image, basically tend to take people at their word. They don't have good tools for coping with people who lie about everything, people whose basic factual statements can't be taken at face value. Second: reporters don't cultivate subject matter expertise and don't value it. The people who wrote stories about Theranos didn't know the basics of blood testing or chemical engineering. They didn't know which technical problems were easy and which were difficult, and they didn't know what questions to ask. They thought the main skill they brought to the table was the ability to assess sources' character, and they were wrong about that. Third: the American legal system doesn't guarantee free speech. Not really, not when powerful people are involved. Dozens of people, maybe hundreds, knew what was going on, but none of that made it into print for years: suppressing speech turns out to be easy.</p>
<h3 id="emma"><span class="date">7/12</span> Jane Austen, <i>Emma</i></h3>
<p>Janet and I were both reminded of <i>Emma</i> when we read <i>In Other Lands</i>, so I figured I ought to reread it. The protagonist is very interestingly flawed.</p>
<h3 id="box"><span class="date">7/8</span> Mark Levinson, <i>The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger</i></h3>
<p>Does a history of shipping containers sound interesting to you? In the preface, the author said that none of people he talked to while writing it thought so. I'll say the same thing about this book that I've heard from a lot of other people, though: if you're at all interested in technology, or economics, or what globalization means, you should read this book. It's a fascinating story.</p>
<p>Shipping containers in the modern sense started in the mid 1950s. They took off in a big way in the 1960s, accelerated as the Vietnam War escalated, and by the 1980s they had changed almost everything about manufacturing and trade: consolidation into a smaller number of enormous ports, a huge reduction in the number of dockside jobs and the end of traditional dockside culture (and this goes far beyond longshoremen), drastically cheaper shipping costs, which for the first time made global supply chains and just-in-time manufacturing possible at scale. And of course it's not just the container itself, but all of the infrastructure around it: deepwater ports with good connections to road and rail, high-speed cranes, manufacturers who ship when they're able to fill a container, ships and rail cars and truck cabs designed for containers, regulatory changes that allow shipping to be charged as a flat container rate rather than per commodity and for shippers to sign long term contracts. (Both of those things were illegal in the US until the early 1980s, and today's world, where hybrid sea/rail shipping is routine, where a cargo from Yokohama to New York might be unloaded from a ship in Long Beach, didn't take off until the laws were changed.)</p>
<p>The chapter I found most entertaining was the one on ISO standardization. Parts of it seemed uncomfortably familiar.</p>
<h3 id="revenant-gun"><span class="date">7/7</span> Yoon Ha Lee, <i>Revenant Gun</i></h3>
<p>The last book of the <i>Machineries of Empire</i> trilogy. All three are well worth reading, space opera like nothing I've seen before. I read somewhere that they were inspired in part by Korean legend, but I don't know enough to say whether that's true.</p>
<h3 id="saga7"><span class="date">7/4</span> Fiona Staples and Brian K. Vaughan, <i>Saga Volume 7</i></h3>
<h3 id="paper-girls-3"><span class="date">7/4</span> Brian K. Vaughan and Cliff Chiang, <i>Paper Girls 3</i></h3>
<h3 id="monstress2"><span class="date">7/4</span> Marjorie Liu and Sana Takeda, <i>Monstress, vol. 2: The Blood</i></h3>
<p>One of the 2018 Hugo nominees for Best Graphic Story.</p>
<h3 id="monstress1"><span class="date">7/4</span> Marjorie Liu and Sana Takeda, <i>Monstress, vol. 1: Awakening</i></h3>
<h3 id="artificial"><span class="date">7/4</span> Martha Wells, <i>Artificial Condition</i></h3>
<p>The continuing adventures of Murderbot.</p>
<h3 id="starving"><span class="date">7/3</span> Sam J. Miller, <i>The Art of Starving</i></h3>
<h3 id="summer-orcus"><span class="date">7/2</span> T. Kingfisher, <i>Summer in Orcus</i></h3>
<blockquote>
“It occurs to me,” said the weasel, going back to mussing around in her hair, “that you are laboring under the impression that I am some sort of magical familiar. I'm not. I'm really a very ordinary weasel—although quite good-looking, of course—and not magical at all.”
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Summer sighed. “You talk though.”
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
“All weasels talk,” said the weasel. “Most humans are just bad at listening.”
</blockquote>
<h3 id="black-bolt"><span class="date">7/1</span> Saladin Ahmed and Christian Ward, <i>Black Bolt: vol. 1: Hard Time</i></h3>
<h3 id="rustonomicon"><span class="date">6/29</span> <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/"><i>The Rustonomicon</i></a></h3>
<p>It's billed as a book about how to use unsafe Rust. That's important, since it doesn't seem to be possible to write data structures in the safe subset of Rust (not even simple ones like doubly-linked lists or dynamic-size arrays), and unsafe Rust is only lightly covered in most tutorials.</p>
<p>As a side effect, this book actually covers something even more interesting: a precise description of some important parts of the safe subset of Rust, in particular the ownership model. I finally have a reasonably clear idea of why <tt>let mut x = (1, 2); let x1 = &amp;mut x.0; let x2 = &amp;x.1;</tt> works, and why <tt>let mut v = vec!(1, 2); let v1: &amp;i32 = &amp;mut v[0]; let v2 = &amp;v[1];</tt> doesn't. (The latter is nontrivial, and requires understanding lifetimes.)</p>
<h3 id="black-tides"><span class="date">6/29</span> <a href="http://jyyang.com/">JY Yang</a>, <i>The Black Tides of Heaven</i></h3>
<p>More twins, and more gender fluidity: children are default non-binary until they choose a gender. The practitioners of magic are called Tensors, but whether they're covariant or contravariant isn't specified.</p>
<h3 id="hippo"><span class="date">6/27</span> Sarah Gailey, <i>River of Teeth</i></h3>
<p>The book begins with an author's foreward explaining that “In the early twentieth century, the Congress of our great nation debated a glorious plan to resolve a meat shortage in America. The idea was this: import hippos and raise them in Louisiana's bayous. The hippos would eat the ruinously invasive hyacinth; the American people would eat the hippos; everyone would go home happy. Well, except the hippos. They'd go home eaten.” And no, she didn't make it up: the hippo ranching idea was real, and you can read more about it in Jon Mooallem's “<a href="https://magazine.atavist.com/american-hippopotamus">American Hippopotamus</a>” article.</p>
<p>It didn't happen, probably because it was a really terrible idea. This novella is a story of what might have been: what might have been if hippo ranching had taken off in the mid 19th century. It's a kind of Wild West story, but with hoppers instead of cowboys. Also a lot more gender fluidity than in your average Wild West story.</p>
<h3 id="other-lands"><span class="date">6/24</span> Sarah Rees Brennan, <i>In Other Lands</i></h3>
<p>One of this year's Hugo nominees for best YA novel. It's a coming of age story, and a portal fantasy, and a romantic comedy. Which means it's obvious to the reader (and many of the other characters) who the main character will end up with, long before he realizes it himself.</p>
<p>It's also a bit of a nerd wish fulfillment: the main character is intelligent, socially awkward and a bit oblivious, obnoxious both intentionally and unintentionally, and unremarkable for looks, and lots of beautiful and powerful and accomplished people are throwing themselves at him. Perhaps that's part of the joke.</p>
<h3 id="binti-home"><span class="date">6/22</span> <a href="http://nnedi.com/">Nnedi Okorafor</a>, “Binti: Home”</h3>
<p>Sequel to “Binti.” It feels very much like the middle book in a trilogy.</p>
<h3 id="sticks-bones"><span class="date">6/20</span> Seanan McGuire, <a href="https://www.tor.com/2017/04/26/excerpts-seanan-mcguire-down-among-the-sticks-and-bones/"><i>Down Among the Sticks and Bones</i></a></h3>
<p>Apparently in some sense it's a companion to <i>Every Heart a Doorway</i>, which I haven't read.</p>
<h3 id="sarah"><span class="date">6/17</span> <a href="http://sarahpinsker.com/">Sarah Pinsker</a>, “<a href="https://uncannymagazine.com/article/and-then-there-were-n-one/">And Then There Were (N-One)</a>”</h3>
<p>One of this year's Hugo nominees for Best Novella. The main character's name is Sarah Pinsker, and so are almost all of the other characters: it takes place at SarahCon, a gathering at an alternate-reality resort for hundreds of her from parallel worlds. And yes, the title's echo of Christie is intentional.</p>
<h3 id="binti"><span class="date">6/17</span> <a href="http://nnedi.com/">Nnedi Okorafor</a>, “Binti”</h3>
<h3 id="bitch-planet-2"><span class="date">6/17</span> Kelly Sue DeConnick and Valentine De Landro, <i>Bitch Planet: Book 2: President Bitch</i></h3>
<p>The most recent <i><a href="https://imagecomics.com/comics/series/bitch-planet">Bitch Planet</a></i> collection, collecting issues 6–10. It's a little heavy-handed and absurd, but so is reality.</p>
<h3 id="favorite-monsters-1"><span class="date">6/17</span> Emil Ferris, <i>My Favorite Thing is Monsters, vol. 1</i></h3>
<p>One of this year's Hugo finalists for Best Graphic Story. It starts out as a mystery and a growing up story: a 10 year old girl, growing up in Chicago in the late 1960s, trying to understand the death of a neighbor. It gradually becomes more intense. The book is done as her diary, drawn in a spiral notebook. The art is striking, done in a variety of styles to reflect how the narrator sees herself and the world around her, and immensely detailed; there were several pages that took a long time for me to read, or that I went back to to see if I had missed something.</p>
<p>Highly recommended, but note that it's only half a book. I didn't notice that until I finished it; I ended up being very confused, because it didn't seem like anything was fully resolved. I thought maybe there was a big revelation at the end (which could mean one of two things depending on how you interpret a comma), and the author was leaving it up to the reader to figure out how it answered all the other questions, and I just wasn't smart enough to put everything together. But no, it's more straightforward than that. The publisher split the book in two, since even volume 1 is pretty huge. The other half is coming out this summer.</p>
<h3 id="akata-warrior"><span class="date">6/16</span> <a href="http://nnedi.com/">Nnedi Okorafor</a>, <i>Akata Warrior</i></h3>
<p>A YA fantasy novel set in Nigeria, and one of the finalists for this year's Hugo. I thought it was a lot of fun, partly becuase magic inspired by Nigerian rather than European folk traditions seemed fresh.</p>
<p>The main character and her friends would have had a much easier time if they'd told their teachers and mentors what was going on, and as far as I can tell they had no good reason not to. I blame J. K. Rowling: the characters have all read Harry Potter, so they probably thought that kids going off and having magical adventures on their own and saving the world without talking to anyone is just what they're supposed to do.</p>
<h3 id="ny2140"><span class="date">6/12</span> Kim Stanley Robinson, <i>New York 2140</i></h3>
<p>I liked the conceit of this novel better than the execution. The idea that New York will be transformed rather than abandoned after climate change causes sea levels to rise by tens of feet, that New York will become SuperVenice: both plausible and cool. I liked the setting, and the city as character. Neither the characters nor the story grabbed me, though, and I kept getting annoyed by the fact that in most ways other than the built environment the world didn't feel like the future. I don't believe that gender roles in the mid 22nd century will look exactly like they do today; maybe they'll be better, maybe they'll be worse, but I'm sure they'll be different. I don't believe the people in the mid 22nd century will remember 2008 as the paradigmatic example of a financial bubble, or that they'll have opinions about the relative merit of Bernanke, Volcker, and Greenspan. (Quick: are you still angry about the way the US government handled the Panic of 1893? Can you name three Treasury secretaries from the 1880s?) I don't believe that the artists and writers who are remembered will be people like Pynchon, Ligeti, Calvino, Heinlein, Marquis, and Shostakovich, and nobody more recent.</p>
<p>The politics also rubbed me the wrong way, which is slightly weird since I basically agree with most of Robinson's substantive policy preferences. I think the basic problem was that there wasn't a single character who disagreed with the author's politics for an articulable reason. It was as if the only thing keeping the country from enacting policies that everyone recognized as self-evidently good was a handful of greedy bankers and the cowardly politicians who failed to stand up to the bankers. I just don't buy that; the world isn't that simple. There are people who genuinely disagree with each other, sometimes for bad reasons, sometimes for good; evil bankers are real, but they're only a small part of what's going on. It's impossible to make political progress if you fail to accurately identify either your enemies or your allies.</p>
<h3 id="bitch-planet-1"><span class="date">6/9</span> Kelly Sue DeConnick and Valentine De Landro, <i>Bitch Planet: Book 1: Extraordinary Machine</i></h3>
<h3 id="akata-witch"><span class="date">6/5</span> Nnedi Okorafor, <i>Akata Witch</i></h3>
<h3 id="loves-labor-lost"><span class="date">6/4</span> William Shakespeare, <i>Love's Labour's Lost</i></h3>
<p>No twins and no cross-dressing, but at least there are some mistaken identities, some misdirected messages, and some dirty jokes.</p>
<h3 id="romeo-juliet"><span class="date">6/3</span> William Shakespeare, <i>The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet</i></h3>
<p>Friar Lawrence is way too fond of overly complicated plans.</p>
<h3 id="first-july"><span class="date">6/2</span> Elizabeth Speller, <i>The First of July</i></h3>
<p>The first of July 1916, to be specific: the first day of the Battle of the Somme. (Although we first meet the four main characters three years earlier, on July 1 1913, going about their very separate peacetime lives.) It should be unsurprising that not all of the characters live to see July 2.</p>
<h3 id="goldbug"><span class="date">5/28</span> Richard Powers, <i>The Gold Bug Variations</i></h3>
<p>Bach, molecular biology, COBOL, Poe, library science, and art history. Also a couple of love stories. I listened to the 1955 Gould recording more than once while reading this book.</p>
<h3 id="tailors"><span class="date">5/20</span> Dorothy Sayers, <i>The Nine Tailors</i></h3>
<p>The book didn't help: I still find bell-ringing mystifying.</p>
<h3 id="dispatcher"><span class="date">5/19</span> John Scalzi, “The Dispatcher”</h3>
<h3 id="vashnoi"><span class="date">5/19</span> Lois Bujold, “The Flowers of Vashnoi”</h3>
<p>The latest Vorkosigan novella. (Ekaterina Vorkosigan, that is.)</p>
<h3 id="risk"><span class="date">5/13</span> Baruch Fischhoff &amp; John Kadvany, <i>Risk: A Very Short Introduction</i></h3>
<p>A book about decision-making in the face of uncertainty — the descriptive question of how decisions are actually made, and the prescriptive question of how they should be made. (The latter of which is contested. It's not at all clear that the Von Neumann-Morgenstern axioms are the only form of decisionmaking that deserves to be called rational.)</p>
<h3 id="artemis"><span class="date">5/10</span> George O'Connor, <i>Artemis: Wild Goddess of the Hunt</i></h3>
<h3 id="song-stone"><span class="date">5/10</span> Iain Banks, <i>A Song of Stone</i></h3>
<p>It's pretty unrelenting in its nastiness: terrible people caught up in a war that neither they nor the reader understand, doing terrible things to each other. The time is unspecified and the country unnamed; it's dreamlike, or nightmarelike, in its lack of context. Not my favorite Banks, but interesting for its narrative voice.</p>
<h3 id="apollo"><span class="date">5/7</span> George O'Connor, <i>Apollo: The Brilliant One</i></h3>
<p>Book 8 in the <i><a href="http://olympiansrule.com/">Olympians</a></i> series of graphic novels. This one is narrated by the nine muses.</p>
<h3 id="odyssey-wilson"><span class="date">5/5</span> <i>The Odyssey</i> (tr. Emily Wilson)</h3>
<p>This translation got a lot of attention when it was published, much of focused on the fact that Wilson is the first woman to have translated the <i>Odyssey</i> into English, and on a few of Wilson's decisions as translator: the very first line, where “polutropos” is rendered as “complicated”, and a little more emphasis than usual on Penelope's agency, and calling attention to sexual violence when it appears in the text, and using the English word “slave” instead of euphemisms that can obscure the fact that all the places we see are slave-owning societies and nobody sees anything remarkable about it.</p>
<p>Other important virtues of this translation that have gotten less attention: it's written in clear and understandable 21st century English (obscurity or archaism doesn't make English any closer to classical Greek), it's the same length as the original, it's written in natural-sounding iambic pentameter that scans well, and it has a detailed and good introduction discussing things like textual history, variant texts and readings, and the complicated question of authorship. I'm looking forward to Wilson's <i>Iliad</i>!</p>
<p>Wilson has written a lot about some of her decisions as a translator (how she translates the standard epithet “dios Odysseus,” what to make of the Greek word “heros,” what “eupatereios” might mean in reference to Helen, and so on), both in the introduction and the footnotes and in articles and interviews like this one <a href="https://www.tor.com/2018/05/03/all-the-voices-of-the-odyssey-emily-wilson-on-language-translation-and-culture/">at tor.com</a>. They're interesting and worth seeking out.</p>
<h3 id="infinity-gauntlet"><span class="date">4/29</span> <i>The Infinity Gauntlet</i></h3>
<p>A compilation of <i>Infinity Gauntlet</i> #1–6 from 1991.</p>
<h3 id="tobias"><span class="date">4/27</span> <a href="https://andrewtobias.com/">Andrew Tobias</a>, <i>The Only Investment Guide You'll Even Need</i></h3>
<p>The 2016 edition. Similar but not identical to previous editions.</p>
<h3 id="systems-red"><span class="date">4/23</span> Martha Wells, <i>All Systems Red</i></h3>
<p>The first “Murderbot Diaries” story. Lots of fun.</p>
<h3 id="strachan"><span class="date">4/21</span> Hew Strachan, <i>The First World War</i></h3>
<p>This may be my new favorite WWI overview. It's a single-volume history and relatively short, and it's also recent. It was originally published 90 years after the start of the War; I read a reissue, with a new introduction, to mark the hundredth anniversary. Part of the challenge of any such history is just how many words have been written, how many interpretations have solidified over the decades — both from memoirs written by important participants days or months or years after the fact, and from well known works like <i>Good-Bye to All That</i> and <i>Im Westen nichts Neues</i> and <i>The Guns of August</i>. This book questions a lot of the standard interpretations and tries to look at the events in the context of the time. I got new insights even about well known events like the Schlieffen Plan, the British evacuation of Gallipoli, and Falkenhayn's goals in Verdun. </p>
<h3 id="programming-rust"><span class="date">4/10</span> Jim Blandy &amp; Jason Orendorff, <i>Programming Rust: Fast, Safe Systems Development</i></h3>
<p>This time I read the first edition of the book, released December 2017; when I read it before I read a pre-release 0th edition. This is a lot more complete, including some real examples, a fair amount about the standard library, some discussion of idiomatic concurrency patterns, and a chapter about how and why to use the <tt>unsafe</tt> escape hatch. I have the impression that you'll almost always need to use <tt>unsafe</tt> to implement nontrivial data structures in Rust, and that you basically shouldn't be afraid of it any more than you should be afraid of using placement <tt>new</tt> in C++.</p>
<p>It was also interesting to see something that wasn't in this book but that was in the pre-release version: monadic error handling with <tt>Result</tt>'s <tt>map</tt> and <tt>and_then</tt> and <tt>or_else</tt> methods. The pre-release version made a big deal of that style of error handling; this version omits them entirely, concentrating on the <tt>?</tt> operator. I assume this reflects a change of opinion within the Rust community about what constitutes good style. It's interesting to see that such a change of opinion could happen in less than a year. I take this as yet another sign that good error handling is still an unsolved problem. Whatever language you're using, and regardless of whether you're using exceptions or explicit return codes or something else, it's still awkward and we're still experimenting.</p>
<h3 id="provenance"><span class="date">4/8</span> Ann Leckie, <i>Provenance</i></h3>
<p>It's set in the same world as the <i>Ancillary Justice</i> trilogy, but it's not part of the same story. It's not set in Radchaai space. Some characters talk about the Radch and about some of the events of <i>Ancillary Mercy</i>, but that's largely background; for the most part the characters and societies of this book have their own concerns. (Including, as the title suggests, concerns about authenticity and origins and chains of ownership.)</p>
<p>Gender and pronouns in this book are different both from the way the Radchaai do things and from the way we do things.</p>
<h3 id="extras"><span class="date">4/3</span> Scott Westerfeld, <i>Extras</i></h3>
<p>The fourth book of the <i>Uglies</i> trilogy, featuring a new set of characters and a title that turns out to have more than one meaning.</p>
<h3 id="specials"><span class="date">4/1</span> Scott Westerfeld, <i>Specials</i></h3>
<p>The third book of the <i>Uglies</i> trilogy.</p>
<h3 id="conspiracy-paper"><span class="date">3/29</span> David Liss, <i>A Conspiracy of Paper</i></h3>
<p>A mystery novel set in 1719 London and revolving around the South Sea Company. (The year is significant: 1720 is when the bubble burst.)</p>
<h3 id="pretties"><span class="date">3/22</span> Scott Westerfeld, <i>Pretties</i></h3>
<p>It's funny reading a book where the big villains are a group called Special Circumstances. I imagine Scott has read just as much Banks as I have, and that the name was at least partly his little joke or easter egg.</p>
<h3 id="closed-common"><span class="date">3/24</span> Becky Chambers, <i>A Closed and Common Orbit</i></h3>
<p>Sort of a sequel to <i>The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet</i>, but it focuses on different characters and it isn't really a continuation of the story. That book was essentially about what counts as a family, and this one is about what counts as a person.</p>
<h3 id="uglies"><span class="date">3/22</span> Scott Westerfeld, <i>Uglies</i></h3>
<p>Alice was assigned this as part of her dystopian literature unit in middle school.</p>
<h3 id="will-battle"><span class="date">3/17</span> Ada Palmer, <i>The Will to Battle</i></h3>
<p>The third book in the <i>Terra Ignota</i> series. Like the first two, it's complicated, dazzling, weird, frustrating. It's very much a novel of ideas, and I think pretty much every reader will have the reaction of wanting to argue with it. (Probably different readers will want to argue with different parts.)</p>
<p>The title and the epigraph come from Thomas Hobbes, and when I say the book is a novel of ideas one of the things I mean is that it's a novel about Enlightenment philosophy. This book makes the unreliability of its unreliable narrator a little more explicit than the first two, but it has a similarly complicated attitude toward time. There are four distinct eras at play in this book: the 21st century, when it was written, the 25th century, when it takes place, some far future era when the narrator thinks of it as being read, addressing an imagined reader (who sometimes responds!), and the past era that the narrator thinks is relevant for understanding the transformation of their society, the 17th and 18th centuries.</p>
<h3 id="mother-questions"><span class="date">3/11</span> Rebecca Solnit, <i>The Mother of All Questions</i></h3>
<p>A collection of feminist essays, including the well known “Men Explain <i>Lolita</i> to Me.”</p>
<h3 id="excession"><span class="date">3/8</span> Iain M. Banks, <i>Excession</i></h3>
<p>What happens when the Culture encounters an Outside Context Problem.</p>
<h3 id="long-angry"><span class="date">3/2</span> Becky Chambers, <i>The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet</i></h3>
<p>Not deep, but fun.</p>
<h3 id="earthsea6"><span class="date">2/19</span> Ursula K. Le Guin, <i>The Other Wind</i></h3>
<p>The most obvious thing about <i>Tehanu</i> is that it's a reexamination of gender, but male and female isn't the only duality that's highlighted in the more recent Earthsea books: there's also human and dragon, Kargad and Archipelagan, the living and the dead.</p>
<p>In one of Le Guin's essays, from before she wrote <i>Tehanu</i>, she said, roughly, that <i>A Wizard of Earthsea</i> was about coming of age, <i>The Tombs of Atuan</i> was about marriage, and <i>The Farthest Shore</i> was about death, and that <i>The Farthest Shore</i> was the weakest of the three because it was about something she hadn't experienced. Maybe that's why the three more recent Earthsea books, the ones written after such a long pause, kept coming back to <i>The Farthest Shore</i>, why we see such a different view of the dry country and the wall of stones.</p>
<h3 id="endless-night"><span class="date">2/17</span> Agatha Christie, <i>Endless Night</i></h3>
<h3 id="earthsea5"><span class="date">2/17</span> Ursula K. Le Guin, <i>Tales from Earthsea</i></h3>
<p>The way Le Guin wrote about her own writing reminds me of the way mathematicians talk about their work: in terms of discovery, rather than invention. “I also wanted information on various things that had happened back <i>then</i>, before Ged and Tenar were born. A good deal about Earthsea, about wizards, about Roke Island, about dragons, had begun to puzzle me. In order to understand current events, I needed to do some historical research, to spend some time in the Archives of the Archipelago.”</p>
<p><i>Tales from Earthsea</i> is a collection of short fiction. It includes discoveries about origins, about chronology, about gender, about the dangers of the arts of the Summoner, and, in the final story, “Dragonfly,” about what happens after the end of <i>Tehanu</i>.</p>
<h3 id="index-card"><span class="date">2/10</span> Helaine Olen and Harold Pollack, <i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Index-Card-Personal-Complicated/dp/1591847680">The Index Card: Why Personal Finance Doesn't Have to Be Complicated</a></i></h3>
<p>Back in 2013, when he was interviewing Helaine Olen about her book on personal finance, Pollack made an offhand comment that “The best [financial] advice fits on a 3x5 index card and is available for free at the library.” Naturally he was challenged to produce that card. Here was his initial take, which he posted on his <a href="http://www.samefacts.com/2013/04/everything-else/advice-to-alex-m/">blog</a>:<br> <a href="http://www.samefacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/advice_to_alexM.jpg"><img width="300" height="225" src="advice_to_alexM-1024x768.jpg"></a> </p>
<p>This book is an expansion of that card. The authors have revised the initial advice a little (they no longer wholeheartedly recommend VTIVX and the like, for example, and they include advice about mortgages and insurance), but the basic premise is still the same: you don't need to know much more than what fits on an index card. And yes, the book includes a tear-out copy of the updated card on the last page. Most of the book is an explanation of why each of the ten simple rules matters.</p>
<p>It's an important point! Managing your money ought to be boring, and I agree with the authors that one of the main reasons it seems complicated is that there are a lot of people with a vested interest in making it seem complicated. Spending too much time on trying to figure out the perfect time to buy and sell exactly the right stock, or learning how to implement fancy option strategies, is much more likely to hurt than to help.</p>
<h3 id="earthsea4"><span class="date">2/10</span> Ursula K. Le Guin, <i>Tehanu</i></h3>
<p><i>Tehanu</i> was published in 1990, almost 20 years after the previous Earthsea book. There are no contradictions with the first three books of the series, with what I thought of as the <i>Earthsea Trilogy</i> when I was growing up, but it looks at the characters and their world from a different perspective: it exists very specifically because Le Guin's perspective changed over the course of that 20 years, and she wanted to question the assumptions her younger self made. (Most notably about gender. Why was wizardry so relentlessly male? Why were there almost no named female characters?) This is only the second time I've read <i>Tehanu</i>. I didn't like it much the first time I read it, but I liked it better upon rereading.</p>
<p>The subtitle is “The Last Book of Earthsea,” but it wasn't.</p>
<h3 id="earthsea3"><span class="date">2/6</span> Ursula K. Le Guin, <i>The Farthest Shore</i></h3>
<p>“It is hard for a dragon to speak plainly. They do not have plain minds. And even when one of them would speak the truth to a man, which is seldom, he does not know how truth looks to a man.”</p>
<h3 id="pi"><span class="date">2/3</span> Shawn Wallace and Matt Richardson, <i>Getting Started with Raspberry Pi</i></h3>
<h3 id="simmons"><span class="date">2/3</span> <a href="http://staff.cs.manchester.ac.uk/~hsimmons/">Harold Simmons</a>, <i>An Introduction to Category Theory</i></h3>
<p>“There is a lot going on in adjunctions, and you will probably get confused more than once. You might get things mixed up, forget which way an arrow is supposed to go, not be able to spell contafurious, and so on. Don't worry. I've been at it for over 40 years and I still can't remember some of the details.”</p>
<h3 id="catwings"><span class="date">2/2</span> Ursula K. Le Guin, <i>Catwings</i></h3>
<p>I'm sure cats would like to have wings if they could.</p>
<h3 id="earthsea2"><span class="date">2/1</span> Ursula K. Le Guin, <i>The Tombs of Atuan</i></h3>
<p>An interestingly ambiguous ending, even independent of <i>Tehanu</i>.</p>
<h3 id="earthsea1"><span class="date">1/29</span> Ursula K. Le Guin, <i>A Wizard of Earthsea</i></h3>
<blockquote class="poem">
<li>Only in silence the word,</li>
<li>only in dark the light,</li>
<li>only in dying life:</li>
<li>bright the hawk's flight</li>
<li>on the empty sky.</li>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="hesiod"><span class="date">1/28</span> <i>Hesiod</i> (tr. Richard Lattimore)</h3>
<p>A translation of the three surviving works attributed to Hesiod: the <i>Works and Days</i>, the <i>Theogony</i>, and the <i>Shield of Herakles</i>. Whether these poems are all really by Hesiod is of course questionable (and was questioned even by ancient scholars), as is whether there ever was such as person as “Hesiod” or whether the name should be taken to refer to a particular oral tradition rather than a single individual.</p>
<p>The ancients thought of Hesiod and Homer as roughly contemporaneous. I'd never read Hesiod before and hadn't known what to expect. I was surprised to find that <i>Works and Days</i> and <i>Theogony</i> weren't epics: <i>Works and Days</i> is explicitly didactic, addressed specifically to Hesiod's brother, and <i>Theogony</i> is more catalog than narrative. The <i>Shield of Herakles</i> is much like the shield of Achilles from Book 18 of the <i>Iliad</i>, only more so. There was almost certainly some borrowing in at least one direction.</p>
<h3 id="market-forces"><span class="date">1/20</span> Richard Morgan, <i>Market Forces</i></h3>
<p>Near-future science fiction where the violence of neocolonial financial dominance is more direct and more literal than it is today. It's just as grim and violent as you'd expect if you've read the author's earlier books.</p>
<h3 id="civility"><span class="date">1/14</span> Amor Towles, <i>Rules of Civility</i></h3>
<p>Towles's second novel, <i>A Gentleman in Moscow</i>, got a lot of attention. <i>Rules of Civility</i>, his first novel, came out a few years ago. Most of it takes place in New York in 1938, but with a prologue in 1966. We learn in the prologue that the main character is eventually prosperous and successful, that she eventually marries someone named Val, that someone named Tinker Grey was once important to her and that he somehow fell on hard times; then we spend most of the book waiting to understand those things. A lot of what makes the book interesting is how we gradually (or in a few cases suddenly) realize how misleading most of the characters' deliberately constructed personae are.</p>
<h3 id="whit"><span class="date">1/8</span> Iain Banks, <i>Whit</i></h3>
<p>The main character is Isis Whit, or, in full, The Blessed Very Reverend Gaia-Marie Isis Saraswati Minerva Mirza Whit of Luskentyre, Beloved Elect of God, III. She's the granddaughter and heir of Salvador Whit (whose full name is even more impressive), the founder of the tiny and austere True Church of Luskentyre. She's 19 at the start of the book and has spent her whole life in her Order's Community in rural Scotland. Now there's a family problem that requires her to go on a mission out into the world of the unsaved, to Edinburgh and London and beyond.</p>
<p>It was an interesting choice for a committed atheist like Banks to write a book told from the point of view of someone for whom her faith is everything. I think he went out of his way to make up a religion that he could respect in some ways, even if he couldn't take it as seriously as his character does.</p>
<h3 id="plato-short"><span class="date">1/6</span> Julia Annas, <i>Plato: A Very Short Introduction</i></h3>
<p>I took a class on Plato as a undergrad, which was a while ago. This was a good refresher.</p>
<h3 id="looking-glass"><span class="date">1/5</span> John le Carré, <i>The Looking Glass War</i></h3>
<p>This book comes with a forward, written by le Carré in 1991. <i>The Looking Glass War</i> was published in 1965, immediately after <i>The Spy Who Came In from the Cold</i>, and it was written as an even less romantic and (from le Carré's point of view) more realistic view of the spy world: one where the issue isn't so much betrayal and moral ambiguity, but incompetence, muddle, petty bureaucratic battles, characters fighting (and failing) to convince themselves that what they do matters.</p>
<h3 id="fenice"><span class="date">1/2</span> Donna Leon, <i>Death at La Fenice</i></h3>
<p>The conductor in this book is fictional, as is the manner of and reason for his death, but I imagine we're supposed to be reminded of Herbert von Karajan.</p>
</div> <!-- Close the booklist -->
<address><a href="http://lafstern.org/matt">Matt Austern</a></address><a href="http://lafstern.org/matt"> </a>
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<h1>PuTTY Tray</h1>
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<h2>Project Status</h2>
<p> There's an ongoing <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/278"> discussion about the status of this project on Github</a>. Please contribute. </p>
<p> Originally compiled by <a href="http://haanstra.eu/putty/">Barry Haanstra</a>, now maintained by <a href="https://blog.goeswhere.com/">Chris West (Faux)</a>. </p>
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<li id="nav_features"><a href="#features" onclick="return !jsMode();"><span>Features</span></a></li>
<li id="nav_download"><a href="#download" onclick="return !jsMode();"><span>Download</span></a></li>
<li id="nav_authors"><a href="#authors" onclick="return !jsMode();"><span>Authors</span></a></li>
<li id="nav_source"><a href="#source" onclick="return !jsMode();"><span>Source</span></a></li>
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<h2><a id="features">Features</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Minimizing to the system tray (on CTRL + minimize, always or directly on startup)</li>
<li>Icons are customisable</li>
<li>Blinks tray icon when a bell signal is received</li>
<li>Configurable window transparency</li>
<li>URL hyperlinking</li>
<li>Portability: optionally stores session configuration in files (for example: on a USB drive) like <a href="http://code.google.com/p/portaputty/">portaPuTTY</a></li>
<li>Easy access to the 'always on top' setting (in the system menu)</li>
<li>Android <a href="http://developer.android.com/guide/developing/tools/adb.html">adb</a> support</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>BETA: 0.67-t029 (2016-06-26)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Fixed: Code signing certificate, and timestamping, valid again; no more certificate errors</li>
<li class="update">Upgraded to PuTTY 0.67 (2016-03-05), which contains some security hardening, but no relevant security fixes.</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/247">#247</a>: Crash if file configuration had been munged by git</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/249">#249</a>: Command line length issues with cygcommand and cygterm</li>
<li><strong>Note:</strong> Automatic reconnection is deprecated. It doesn't work. Please disable it.</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>BETA: 0.66-t028 (2016-01-23)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/220">#220</a>: Restore compatability with older computers</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/229">#229</a>: Pageant remembers confirm mode if it restarts itself</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: About dialog could fail due to merge error, thanks to <a href="https://github.com/theultramage">theultramage</a></li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>BETA: 0.66-t027 (2015-12-13)</h2>
<p>A rebuild against PuTTY 0.66 (2015-11-07), fixing <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/wishlist/vuln-ech-overflow.html">a security issue</a>.</p>
<br>
<br>
<h2>BETA: 0.65-t026 (2015-09-22)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/107">#107</a>: Always show "Reconnect" had been accidentally removed</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/93">#93</a>: Clicking links while scrolled would launch totally random bits of the scrollback</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/205">#205</a>: Workaround Win10 bug for jumplists, thanks upstream</li>
<li class="update">New: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/203">#203</a>: Support for ssh:// and putty:// fake protocols on the command-line; see the bug for registry entries</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>BETA: 0.65-t025 (2015-09-21)</h2>
<p>A rebuild against PuTTY 0.65 (2015-07-25), with a new toolchain and options, again without any significant PuTTYTray related fixes.</p>
<br>
<br>
<h2>BETA: 0.64-t024 (never released)</h2>
<p>Never released at all.</p>
<br>
<br>
<h2>BETA: 0.64-t023 (2015-04-12) (never publicly released)</h2>
<p>A test release against 0.64, which fixed some issues and broke many other things.</p>
<br>
<br>
<h2>BETA: 0.63-t022 (2014-11-09)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/137">#137</a>: Crash on start-up for some users</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/158">#158</a>: Start fixing totally totally broken cygterm commands</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/163">#163</a>: New <abbr title="top level domains, e.g. .moe">TLDs</abbr> in the default URL regex</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/165">#165</a>: Mouse-wheel changes for vim</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/167">#167</a>: Pageant tray menu was missing file configs</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/168">#168</a>: Fix conf-file parser for some cases</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/172">#172</a>: Improve -log behaviour</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>BETA: 0.63-t021 (2014-02-25)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">New: URLs submenu, for easier keyboard access. Window -&gt; Behaviour -&gt; System Menu appears on alt+space.</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/130">#130</a>: Broken logging/etc. paths with file sessions</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/129">#129</a>: Broken full paths in logging</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/131">#131</a>: Broken file sessions with folders</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/133">#133</a>: Crash instead of error on bad (serial) connections</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/136">#136</a>: ADB: Allow saving of host</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/125">#125</a>: Error handling for file sessions</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>BETA: 0.63-t020 (2013-12-22)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/95">#95</a>: Asserts while loading some keys!</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/109">#109</a>: Revert <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/88">#88</a>, which broke terminal titles for some people</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/10">#10</a>: Fiddled with default-settings-from-file(!)</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/91">#91</a>: Menu styling</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/96">#96</a>: Could generate illegal log paths</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/97">#97</a>: -title, -log, etc. from KiTTY</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/98">#98</a>: Can now be built with mingw</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/106">#106</a>: Missing tray icon after an Explorer crash</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/107">#107</a>: Can always restart session</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/110">#110</a>: Auto-reconnect in more cases</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/115">#115</a>: Paste delay (thanks to thechile!)</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/123">#123</a>: Crash with ssh-add --invalid</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/112">#112</a>: Can remove broken keys from pageant</li>
<li class="update">Plus some fiddly code changes, as usual.</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>BETA: 0.63-t019 (2013-08-21)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/80">#80</a>: alt-gr broken by default, breaking many people's input languages, sorry!</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/81">#81</a>: Old sessions with saved dynamic port forwards wouldn't load properly</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/83">#83</a>: pageant showing dialog at boot/login</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/74">#74</a>: adb docs and options for prefering usb, emulators, etc.</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/82">#82</a>: adb allows adb-wireless style serials with a ":" prefix (hack!)</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/88">#88</a>: Attempt to mangle charsets less(?) when setting the terminal title. This is experimental.</li>
<li class="update">New: Various other usability improvements in adb, e.g. reporting error messages</li>
<li class="update">New: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/86">#86</a>: Left-clicking the pageant tray icon brings up saved sessions</li>
<li class="update"><b>Plus</b>: other fixes from <a href="https://github.com/FireEgl">Philip Moore (FireEgl)</a> and <a href="https://github.com/xurubin">Rubin Xu</a> that I'd missed.</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>BETA: 0.63-t018 (2013-08-21)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Identical to p0.63-t019, oops.</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>BETA: 0.63-t017 (2013-08-11)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">New: FaTTY! PuTTYGen and Pageant bundled into the PuTTY download</li>
<li class="update">New: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/wiki/Automatic-logins">Automatic login</a> assistance via. ssh keys</li>
<li class="update">New: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/3">#3</a>: URL regex updates</li>
<li class="update">New: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/55">#55</a>: A very bad implementation of ssh-agent's "confirm key usage" for pageant</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: Settings moved back onto sensible configuration pages</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/15">#15</a>: URL mangling with unicode</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/28">#28</a>: Wakeup reconnect delay</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/61">#61</a>: Truncated files problem goes away with the p0.63 release</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/72">#72</a>: Don't hang the settings page for systems with broken username detection</li>
<li class="update"><b>Plus</b>: about 30 other fixes from various people, especially <a href="https://github.com/FireEgl">Philip Moore (FireEgl)</a> and <a href="https://github.com/stfnm">stfnm</a>, and over 300 changes in upstream PuTTY.</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>Update: 0.62-t015 (2013-08-06)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/79">#79</a>: backport other security fixes from 0.63</li>
<li class="update">Note: PuTTY 0.63 has other fixes that may eventually be shown to be security issues, which are not in this release. If you are worried about this kind of thing, you should probably run official PuTTY 0.63 until there is a stable 0.63-derived PuTTYTray release (hopefully within a week!).</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>Update: 0.62-t014 (2013-08-05)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/79">#79</a>: CVE-2013-4852: direct backport of hilighted fix for this security issue</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>Update: 0.62-t013 (2012-10-25)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Fixed regression: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/51">#51</a>: #50 didn't fully fix #38's break of adb terminals, thanks to <a href="http://larskl.de/">ztNFny</a></li>
<li class="update">Fixed: adb wouldn't connect to the emulator</li>
<li class="update">New: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/56">#56</a>: <a href="http://ttssh2.sourceforge.jp/manual/en/usage/tips/vim.html">xterm bracketed paste mode</a>, thanks to <a href="https://github.com/stfnm">stfnm</a></li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>Update: 0.62-t012 (2012-10-10)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Fixed regression: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/50">#50</a>: #38 broke adb terminals, thanks to <a href="http://larskl.de/">ztNFny</a></li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>Update: 0.62-t011 (2012-10-08)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/42">#42</a>: Some characters would break link detection, thanks to <a href="http://james-ross.co.uk/">Silver</a></li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/41">#41</a>: Crash on URL detection near the lower-right of the terminal</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/38">#38</a>: Multiple device support for Android Debug (adb), thanks to <a href="https://github.com/yumeyao">YumeYao</a></li>
<li class="update">New: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/34">#34</a>: Pageant icon</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>Update: 0.62-t010 (2012-04-06)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update"><b>Fixed</b>: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/29">#29</a>: Crash on behaviour tab</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/27">#27</a>: Use two rows for connection type menu, thanks to <a href="https://github.com/stfnm">stfnm</a></li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/31">#31</a>: Enable jumplists for people using file settings</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/6">#6</a>: Compiles under linux (not all functionality present or even applicable)</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>Update: 0.62-t009 (2012-03-15)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/20">#20</a>: Invisible icon after flashing tray, thanks to <a href="https://github.com/stfnm">stfnm</a></li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/23">#23</a>: Merge <a href="https://github.com/sztupy/adbputty/">adbputty</a> by <a href="http://sztupy.hu/">sztupy</a>, giving Android Debug Bridge support</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/24">#24</a>: Behaviour menu would assert if putty.hlp was present, thanks to <a href="https://github.com/stfnm">stfnm</a></li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>Update: 0.62-t008 (2012-01-22)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">New: Executables now signed, should (eventually) make IE less angry; no code changes</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>Update: 0.62-t007 (2012-01-13)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/2">#2</a>: At least one case of transparent icons</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues/14">#14</a>: Serial connections giving "Invalid Port"</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>Update: 0.62-t006 (2011-12-16)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">New: Now built against <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/changes.html">PuTTy 0.62</a>, a bugfix release, including security updates</li>
<li class="update">New: Simplified URL handling support, fixing <a href="spotify:track:1CNJyTUh56oj3OCZOZ5way">spotify: urls</a></li>
<li class="update">Fixed: <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/pull/9">#9</a>: Issues with bold fonts and colours</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>Update: 0.61-t004 (2011-10-09)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">New: Now built against <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/changes.html">PuTTy 0.61</a>, getting features like Windows 7 Jumplist and Aero support</li>
<li class="update">New: Ctrl+mousewheel zoom support</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: Stupidly huge (256x256) icon for Vista+</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: URL detection works on URLs ending with )s</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: Build script generator (<span style="font-family: monospace">mkfiles.pl</span>) now works as expected</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<h2>Update: 0.60 (r3) (2011-09-12?)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="update">New: Load sessions from file using the command line with <em>-loadfile</em> or <em>-file [sessionname]</em></li>
<li class="update">New: Added 'always on top' to the system menu</li>
<li class="update">New: Automatically selects 'sessions from file' when the registry does not contain any sessions</li>
<li class="update">New: Added option 'reconnect on connection failure'</li>
<li class="update">New: Default font set to 'Consolas' when using Windows Vista</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: URL hyperlink bug - preferred browser settings ignored in Windows Vista (thanks Jesper Svennevid)</li>
<li class="update">Fixed: With 'show tray icon: always' enabled: clicking the tray icon will minimize the PuTTY window if it is open.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="content_download" class="content_pane">
<h2><a id="download">Download</a></h2>
<p>The current version is 0.67-t029.<br> Last update: 26th June, 2016. </p>
<p>If you have any problems at all, please raise a ticket in the <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues">github bug tracker</a>, preferably after trying it in stock PuTTY, and maybe the previous release, thanks!</p>
<p> As Europe is descending into chaos and/or a police-state, I am obliged to ask you please, please not to download, or use, this software if you are a terrorist. </p>
<ul>
<li> <a href="https://puttytray.goeswhere.com/download/putty.exe">putty.exe</a><br> <span style="font-size: 80%; color: #AAAAAA;">SHA256 / GPG (putty.exe) = <a href="https://git.goeswhere.com/putty.git/tag/refs/tags/p0.67-t029">31ba5b51450e1b1fd2cc6038ceb107058068519e9535907ab06850ed23c989b3</a></span> </li>
</ul>
<p>There is no-longer a separate pageant download, as it is bundled.</p>
<ul>
<li> <a href="https://puttytray.goeswhere.com/download/v028/">Other downloads, including debug symbols and broken plink build</a>, and <a href="https://puttytray.goeswhere.com/download/">older versions</a><br> </li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<p>What's that "SHA256/GPG" thing?</p>
<ul>
<li>This allows you to increase your confidence that you downloaded the right thing. If your browser tells you you're on <a href="https://puttytray.goeswhere.com/">https://puttytray.goeswhere.com</a>, and there's no errors about certificates, and your computer asks you if you if you're sure you want to run software made by Christopher West (that's me!), then you're already pretty safe.</li>
<li>If you're worried that a government is out to get you, however, you can check further. You need <a href="http://www.gnupg.org/">GnuPG</a>. There's a problem here, in that it's quite hard to convince yourself that you got the <i>right</i> GnuPG. That problem is best left to your friendly Linux machine, unfortunately.</li>
<li>With GnuPG (gpg.exe), you can ask it to generate the SHA256 of the file, using <span style="font-family: monospace">gpg --print-md sha256 putty.exe</span>. This should match (ignoring the spaces and new lines) the value you see above.</li>
<li>To go one step further, you can check that the value you see above is correct. It's signed (in the git tag) with my <a href="https://ssl.goeswhere.com/keys.asc">GnuPG key</a>. Once you're sure you have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_trust">the right gpg key</a>, you can be sure you've got the right tag, and hence the right hash, and hence the right binary. Phew!</li>
</ul>
<p>If you are looking for the original version of PuTTY:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html">PuTTY download page</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="content_authors" class="content_pane">
<h2><a id="authors">Authors</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://blog.goeswhere.com/">Chris West (Faux)</a>, the current maintainer</li>
<li><a href="http://haanstra.eu/putty/">Barry Haanstra</a>, for the original compilation of PuTTYTray, and this website</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/robotslave">robotslave</a>, for patches</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/stfnm">stfnm</a>, for patches</li>
<li><a href="http://sztupy.hu/">sztupy</a>, for adbputty</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/FireEgl">Philip Moore (FireEgl)</a>, for FuTTY</li>
<li><a href="http://www.everaldo.com/crystal/">Everaldo</a>, for making the beautiful Crystal SVG icon set from which I derived the PuTTY Tray icon</li>
<li>Samuli Gröhn, for making the <a href="http://www.groehn.net/nutty/">NuTTY hyperlink patch</a></li>
<li>Jakub Kotrla because he invented the <a href="http://jakub.kotrla.net/putty/">PuTTY File patch</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.warp13.co.uk/putty.py">warp13.co.uk</a>, for the reconnect patch</li>
<li><a href="http://putty.dwalin.ru/">dwalin.ru</a>, for parts of the TuTTY session icon code</li>
</ul>
<p>And, of course,</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/">Simon Tatham</a>, and the rest of the PuTTY team, for releasing <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">PuTTY</a> in the first place.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Please note:</strong><br>If this software does not work as expected, eats your PC or kills your cat, you should know that it comes without warranty of any kind. You install it at your own risk.<br> Also, please do not bother any of the people mentioned above with questions about PuTTY Tray. If it does not work, <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues">raise an issue at github</a>, or try <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html">the original version</a>.</p>
</div>
<div id="content_source" class="content_pane">
<h2><a id="source">Source</a></h2>
<p><strong>github</strong></p>
<p> The source is available from github. The compilation is available under <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/blob/master/LICENCE.PuTTYTray">the MIT license</a>, which allows you to do pretty much anything. </p>
<p> See the <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/tags">tag list</a> for tar/zip downloads if you'd prefer not to use git. </p>
<p> There's a guide to <a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/wiki/Building-with-VS2010-Express">building PuTTYTray with Visual Studio 2010 Express</a>, to guide you through getting PuTTYTray to build and run, completely from scratch. </p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray">FauxFaux' PuTTYTray github</a></li>
</ul>
<p> If you find a bug or have a feature request, please raise a github issue: </p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/FauxFaux/PuTTYTray/issues">bug tracker</a></li>
</ul>
<p> Please feel free to use the forking and pull-request features of github. </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="foot">
</div>
</div>
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<html>
<head>
<title>Plato </title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="index.html"><img src="graphics/mrl.gif" alt="Metaphysics Research Lab">Home Page</a>
<hr>
<h1>Plato</h1>
<p> Plato (b. 428 B.C.?, d. 347 B.C.?) was a student of Socrates, and wrote numerous philosophical works in the form of dialogues between Socrates and various interlocutors representing different strata of Greek society. </p>
<p><strong>Major Works:</strong> </p>
<ul>
<li> <em>The Apology</em> </li>
<li> <em>The Phaedo</em> </li>
<li> <em>The Crito</em> </li>
<li> <em>The Meno</em> </li>
<li> <em>The Symposium</em> </li>
<li> <em>The Republic</em> </li>
<li> <em>Gorgias</em> </li>
<li> <em>Phaedrus</em> </li>
<li> <em>Philebus</em> </li>
<li> <em>Theaetetus</em> </li>
<li> <em>Protagoras</em> </li>
<li> <em>The Sophist</em> </li>
<li> <em>Timaeus</em> </li>
</ul>
<p> <strong>Plato's Life:</strong> </p>
<ul>
<li> Born, 428 B.C.(?), in Athens or Aegina </li>
<li> prior to 399 B.C., studied with Socrates </li>
<li> 399 B.C., after the execution of Socrates, took refuge in Megara </li>
<li> 399 - 387 B.C., traveled extensively in Greece. Egypt, and Italy </li>
<li> 387 B.C., founded The Academy in Athens </li>
<li> 367 B.C., went to Syracuse to tutor Dionysius II at the suggestion of Dion </li>
<li> Died, 347 B.C.(?) </li>
</ul>
<p> <strong>Plato's Contribution to Philosophy:</strong> Plato carved out a subject matter for philosophy by formulating and discussing a wide range of metaphysical and ethical questions. To explain the similarities and resemblances among objects of the physical world, he developed a metaphysics of Forms. His views about ethical questions could be grounded in his metaphysics of Forms via the contemplation of the Form of The Good. Plato therefore found an inherent connection between metaphysics and ethics. His greatest work, <em>The Republic</em>, developed an insightful analogy between harmony in the state and harmony in the individual, and it is often considered one of the greatest works ever written. Plato wrote dialogues that considered the nature of virtue itself, as well as the nature of particular virtues. He also considered epistemological questions, such as whether knowledge is justified true belief. </p>
<p> <strong>Further Reading:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li> Moravcsik, J., <em>Plato and Platonism</em>, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1992 </li>
<li> Pelletier, J., and Zalta, E., "How to Say Goodbye to the Third Man", <i>Noûs</i>, <b>34</b>/2 (2000): 165-202 [<a href="plato.pdf">Preprint available online in PDF</a>] </li>
</ul>
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<!doctype html>
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<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,maximum-scale=2">
<meta name="description" content="Workman Keyboard Layout : The Layout Designed with Hands in Mind">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="/assets/css/style.css?v=d1cd60ab771c5e794fee6d5fb8c58946e6ddeb11">
<title>Workman Keyboard Layout</title>
</head>
<body> <!-- HEADER -->
<div id="header_wrap" class="outer">
<header class="inner"> <a id="forkme_banner" href="https://github.com/workman-layout/Workman">View on GitHub</a>
<h1 id="project_title">Workman Keyboard Layout</h1>
<h2 id="project_tagline">The Layout Designed with Hands in Mind</h2>
<section id="downloads"> <a class="zip_download_link" href="https://github.com/workman-layout/Workman/zipball/master">Download this project as a .zip file</a> <a class="tar_download_link" href="https://github.com/workman-layout/Workman/tarball/master">Download this project as a tar.gz file</a>
</section>
</header>
</div> <!-- MAIN CONTENT -->
<div id="main_content_wrap" class="outer">
<section id="main_content" class="inner">
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/workman_layout.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/workman_layout.png" alt=""></a></p>
<h1 id="the-workman-keyboard-layout-philosophy">The Workman Keyboard Layout Philosophy</h1>
<p><em>By OJ Bucao, September 6, 2010</em></p>
<ol>
<li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#the-problem-with-colemak">The Problem with Colemak</a></li>
<li><a href="#back-to-the-drawing-board">Back to the Drawing Board</a></li>
<li><a href="#introducing-the-workman-keyboard-layout">Introducing the Workman Keyboard Layout</a></li>
<li><a href="#pros-and-cons">Pros and Cons</a></li>
<li><a href="#key-usage-visualization">Key Usage Visualization</a></li>
<li><a href="#tests-using-popular-books">Tests Using Popular Books</a></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>Being a programmer, I type a lot and I suffer from Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) and tendonitis on my wrist. I’ve tried many different ways to help make it better. One way to do this is to switch to a different keyboard layout other than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY">QWERTY</a>. QWERTY was supposedly designed for typewriters to solve a very specific problem–to keep the types from jamming against each other. The most frequently used keys were placed apart from each other to prevent them from jamming. This results in a non-ergonomic layout. However, there are alternatives.</p>
<h2 id="dvorak-and-colemak">Dvorak and Colemak</h2>
<p>The first alternative keyboard layout that came to mind is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard">Dvorak</a>. It was created in the 1930’s and promised to be vastly superior to QWERTY. I went ahead and tried it out and soon enough after doing “ls -latr” on the terminal, I had to shake my head and sadly walk away from it. I didn’t like the way Dvorak was laid out especially for the weak fingers of the right hand.</p>
<p>Then I stumbled upon a layout called <a href="http://colemak.com/">Colemak</a>, a relatively new player in the game compared to QWERTY and Dvorak. It was released in 2006 and boasted impressive metrics in terms of finger travel, hand alternation, and same finger frequency. Everyone in the alternative keyboard layout crowd seemed to be raving about it. There are other layouts available namely Capewell, Arensito, Carpal X, etc. After some research I decided on Colemak because of its metrics and probably partly because it looked “normal” and “familiar”. The other ones either looked too radical and different or they suffered from awkward placements of some often used letters. Colemak looked the most promising and I was excited to try it.</p>
<p>So I went ahead and tried it and immediately it felt good. I noticed that my fingers were not moving up and down as much and most of the time they stayed on the home row. However after a few days of practicing on K-touch, a nagging feeling started to creep in. Something felt rather awkward. At first I thought that maybe I just wasn’t used to it yet and it’s the result of the awkwardness in switching to a different layout. So I kept on and while doing so, I tried to analyze how my hands were moving and then the problem became clear to me.</p>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/colemak_layout_21.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/colemak_layout_21.png" alt=""></a> <br><em>The Colemak keyboard layout</em></p>
<h2 id="the-problem-with-colemak">The Problem with Colemak</h2>
<p>My initial excitement turned to disappointment when I realized that even though my fingers were not moving up and down as much, they were moving too much laterally. I realized that the main culprit was the letter ‘H’ placed to the right of the letters ‘N’ and ‘E’. ‘N’ is where your index finger rests. Typing ‘HE’ forced the hand to make a very unnatural sideways twisting motion from the wrist and then back again. To give you an idea on why this could be serious, consider these:</p>
<ul>
<li>‘HE’ is the second most frequent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigram">bigram</a> in the English language (‘TH’ is the first).</li>
<li>It occurs in approximately 8,188 words.</li>
<li>You type it approximately once every 26 keystrokes, or once in every 5 words.</li>
<li>At 40wpm, you will make this movement 8 times in one minute. More if you are faster.</li>
</ul>
<p>Just ask yourself, how often do you type ‘the’, ‘these’, ‘them’, ‘when’, and ‘where’, etc. on a day-to-day basis? It’s even worse when you’re typing these words in the beginning of a sentence. <strong>Try typing “The” with the T capitalized on Colemak and hopefully you’ll see what I mean</strong>. Your right hand will move somewhat like this: you swing to the right to get the SHIFT key with your pinky, then you swing back to the left to get the letter ‘H’, and then you move to the right again to get the letter ‘E’. All this is happening in a split second. That’s quite a bit of lateral movement. Now I’m not a doctor, but multiplied over a lifetime, making that sideways motion with the wrists <em>could</em> be detrimental to people’s hands. It’s nothing personal against Colemak. However, I consider this to be a major flaw in Colemak’s design and I’m concerned that nobody is talking about it. And even if it’s proven to be benign, I find it personally cumbersome.</p>
<p>The letters ‘D’ and ‘H’ are relatively high frequency letters and placing them in the middle of the keyboard forced the hands to make that lateral twitching move a lot. This is by design since the purpose was to optimize the home row keys for high frequency letters to reduce finger travel, which is primarily caused by moving up and down above and below the home row. Colemak by design, as well as Dvorak tries to reduce use of the top and the bottom rows. Actually, when you think about it, most of the other alternative layouts optimize for this very thing. However, I believe that the way that alternative layouts focus on just the home row for optimization is somewhat misguided. We should optimize the keys inside the hand’s natural range of motion and not just strictly the home row.</p>
<p>Other letters that I think are cumbersome with Colemak are the letters G, L, and O. I believe that by moving these letters, horizontal and diagonal stretching could be made less and the load on the right pinky could be reduced.</p>
<h2 id="improving-colemak">Improving Colemak</h2>
<p>I was really disappointed that Colemak was not the layout that I had hoped it would be. I no longer wanted to use QWERTY. I didn’t like Dvorak, and the other alternatives didn’t look very promising either – but rather very alien. I really wanted Colemak to work however I can’t live with the H-E movement and having to reach for D and H often. I felt that it could be made better.</p>
<p>I tried to see if there’s anything that could be done to solve this. At first I ignorantly tried to replace ‘D’ and ‘H’ with other lower frequency letters and moved them elsewhere still expecting the same metrics. I used the awesome Keyboard Compare applet by John A. Maxwell with modifications from Michael Capewell, and also Patrick Gillespie’s amazing Keyboard Layout Analyzer. Long story short, I got pretty crappy results. It soon dawned on me that just moving a few things around isn’t going to cut it. It’s like playing with a water balloon. If you squeeze on one side, it bulges on other sides. If I was going to get the results that I’m looking for, I had to sit down and do some thinking.</p>
<h2 id="back-to-the-drawing-board">Back to the Drawing Board</h2>
<p>I decided to try to create a new keyboard layout based on these ideas. I first came up with the following observations and assumptions:</p>
<ul>
<li>Movement on the Keyboard
<ul>
<li>The home keys (not necessarily the home row) are the place to be</li>
<li>Vertical movement between the columns (reaching and folding) are not necessarily strenuous on the fingers and wrists because it is more natural for the fingers to fold or stretch vertically than horizontally</li>
<li>Side-to-side movements are more strenuous for the wrists than up and down motion</li>
<li>Diagonally reaching for the top and bottom middle keys are the worst</li>
</ul> </li>
<li>Fingers
<ul>
<li>Index Finger: very strong, short</li>
<li>Middle Finger: strong, very long</li>
<li>Ring Finger: weak, long</li>
<li>Pinky Finger: weak, short</li>
</ul> </li>
</ul>
<p>Most of these seem obvious enough but it helps to jot them down for clarity. I then came up with a set of principles to serve as guidelines to help me with the design:</p>
<ul>
<li>Prioritize the home keys</li>
<li>If vertical folding and reaching cannot be prevented, prioritize reaching for longer fingers and folding for shorter fingers.</li>
<li>Place more frequent keys under stronger fingers</li>
<li>Common bigrams should be easy to type.</li>
</ul>
<p>Here’s a an illustration that I created grading the keys based on the approximate amount of difficulty/strain in reaching or pressing them with 1 being the easiest and 5 being the most strenuous. This grading scale takes into consideration the position of the keys, the strength of and length of the fingers and the staggered nature of the keyboard.</p>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/keyboard_graded1.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/keyboard_graded1.png" alt=""></a> <br><em>Keys graded based on strain/difficulty (Standard Keyboard)</em></p>
<p>Below is what it would be on an “matrix style” keyboard also known as “grid” keyboards.</p>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/keyboard_graded_grid.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/keyboard_graded_grid.png" alt=""></a> <br><em>Keys graded based on strain/difficulty (matrix style Keyboard)</em></p>
<h2 id="introducing-the-workman-keyboard-layout">Introducing the Workman Keyboard Layout</h2>
<p>I call it the Workman Keyboard Layout in honor of all who type on keyboards for a living. And considering that today is Labor Day, I think it’s perfectly fitting.</p>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/workman_layout.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/workman_layout.png" alt=""></a> <br><em>The Workman Keyboard Layout</em></p>
<p>In Workman-P, the top-row numbers and symbols have been switched as well as the brace and brackets. It is great for programmers as well as system administrators.</p>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/workman_p.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/workman_p.png" alt=""></a> <br><em>Workman for Programmers</em></p>
<h2 id="pros-and-cons">Pros and Cons</h2>
<h3 id="pros">Pros</h3>
<ul>
<li>It’s different from QWERTY</li>
<li><strong>Comfortable, ergonomic, and efficient</strong> — frequent keys are placed within the natural range of motion of the fingers</li>
<li><strong>Reduced lateral movement of the fingers and wrists</strong></li>
<li><strong>Very, very low overall finger travel</strong></li>
<li><strong>Reduced load on the right pinky</strong> compared to Dvorak and Colemak</li>
<li><strong>More balanced left and right hand usage</strong> compared to Dvorak and Colemak</li>
<li><strong>High same hand utilization</strong> and plenty of easy combos</li>
<li>Common English bigrams are easy to type</li>
<li><strong>ZXCV shortcuts are still accessible with one hand</strong></li>
<li>Capslock is Backspace (Linux only)</li>
<li>Shift+Capslock is Escape (Linux only)</li>
<li><strong>Only 21 characters are different from QWERTY</strong> as opposed to 31 for Dvorak</li>
<li>Not as intimidating or “alien” looking as other alternatives</li>
<li>Available for Windows, Mac OS, and Linux</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="cons">Cons</h3>
<ul>
<li>It’s different from QWERTY</li>
<li>C and V shortcuts are slightly shifted to the right and needs a little getting used to</li>
<li>21 letters are moved compared to Colemak’s 17</li>
<li>Left ring finger has slightly higher load compared to QWERTY, Dvorak, and Colemak.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="key-usage-visualization">Key Usage Visualization</h2>
<p>On Workman, the most often used keys are evenly and pleasantly distributed inside the natural range of motion of the fingers. It’s even better on a matrix style keyboard.</p>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/usage-viz-grid2.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/usage-viz-grid2.png" alt=""></a></p>
<h3 id="-usage-of-the-two-middle-columns">% Usage of the Two Middle Columns</h3>
<ul>
<li>QWERTY: 22%</li>
<li>Dvorak: 14%</li>
<li>Colemak: 12%</li>
<li><strong>Workman: 6%</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Workman reduces overall usage of the two middle columns by about 50% over Colemak. This 50% reduction can be divided into two parts, horizontal and diagonal index finger stretching. Workman reduces horizontal finger stretching by 63%, and diagonal index finger stretching by 27% over Colemak. This is because Workman efficiently utilizes other easy to reach keys instead of just placing them in the middle columns where they are difficult to reach. Workman also reduces vertical index finger stretching by 30% over Colemak by realizing that it’s easier for the index finger to fold than reach upwards.</p>
<p>Below are some tests using popular books taken from Project Gutenberg:</p>
<h2 id="tests-using-popular-books">Tests Using Popular Books</h2>
<h3 id="don-quixote-english">Don Quixote (English)</h3>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/don-quixote.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/don-quixote.png" alt=""></a></p>
<h4 id="distance">Distance</h4>
<p>Looking at the first example. Colemak achieves the lowest overall finger-travel distance against QWERTY and Dvorak at <strong>30,352 meters</strong>. However, Workman is even lower at <strong>29,656 meters</strong> — a difference of <strong>696 meters</strong>. It doesn’t sound like much, however if we convert it to centimeters, that’s equal to <strong>69,600 cm</strong>. And considering that the distance between keyboard keys is approximately 2 cm, <strong>typing on Workman is like typing 34,000 less keystrokes than typing on Colemak. At 40 words per minute, that’s equivalent to approximately 3 hours of work.</strong> <em>For Dvorak, it’s 126,000 keystrokes at 11 hours of work. And for QWERTY, it’s 1,369,800 keystrokes at 5 days of work.</em></p>
<h4 id="same-finger-utilization-sfu">Same Finger Utilization (SFU)</h4>
<p>This shows how many times you had to do a double combo with one of your fingers. For example, typing the word “fuel” using Workman makes your right middle finger do a double combo because the letters U and E are both typed using the right middle finger. Here, Workman has an SFU of 2.185% which means that for every 46 keystrokes (approx. 9 words), one of your 8 fingers does one double combo. Compare that to QWERTY which is at every 20 keystrokes (4 words). Colemak is at every 58 keystrokes or (11 words). Workman, on average, has a higher SFU than Colemak… at +1%. <strong>Some people misunderstand and think that this somehow shows increased effort or discomfort. It doesn’t. Effort is the same, because no matter what, you’re still pressing the same number of keys.</strong> Comfort shouldn’t be a problem as long as the key is in a comfortable spot. The only thing that SFU might potentially and theoretically affect is speed because typing two letters with different fingers is a little faster than typing them with the same finger. However, I doubt that most people will have any problems with speed at all using Workman especially considering that very many people type very fast on QWERTY, of all layouts.</p>
<p>In case you were wondering, the bulk of Workman’s SFU comes from these combinations: <strong>LY, OP, PO</strong>, <strong>CT</strong>, and <strong>UE</strong>. All of these combos are very comfortable to type with LY being less comfortable because the movement from L to Y is diagonal. Some people might say that this is a very bad thing but in reality it is not. First, LY occurs at about 0.24% of the time on average. That’s less than a quarter of one percent. To put it into perspective, <strong>for every 10,000 keystrokes, you will type LY only 24 times</strong>. At this rate, you will not even notice it. Even with this extra 0.24% considered, Colemak’s diagonal movements are still greater than Workman’s. Second, even though it’s a diagonal motion, you’re not really stretching that much because when you type L, you fold your fingers (storing potential energy), then you release it to type Y. The stretch is about the same as when you come from home row. It’s even less when you use a matrix style keyboard. Third, LY occurs at the end of the word almost all the time. This is important and it makes a huge difference. This means that when you type LY, you do it at the end of the flow of a word as a finishing stroke instead of being in the middle, which makes it less cumbersome. All in all, I don’t think this is a big deal.</p>
<h4 id="finger-and-hand-percentages">Finger and Hand Percentages</h4>
<p>A better indicator of finger effort is the Finger Percentage. If you look at the Finger Percentages for Workman, Colemak, and Dvorak, nothing really stands out at first glance. However, <strong>Workman further reduces the load on the right pinky finger over Colemak and Dvorak</strong>. The right pinky, despite being one of the weakest, is one of the most used finger on a standard keyboard due to the location of the Enter, Shift, and Backspace keys, as well as additional punctuation keys. Both Colemak and Dvorak have higher right pinky percentage at 11% (253,850 keystrokes), while Workman is only at 9% (207,696 keystrokes). <strong>On Workman, your right pinky finger just typed 46,155 less keystrokes than both Colemak and Dvorak… that’s about 4 hours of work using ALL your fingers.</strong></p>
<p>Below are the average percentages for each hand. The two analyzers give slightly different results because they differ a little bit in how they do the calculations. However you still get the idea. QWERTY has about a 4% lean towards the left while Colemak leans to the right by about 5%, and Dvorak, 7%. <strong>Workman balances the load between the left and right hands almost equally at 50%.</strong></p>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>&nbsp;</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2">Patrick’s Analyzer</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2">John’s Analyzer</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Layout</th>
<th>Left Hand %</th>
<th>Right Hand %</th>
<th>Left Hand %</th>
<th>Right Hand %</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>QWERTY</td>
<td align="center">54</td>
<td align="center">46</td>
<td align="center">53</td>
<td align="center">42</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dvorak</td>
<td align="center">44</td>
<td align="center">57</td>
<td align="center">43</td>
<td align="center">54</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Colemak</td>
<td align="center">45</td>
<td align="center">56</td>
<td align="center">43</td>
<td align="center">54</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Workman</strong></td>
<td align="center"><strong>50</strong></td>
<td align="center"><strong>50</strong></td>
<td align="center"><strong>49</strong></td>
<td align="center"><strong>48</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="same-hand-utilization-shu">Same Hand Utilization (SHU)</h4>
<p>Dvorak consistently gets lower Same Hand Utilization than QWERTY, Colemak, and Workman which are usually in the 30% range while Dvorak is in the 20’s. Dvorak was supposedly designed for low SHU which means that your hands alternate more frequently. Dvorak’s <strong>20% SHU</strong> means that on average, you’re typing 8 keystrokes alternating between your hands, and the next 2 keystrokes, all in one hand as a combo. <strong>30% SHU</strong> then means on average, 7 keystrokes alternating and then the next 3, all in one hand as a combo. <strong>In designing Workman, I preferred a high SHU (low alternation) over a low SHU (high alternation).</strong> I think high alternation is beneficial if you’re typing on mechanical typewriters but not necessarily on modern keyboards. On typewriters, it is very difficult to type combos with one hand because each key needs a large amount of force to depress. You actually rely more on the momentum of your arms and wrists to provide that force so alternating between your two arms is very helpful. However, this method of typing is inefficient on the modern keyboard because modern keys are easy to press. You are no longer reliant on each arm or wrist stroke to depress a single key. Doing so is actually unnecessary and a waste of energy. <strong>It is much more efficient to ride the momentum of a single arm or wrist stroke and type a combo rather than just one key.</strong> This way your arms and wrists potentially move less while typing the same number of keys, effectively killing several birds with one stone. In the beginning, this will not be apparent. However, as you become more proficient and familiar with the combos, you will be better able to utilize this advantage and type bursts of familiar texts in one hand using fewer hand strokes. An example of this is the word <strong>OPERATION</strong>. If you were to type this in Dvorak, you could type it as <strong>o-pe-r-a-t-io-n</strong> where each grouping is a hand stroke–a total of 7 hand strokes. Whereas with Workman, you’d probably be able to type it as <strong>o-pe-rat-ion</strong> using only 4 hand strokes. <strong>Typing Don Quixote, your wrists and arms potentially moved approximately 200,000 times less on Workman than on Dvorak.</strong></p>
<h4 id="usage-of-the-middle-columns">Usage of the Middle Columns</h4>
<p>What these stats do not show is the usage of the middle two columns. Colemak puts 280,850 keystrokes (12%) on the middle columns versus Workman at 125,875 keystrokes (5%). <strong>On Workman, your index fingers (and potentially your wrists) moved sideways 154,975 times less than on Colemak.</strong> <em>Dvorak is at 308,533 (13%) and QWERTY is at 512,568 (22%).</em></p>
<h3 id="adventures-of-huckleberry-finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</h3>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/huck-finn1.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/huck-finn1.png" alt=""></a></p>
<h3 id="adventures-of-tom-sawyer">Adventures of Tom Sawyer</h3>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/tomsawyer1.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/tomsawyer1.png" alt=""></a></p>
<h3 id="war-of-the-worlds">War of the Worlds</h3>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/warofworlds1.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/warofworlds1.png" alt=""></a></p>
<h3 id="moby-dick">Moby Dick</h3>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/moby-dick1.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/moby-dick1.png" alt=""></a></p>
<h3 id="the-republic-by-plato">The Republic by Plato</h3>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/therepublic1.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/therepublic1.png" alt=""></a></p>
<h3 id="the-adventures-of-sherlock-holmes">The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes</h3>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/sherlock-holmes1.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/sherlock-holmes1.png" alt=""></a></p>
<h3 id="all-the-books-combined">All the Books Combined</h3>
<p><a href="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/total.png"> <img src="//github.com/kdeloach/workman/raw/gh-pages/images/total.png" alt=""></a></p>
<p>I encourage you to do your own testing and analysis. Note that different keyboard testers will give different results as to what layout is better depending on the criteria that they are using to do their measurements and assessments. Since Workman’s philosophy is unique, many testers will register it inferior to others.</p>
<p>To do your own testing, you can use Patrick Gillespie’s <a href="http://patorjk.com/keyboard-layout-analyzer/">Keyboard Layout Analyzer</a>.</p>
<p>You can grab full texts of public domain books here at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/scores/top">Project Gutenberg</a>.</p>
<h2 id="can-i-use-this-layout">Can I use this layout?</h2>
<p>Sure go ahead! Feel free to use it if you would like. Below is a link to the implementation/installation files courtesy of David Norman (deekayen).</p>
<p><a href="https://github.com/workman-layout/Workman/zipball/master">Download the Workman Layout</a></p>
<p><strong>IMPORTANT:</strong> The Workman Keyboard Layout is only a partial solution. Even the best keyboard layout could not completely remove the risk of typing injury. Typing in itself is an unnatural and hazardous task and no keyboard layout could prevent injury without proper precautions and common sense. I suggest learning to type with good hand and finger posture, taking frequent breaks, keeping your hands and wrists warm while typing, and using a keyboard that meets your needs. Our health, after all, is ultimately our personal responsibility.</p>
<p>I hope that you’ll enjoy this layout and benefit from it. If you like the Workman Layout, feel free to tell others about it.</p>
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<h1>What I read in 2011</h1>
<div class="booklist">
<h3 id="kingdom3"><span class="date">12/26</span> N. K. Jemisin, <i>The Kingdom of Gods</i></h3>
<p>The title evokes the phrase “kingdom of God” from Christian theology, but I don't see any particularly close connection there. Between the World Tree and the deaths of gods, Ragnarök and Götterdämmerung seem more relevant.</p>
<p>Make sure not to skip reading the glossary!</p>
<h3 id="window"><span class="date">12/18</span> Lemony Snicket, <i>A Series of Unfortunate Events: The Wide Window</i></h3>
<p>“It would be difficult for me to tell you what the moral of the story is. In some stories, it's easy. The moral of ‘The Three Bears,’ for instance, is ‘Never break into someone else's house.’ The moral of ‘Snow White’ is ‘Never eat apples.’ The moral of World War One is ‘Never assassinate Archduke Ferdinand.’ But Violet, Klaus and Sunny sat on the dock and watched the sun come up over Lake Lachrymose and wondered exactly what the moral was of their time with Aunt Josephine.” </p>
<h3 id="models"><span class="date">12/15</span> Emanuel Derman, <i>Models. Behaving. Badly.</i></h3>
<p>Like me, Emanuel Derman is a former theoretical particle physicist. Unlike me, he went to Wall Street when he left physics. He was a “quant” at Goldman Sachs, where he worked on financial modeling, and in 2005 he published a book about his experience there.</p>
<p>The years between 2005 and today were eventful for Wall Street, and a lot of seemingly sophisticated financial modeling seems to have gone badly wrong. Perhaps there's something wrong about the whole activity — overly complicated financial constructs, and managers who took theoretical calculations too seriously and didn't understand how risky those constructs could be, seem to have had a lot to do with the housing and financial crisis that surfaced in 2006. Perhaps the managers just didn't understand what a model was, and what its limitations were.</p>
<p>This book is partly about finance, but only partly — that's about 50 pages out of a 200 page book. For the most part, it's the author explaining his distinction between a model and a theory. A theory, as he sees it, is a deep description of the principles of the world; it “tells you what something is.” To illustrate what he means by a model, he uses the metaphor of a model airplane, and he sees models as essentially metaphorical: they may help to predict the future, but they provide no real insight and their results should always be distrusted: they “tell you merely what something is like.”</p>
<p>That “merely” is important. The distinction between “model” and “theory” isn't a neutral one; Derman clearly sees models as an inferior form of description, and I think it's even fair to say that he uses the word as a perjorative. He calls something a model not just when it is strictly speaking constructed as a metaphor, but whenever it's based on a simplifying hypothesis or when he wants to convey that he doesn't trust its predictions. Occasionally he has to use slightly unconventional terminology for that: he can't get around the fact that particle physicists call their current best description of nature the “Standard Model,” but he is at pains to point out that it's what he calls a theory. Conversely, what everyone else calls the “Efficient Market Hypothesis,” he instead calls the “Efficient Market Model.”</p>
<p>I found this binary opposition frustrating. There are real distinctions to be made, but I don't think they're as simple as he does. I think Derman would see this as essentially a book about philosophy, but I also don't have the sense that he's read much philosophy of science. And you don't have to have read much philosophy of science to find a comment like “Laws are not contingent. They describe the way the universe works, unconditionally” a little naïve. Whether you're a Kuhnian or a Popperian or a Rortian or a logical positivist, the relationship between science and nature is more complicated than that. How could he say something like that just one sentence before mentioning Newton? Yes, I, like most people with a physics education, agree that there's some important sense in which Newton's laws of motion are true, but we've known for more than a century that they are not a perfectly accurate description of planetary motion, and if you're looking for today's best mathematical description of what gravity truly is, rather than just a way of getting accurate predictions in the low energy domain, it's not the inverse square law (or any power law in flat space-time) that you'll turn to.</p>
<p>And what should we make of what he calls models? I'm not convinced that it's a coherent category. Model airplanes, climate models, the Black-Sholes model of options pricing, the Bohr-Mottelson collective model of nuclear structure, the IS/LM model of macroeconomics, the Turing Machine in theoretical computer science, the Standard Solar Model… I don't think they have much to do with each other. Some of these models are truly metaphors, some are gedankenexperiments (a simple model can be a very useful way of illustrating that a particular effect is or isn't important), some are just calculational tools.</p>
<p>It's the last category, in particular, that makes me think that Derman is wrong in drawing as sharp a distinction as he does. Climate models, for example, are based on perfectly well understood physics, thermodynamics and fluid dynamics. They're a use of finite element analysis, just like aeronautical engineers use, because we can't get exact analytic solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations with complicated boundary conditions. Is the use of an approximation technique all it takes to make the qualitative transition from a theory to a mere model? If so, there's not much left. Derman is right that quantum electrodynamics has made some astonishingly precise predictions, but he neglects to point out that those predictions all come from the approximation technique of perturbation theory, and that perturbative quantum field theory is on much shakier theoretical grounds than numerical solution of partial differential equations. Derman is contemptuous of theoretical finance for having a “Fundamental Theorem of Finance” that involves compact sets and topological vector spaces, contrasting it with physics: “Physics is concerned with the world about us. The world may or may not have laws, but it cannot have theorems.” But he's just wrong about that. There may well be good reasons to have contempt for theoretical finance, but the existence of theorems isn't one of them. As a former theoretical physicist, surely Derman is familiar with Noether's Theorem, the Spin-Statistics Theorem, and the CPT Theorem. They're all quite fundamental to theoretical particle physics.</p>
<p>I wanted to like this book more than I did. I wanted to see an explanation of why smart people on Wall Street could have been so badly wrong, and I thought that an ex-physicist could have explained it in language that I would have understood. The problem with this book was basically philosophical. Most scientists don't know much about philosophy of science, and that's perfectly normal and understandable. But scientists who write books about philosophy need to know more.</p>
<h3 id="trenches"><span class="date">11/27</span> Jacques Tardi, <i>It Was the War of the Trenches</i> (tr. Kim Thompson)</h3>
<p>Not a graphic novel, because it isn't a novel, but it is a graphic story in both senses. It also isn't World War I history; it's a “non-chronological sequence of situations,” some scenes from the lives and deaths of ordinary French soldiers.</p>
<h3 id="sevenhills"><span class="date">11/27</span> Barbara Hambly, <i>Search the Seven Hills</i> (a.k.a. <i>The Quirinal Affair</i>)</h3>
<p>A mystery story set in Rome in the time of Trajan, in the year that we would now call 116 AD (although nobody at the time would have called it that). The story begins when a young woman is violently kidnapped. There is evidence, the main character learns to his horror, that the kidnappers were the Christians — a proscribed and secretive cult that's rumored to practice sexual abominations and cannibalism and human sacrifice.</p>
<p>The mystery ends up being fairly straightforward, actually, once we meet all of the relevant characters. What makes this book interesting is its portrayal of a world that's very familiar in some ways, because it's an ancestor of our own culture, but very alien in others. For that most part it does so successfully. My only real complaint is that the main character sometimes seemed too modern; he sometimes seemed to react the way one of us would react when encountering casual cruelties that I would think he would have seen differently.</p>
<h3 id="susan"><span class="date">11/22</span> Jane Austen, <i>Lady Susan</i></h3>
<p>Chronologically it's not quite juvenilia and also not quite one of Austen's mature novels. It may have been written in the mid 1790s, around the time when she wrote the first drafts of what later became <i>Pride and Prejudice</i> and <i>Sense and Sensibility</i>, but some time before her first novel (<i>Mansfield Park</i>) was published.</p>
<p>It's not much like her six major novels. It's much shorter — novella length, really. It's an epistolary story. The main character is an antihero. There are some traces of Austen's wit (“My dear Alicia, of what a mistake were you guilty in marrying a man of his age! just old enough to be formal, ungovernable, and to have the gout; too old to be agreeable, too young to die.”), but not like in her major works. Perhaps that's because the epistolary form minimizes both dialogue and the authorial voice.</p>
<p>Definitely worth reading if you're a Jane Austen completist (and if you aren't an Austen completist you should be), but not a neglected masterpiece.</p>
<h3 id="reptileroom"><span class="date">11/19</span> Lemony Snicket, <i>A Series of Unfortunate Events: The Reptile Room</i></h3>
<p>The reptiles are the happy part of the book.</p>
<h3 id="farmerboy"><span class="date">11/16</span> Laura Ingalls Wilder, <i>Farmer Boy</i></h3>
<p>Most of the series is about the author's childhood. This one is about her husband's.</p>
<p>Almanzo Wilder was the son of a prosperous Upstate New York farmer. The Wilders were certainly far more self sufficient than your average 21st century city dweller (Almanzo's father says that “If you're a farmer, you raise what you eat, you raise what you wear, and you keep warm with wood out of your own timber.”), but their life was very different from that of the Ingalls's in <i>Little House in the Big Woods</i>. The Wilders were a solid part of a cash economy; they sold potatoes and horses for the New York City market, they rented a shed at the church stables, they went to county fairs, they sent their children to the town Academy. This isn't a book about the frontier.</p>
<h3 id="goodbye"><span class="date">11/13</span> Robert Graves, <i>Good-bye to All That</i> (second edition, with a prologue and an epilogue)</h3>
<p>Nowadays I think that Robert Graves is best known for <i>I, Claudius</i>, at least here in the US. Graves himself seems to have cared more about his poetry than about any of his prose works. <i>Good-bye to All That</i>, though, is the book that made him rich and famous. Or at least that made him financially secure enough that the money worries in the latter part of this book went away, enabling him to live comfortably as an expatriate in Majorca.</p>
<p>If Paul Fussell is to be believed, this book was deliberately written to be a best-seller. It's Graves's War memoir, published in 1929. It begins before the War but the shadow is always there, as when he mentions the farmhouse where “my cousin Wilhelm—later shot down in an air battle by a school-fellow of mine—used to lie for hours picking off mice with an air-gun.” Parts of it are undoubtedly fictionalized; it was written to be a good story, and it is a good story.</p>
<p>Parts of the story seemed very familiar. That's true in some details (Pat Barker's story about Siegfried Sassoon and W. H. R. Rivers in <i>Regeneration</i> must have been based at least in part on Graves's version), and it's also true in the overall tone: the deadly futility of trench warfare, the callous stupidity of the high command who ordered pointless attacks that wiped out whole battalions, the civilian world filled with jingoistic bombast written by people who didn't understand and didn't want to understand what was happening in France. It's familiar, I think, largely because of this book: even if you haven't read <i>Good-bye to All That</i>, you've undoubtedly read many books that were influenced by it.</p>
<h3 id="caughtinthelight"><span class="date">10/30</span> Robert Goddard, <i>Caught in the Light</i></h3>
<p>A photographer on assignment in Vienna suddenly falls for a stranger he meets there. He agrees to leave his wife and she her husband, and they arrange a rendezvous. She doesn't show up. At that point the mystery begins — a double mystery, one part of which involves events from the first half of the 19th century.</p>
<p>The title refers to photography. The three sections of the book are called “Composition,” “Exposure,” and “Development.” At least one of the mysteries is about photography. Within the first few pages the main character talks about seeing light reflected from surfaces. As he learns, surfaces can be deceptive.</p>
<p>This is the first Goddard book I've read. I'll have to read more.</p>
<h3 id="childrensky"><span class="date">10/25</span> Vernor Vinge, <i>The Children of the Sky</i></h3>
<p>“The long-awaited sequel to the Hugo Award-winning bestseller <i>A Fire Upon the Deep</i>,” says the front cover. It's true. It's a direct sequel, set a few years after the end of <i>A Fire Upon the Deep</i>. (<i>A Deepness in the Sky</i> is not a sequel. It's set in the same universe, but in a very different place and in the very distant past.)</p>
<p>The best part of this book is the aliens: the Tines, pack animals that form group minds. The worst part is the human villain. I think that's a general weakness of Vinge's. His villains are too monochromatic, evil in too many different ways. It makes sense for the Blight to be a nightmare of destruction with nothing redeeming about it, since one of the key premises is that the Blight is beyond the comprehension of humans or anything that humans can talk to, but it makes less sense for an actual character.</p>
<p>The whole idea of a sequel to <i>A Fire Upon the Deep</i> seemed odd to me when I first heard about it. Given the way that book ended, I didn't see how there could be a direct sequel. It partly depends on how you interpret the end of <i>A Fire Upon the Deep</i>, though, and one of the key plot points of <i>The Children of the Sky</i> is that there's intense disagreement about what actually happened and what it meant. One character described it as a religious dispute, which is arguably a fair description in a couple of ways. The disagreement is bitterer than one might expect just from the factions' stated goals; it shouldn't have much effect on short term policy. But that's believable, because what's really at stake is accepting a truth that requires giving up something important to your identity — in this case, accepting that people you cared deeply about made a horrible mistake with disastrous consequences.</p>
<p>Even Ravna Bergsndot, the main character of both books, doesn't interpret the events at the end of <i>A Fire Upon the Deep</i> the same way I did. I'm not sure whether we, the readers, are supposed to accept her assumptions. There are some hints that we are, but this is clearly the middle book of a trilogy. There are many guns hanging on the wall in this book, some of which go off by the end of the book and some of which don't.</p>
<h3 id="gated"><span class="date">10/15</span> Ryan Avent, <i>The Gated City</i></h3>
<p><i>The Gated City</i> is an argument that restrictions on development, such as height limits and low-density zoning, are a major drag on the economy. The underlying logic is pretty simple. Productive innovation comes from cities, and not just any cities — it's the ones that happen to be important centers of the most productive sectors of the moment. Back in the early 20th century, the cities with important and rapidly growing industries grew in population. Nowadays, though, that doesn't happen: in the first decade of the 21th century, Santa Clara and San Mateo Counties hardly gained any population, and in the late 20th century tech boom those counties actually lost population. For the last three decades the US has seen a net migration from the most productive cities to the least productive ones. And it's not too hard to find a pretty obvious reason for that migration. Anyone who has priced houses in Palo Alto (where I live now) and Pittsburgh (where I was born) knows it: housing costs. High prices are normally supposed to be a signal of high demand, which is supposed to be an incentive to increase supply, but legal restrictions make it impossible to add housing in those cities where there's such high demand for it.</p>
<p>What should we do about this? Mostly, the book argues, we should just stop doing things that hurt us. We should stop making it illegal to build more housing and to build dense, walkable neighborhoods. If we don't eliminate lot size and height restrictions and other laws that make it hard for people to build on their own property, we should at least relax them.</p>
<p>Ryan Avent writes on the Internet, and there are a lot of Internet folks who call themselves libertarians, so he was quite explicit about how libertarian-friendly his argument was: he isn't proposing any new government programs to increase urban density, he isn't trying to force everyone (or anyone) to live in cities, but is instead arguing that we should stop making it illegal to build dense neighborhoods, that we should reduce regulations about what people are allowed to do with their property. I'm not a libertarian, so I didn't care terribly much about that part. (Except to the extent that everyone, regardless of ideology, thinks that you shouldn't make something illegal without a good reason.) I suspect, actually, that nobody will care much about it. I suspect that most Internet-libertarians have an aesthetic preference for low suburbia and car culture, and that in practice they won't care much about the niceties of distinguishing between starting a government program to increase density, and ending government regulations that enforce sprawl. I hope to be proved wrong.</p>
<h3 id="bigwoods"><span class="date">10/13</span> Laura Ingalls Wilder, <i>Little House in the Big Woods</i></h3>
<p>“Once upon a time, sixty years ago, a little girl lived in the Big Woods of Wisconsin, in a little gray house made of logs.</p>
<p>“The great, dark trees of the Big Woods stood all around the house, and beyond them were other trees and beyond them were more trees. As far as a man could go to the north in a day, or a week, or a whole month, there was nothing but woods. There were no houses. There were no people. There were only trees and the wild animals who had their homes among them.”</p>
<p>More like 140 years ago, now. The way of life in these books was long gone when they were written, and by now it's quite alien. What's fascinating is reading the minute step-by-step details of that life: how you make bullets, how you thresh grain, how you make cheese, what going to a store was like.</p>
<p>I don't think I ever read the whole series as a kid. I know I read (or perhaps had read to me) at least two, because I remember scenes from them. Now we're reading them to Alice.</p>
<h3 id="dombey"><span class="date">10/9</span> Charles Dickens, <i>Dombey and Son</i></h3>
<p>Back when I was in high school, one of my friends said that <i>Dombey and Son</i> was his favorite Dickens novel. An idiosyncratic choice! It's not one of Dickens's most famous books. Not sure what I'd say my favorite is; Dickens wrote a lot of books, and there are still many that I haven't read.</p>
<p>There are, as I count it, four characters in <i>Dombey and Son</i> who are destroyed by their pride. Multiple kinds of pride: the arrogance of power, the resentment of others' power, an exaggerated sense of one's own worth. Most of those characters are sympathetic at least in part: “it would do us no harm to remember oftener than we do, that vices are sometimes only virtues carried to excess!” Some of the characters are merely ridiculous, some are admirable in a tragic way, some are truly monstrous. (Which, in this book, sometimes means treachery but mostly means cruelty toward people you ought to love.)</p>
<p>As with most Dickens books, one of the strengths of <i>Dombey and Son</i> is its minor chraracters. They have a way of not staying minor, of being memorable in their own right, even if they aren't central to the plot. Another strength is the book's description of unselfish and disinterested love. Some of the characters are almost too good to be believable, but only almost. Good people exist.</p>
<p>This is a long book with many characters, many coincidences, many plot twists. I expected one more surprise revelation that didn't happen, even though (I thought) there were hints to set it up early on. Possibly I just imagined those hints or possibly, since Dickens was writing this as a serial, he didn't know at the beginning exactly where he would take the story and he inserted many hints for many possible directions.</p>
<h3 id="cityofruins"><span class="date">9/24</span> Kristine Kathryn Rusch, <i>City of Ruins</i></h3>
<p>Sequel to <a href="http://www.divingintothewreck.com/"><i>Diving into the Wreck</i></a>. Essentially an expansion of the novella “Becoming One With The Ghosts,” published last year in <i>Asimov's</i>. This time I thought the novel worked better than the shorter version; it feels like a complete story, not a fragment.</p>
<h3 id="brunettes"><span class="date">9/22</span> Anita Loos, <i>But Gentlemen Marry Brunettes</i></h3>
<p>The further adventures of Lorelei Lee and Dorothy Shaw.</p>
<h3 id="blondes"><span class="date">9/19</span> Anita Loos, <i>Gentlemen Prefer Blondes</i></h3>
<p>The characters of Lorelei Lee and Dorothy Shaw are recognizably the same in the novel as in the Marilyn Monroe movie; so are some of the scenarios (yes, there's a diamond tiara!), and even some of the dialogue. (“kissing your hand may make you feel very very good but a diamond and safire [sic] bracelet lasts forever” turned into “A kiss on the hand may be quite continental, / But diamonds are a girl's best friend.”) That's unsurprising. Anita Loos was adapting her own work; she co-authored the musical that the movie was based on, and by that point she had worked for many years as a screenwriter.</p>
<p>Also unsurprisingly, the book is more complicated and meaner than the movie. It's written as the diary of Lorelei Lee, who is an unreliable narrator and an unreliable speller. Her account of her visit to “Dr. Froyd” is hysterical.</p>
<p>The book is entertaining, and so is the history of the book: the sketch that eventually turned into <i>Gentlemen Prefer Blondes</i> was originally a private joke, Loos poking fun at her friend H. L. Mencken's love life. But Mencken was able to laugh at himself, and he's one of the people who encouraged her to publish.</p>
<h3 id="confidenceman"><span class="date">9/16</span> Herman Melville, <i>The Confidence-Man</i></h3>
<p>Not at all what I had expected from the title, and not at all like <i>Moby-Dick</i>. It hardly even seems like a novel; it's a series of sketches set aboard a Mississippi riverboat, some loosely connected to each other by common characters, others even more loosely connected by a common theme of “confidence,” or trust. Many of the sketches, not all, involve what we'd think of today as scammers or con men, but usually lacked a definite resolution. I'm not sure I understood the book. Some of the individual sketches were memorable and wonderful, but I don't think I understood the overall shape of the book.</p>
<h3 id="obvious"><span class="date">9/9</span> Duncan Watts, <i>Everything is Obvious (Once You Know the Answer)</i></h3>
<p>This book is essentially an explanation of what sociology is, and why it matters, for the Internet age. Can social science ever tell us anything interesting? Doesn't it just confirm what we already know from common sense? Well, no.</p>
<p>What does it mean to understand something? One definition of understanding something is that you can tell yourself a satisfactory story that makes it make sense. A different definition is that you understand something if you can make predictions about it. Neither definition is completely satisfactory, but the idea of understanding as narrative make it particularly easy for you to fool yourself into thinking you understand a phenomenon when you really don't. You can usually tell a story to explain any possible outcome, which suggests that this mode has limited value. “It is this difference between making sense of behavior and predicting it that is responsible for many of the failures of commonsense reasoning.”</p>
<p>A big chunk of this book is devoted to cognitive biases, since those biases are responsible for most of us thinking that the world is simpler than it really is, that actual experiments about the behavior of people in groups are redundant. You may already be convinced of that; I was. Something I hadn't quite appreciated, though, was how the Internet has enabled psychological end sociological experiments that would have been completely impractical even in the recent past. Milgram's 1967 “six degress of separation” experiment has now been repeated on a scale orders of magnitude larger; Amazon's <a href="https://www.mturk.com/mturk/welcome">Mechanical Turk</a> enables new kinds of experiments. We're living in a golden age for some kinds of science.</p>
<h3 id="roughingit"><span class="date">9/5</span> Mark Twain, <i>Roughing It</i></h3>
<p>The memoirs of Twain's time in the American west, 1861 – 1867. I read this book once before, a long time ago — probably before I'd ever seen Mono Lake, or San Francisco, or any of the other places Mark Twain wrote about in <i>Roughing It</i>. I picked it up this time when I was in Calaveras County, where part of the book takes place. (You can visit the “Mark Twain cabin” in Tuolumne, near Sonora.)</p>
<p>This is an early book, and it's a mixed bag. It covers a large territory, both figuratively and literally. Parts of it take place in San Francisco, parts in Hawaii, parts in the California gold country, parts in Utah (there are several appendices about Mormons). There's also a long section about the stagecoach journey that took Twain and his brother west. (Not an easy journey!) The bulk of the book, though, and the most memorable part, is about Twain's time living in Nevada in the middle of the silver mining boom. And an awful lot of the book is about money — about a world awash in easy money, about not having money, about making a fortune on paper and losing it by carelessness. (Twain lost fortunes later in life too.) </p>
<p><i>Roughing It</i>, like much Twain, is a mixture of truth, fiction, and exaggeration. It's not always easy to tell which is which. The stories of flush times in Virginia City are all believable, though, because I saw them in Silicon Valley in the late 20th century. I guess a bubble is a bubble. “Every one of these wild cat mines — not mines, but holes in the ground over imaginary mines — was incorporated and had handsomely engraved ‘stock’ and the stock was salable, too. It was bought and sold with a feverish avidity in the boards every day. You could go up on the mountain side, scratch around and find a ledge (there was no lack of them), put up a ‘notice’ with a grandiloquent name in it, start a shaft, get your stock printed, and with nothing whatever to prove that your mine was worth a straw, you could put your stock on the market and sell out for hundreds and even thousands of dollars. To make money, and make it fast, was as easy as it was to eat your dinner.”</p>
<h3 id="godswar"><span class="date">8/18</span> <a href="http://www.kameronhurley.com/">Kameron Hurley</a>, <i>God's War</i></h3>
<p>A rather violent science fiction story, set in a world that has been at war for many years. The war is in part a religious conflict, and religion is important to many of the characters, but, despite the title, I didn't see that as the central concern of the book. It has a noirish sensibility, with no really sympathetic characters.</p>
<h3 id="redpavilion"><span class="date">8/8</span> Robert van Gulik, <i>The Red Pavilion</i></h3>
<p>A Judge Dee story, which includes, among other things, a locked room mystery. This is unlike the others I've read, partly because Judge Dee is travelling rather than presiding in his own provincial court and partly because the book is a single case rather than a number of loosely linked cases.</p>
<h3 id="damselindistress"><span class="date">8/5</span> P. G. Wodehouse, <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8LcOAAAAIAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=a+damsel+in+distress&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=SMU8TofXNOfYiAKohuXDBg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>A Damsel in Distress</i></a></h3>
<p>A standalone novel; no Bertie Wooster or Psmith or Lord Emsworth or any of Wodehouse's other continuing characters. Unmistakably Wodehouse, though.</p>
<h3 id="neely"><span class="date">8/2</span> Sylvia Neely, <i>A Concise History of the French Revolution</i></h3>
<p>In 1774, when Louis XVI became king, France had a severe debt problem — partly because of an antiquated revenue system and partly because it was still trying to pay off expenses from the Seven Years' War that ended (in defeat) ten years earlier. In the latter half of the decade France became involved in another war against Britain. This time France won, and Britain lost a large chunk of its American colonies, but France didn't get anything from the victory but revenge. France was paying for a large army, and a large navy, and subsidies for the new United States. Worse, the French government chose to finance its war through borrowing instead of through taxes.</p>
<p>By the mid 1780s it was clear that major changes were necessary, and in particular that the country couldn't survive without more revenue, but the political structures of the <i>ancien régime</i> lacked the legitimacy to make those changes and entrenched interests were able to block reform. The king convened the Estates-General in the hope that they would be able to find a political solution that his government failed to find. That ended badly for the monarchy. Most of the delegates didn't initially intend a radical transformation of the social order, but events led to greater radicalization. When an old system collapses, the outcome is inherently unpredictable.</p>
<p>This book is probably the best introduction to the French Revolution that I've seen yet. It is indeed concise, but it goes all the way through Napoleon's rise to power and it doesn't feel at all sketchy.</p>
<h3 id="bigfour"><span class="date">8/1</span> Agatha Christie, <i>The Big Four</i></h3>
<p>I picked up a random Hercule Poirot novel because we recently watched an episode of <i>30 Rock</i> that was structured around <i>Murder on the Orient Express</i>. I don't think I'd ever read <i>The Big Four</i> before, even in my voracious Christie phase in high school. It's a very peculiar book: more like a thriller than like a puzzle novel where the detective puts together the clues. It was an early novel: published in 1927, Christie's seventh novel and her fourth Poirot book. Perhaps she intended it to be the last Poirot book; I'm sure she didn't realize that she was going to spend the next half century living with the little Belgian detective.</p>
<h3 id="vortex"><span class="date">7/25</span> Robert Charles Wilson, <i>Vortex</i></h3>
<p>Sequel to <i>Spin</i> and <i>Axis</i>. I found <i>Spin</i> stunningly good, and <i>Axis</i> disappointing. <i>Vortex</i> is somewhere in between: not quite up to the level of <i>Spin</i>, but that would be a tough act to follow. Well worth reading. And yes, I'm pretty sure this is the last of these books.</p>
<h3 id="debrasatz"><span class="date">7/24</span> Debra Satz, <i>Why Some Things Should Not Be for Sale: The Moral Limits of Markets</i></h3>
<p>Is economics a normative discipline or a descriptive one? Most economists, I imagine, would say the latter: it's a descriptive science, not a branch of philosophy. In practice, that distinction doesn't always seem so sharp. It's easy to take efficiency or utility or Pareto-optimality (a very weak condition) as normative goals. And as usual, it's hard to have a sophisticated analysis of something without explicitly acknowledging that you're doing it.</p>
<p>Political œconomy, in its 18th century origin, was not so limited. It recognized heterogeneity; different kinds of markets had different functions in society and had different practical and ethical implications. It was tied in with theories of human nature. It was explicitly concerned with the struggle against feudalism.</p>
<p>This book was written by a philosopher, not an economist. I didn't get much out of the author's four-part test for “noxious markets,” mostly because I don't think it added anything to the discussions of specific cases, but her discussion of the history and limitations of economic reasoning, including the limitations of externalities and Pareto-optimality, were valuable. It's useful to remember that markets aren't just the product of choices, but also constrain the universe of future choices. Even if an individual transaction improves two people's welfare, it does not necessarily follow that a world in which millions of people make such a transaction is better than a world in which they don't.</p>
<h3 id="twistedcandle"><span class="date">7/24</span> Edgar Wallace, <i>The Clue of the Twisted Candle</i></h3>
<p>I was vaguely familiar with Edgar Wallace as a mystery writer, but I don't think I'd actually read anything of his. (Although I had seen some of his work, sort of: he wrote the first version of the screenplay for <i>King Kong</i>.) He wrote an enormous number of books, and was once extremely popular. I don't know how widely read he is now, or which of his books are now best known. <i>The Clue of the Twisted Candle</i> has the most downloads from Gutenberg, for whatever that's worth.</p>
<p>This was a fun book, and I'll have to read more of his work. There is eventually a mystery (in the sense of a crime whose perpetrator is unknown to the police and the reader), a locked-room mystery no less, but the overall shape of the book wasn't what I had predicted. It didn't end up being about what I had thought it would be.</p>
<h3 id="acrosstheuniverse"><span class="date">7/16</span> Beth Revis, <i>Across the Universe</i></h3>
<p>Oh dear. What happens when a spaceship's engines start to fail during a trip? The spaceship slows down, and if the engines fail completely then the ship stops, right? Uh, no. I'm not one to think that a science fiction book needs to be written with sliderule in hand, and that you need to justify every line of a story with pages of orbital mechanics calculation, but really, we've known about Newtonian mechanics since, well, Newton. This should just be automatic.</p>
<h3 id="rule34"><span class="date">7/13</span> Charles Stross, <i>Rule 34</i></h3>
<p>Rule 34 of the Internet (<a href="http://xkcd.com/305/">ObXKCD</a>): If you can imagine it, there is porn of it. <i>Rule 34</i>, the novel, is a near future crime novel set in Scotland some time in the 2020s or 2030s. It's a sequel to <i>Halting State</i>, with some characters in common, but the connection isn't very important.</p>
<p>A lot of science fiction is built around speculation about the possible societal implications of new technologies. Charlie Stross is one of the few writers who does that with the technologies of financial and business models. What would organized crime look like if it used more modern organizational principles? What kinds of models does the Net make possible? (Sure, I know about botnets and DDOS and spear phishing. So does he. That's just the beginning.)</p>
<p>Reading this book after reading the author's <a href="http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static">blog</a> is amusing: you see him playing with ideas that made it into the book, sometimes in altered form: the essay about <a href="http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2011/06/reality-check-1.html">the uselessness of a conscious machine that emulates a human mind</a>; the thought experiment or joke about the <a href="http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2010/12/its-made-out-of-meat.html">spamularity</a>.</p>
<h3 id="republic"><span class="date">7/10</span> Plato, <i>Republic</i> (tr. Robin Waterfield)</h3>
<p>Not the first time I've read the <i>Republic</i>, but the first time in a long while.</p>
<p>People often talk about the <i>Republic</i> as a Utopian book about an ideal society. That's not completely false, but it is misleading; that's not the real point of the book. It begins when Socrates is asked a dual question: what is morality (or “justice,” as it's more commonly rendered, but Waterfield prefers to consistently translate διχαιοσυνη as “morality”), and why is it better to be moral than to be immoral? Thinking about an imagined community is intended to clarify those question. It's introduced with the famous simile of the letters: if you're trying to understand something complicated then it's best to start looking at it in larger form than in smaller form, just as it's easier to understand a difficult text if it's written in larger letters. So by understanding morality in the context of a community we can understand individual morality better, for two reasons. First, we can see social morality, and second, we can use a community (in several different ways) as a metaphor for the different part of an individual human mind.</p>
<p>The most straightforward reading is that Plato intends the community to be taken as both metaphorical and real: he intends us to be taking all of the proposed social arrangements as commentary on how an individual's mind should be ordered internally, with the three classes reflecting what Plato believed to be the three parts of a mind, but he also intends to be presenting a better way of living, one that is possible in principle and that we should take as a measure of real communities even if the chance that it could be established in reality is slim. (There is some uncertainty about that reading, though. Before the enormously detailed discussion of a community with guardians and auxiliaries, we saw a simpler community. Glaucon thought that first community was more fit for pigs than for humans, but Socrates initially said the first community was better than the second. Is there some irony in the question of what kind of community is truly best?)</p>
<p>And the metaphorical view of the ideal community ends up answering the original question, by turning it around in an interesting way. The original questioners, even the cynical Thrasymachus, assumed that morality was a matter of what you <i>did</i>. What kinds of actions are moral and immoral? That's certainly a common assumption today; it's something that utilitarians and Kantians have in common. Socrates, instead, answered it in terms of what kind of person you <i>are</i>. What kind of person is moral and immoral, and which kind, if you distinguish adequately between real and illusory pleasures, is truly happier? I don't believe in Plato's tripartite psychology (why always threes?), but something along these lines does seem right.</p>
<p><i>Republic</i> is long and discursive, and a big chunk of it has to do with the distinction between the real and the illusory. Plato never gave a full and straightforward explanation of his theory of forms (or of “types”, as Waterfield prefers to translate ειδος and ιδεα), but this where we see one of the most complete accounts. In particular, this is where we see the allegory of the cave. I'm not at all sure I understand platonic metaphysics, but I'm also not sure anyone does.</p>
<h3 id="fatherowen"><span class="date">6/26</span> Father Owen Lee, <i>Wagner's Ring: Turning the Sky Round</i></h3>
<p>I'm studying for next week's Ring at San Francisco Opera. This is a very brief introduction, but with real depth.</p>
<h3 id="fuzzynation"><span class="date">6/11</span> John Scalzi, <i>Fuzzy Nation</i></h3>
<p>Not a sequel to H. Beam Piper's <i>Little Fuzzy</i>, but a reimagining. I can't think offhand of any other novel I've read that does this sort of thing. It's the same general situation as <i>Little Fuzzy</i> and the same general plot, and some (not all) characters have the same names, but the personalities and relationships and sensibilities are Scalzi's, not Piper's. It's fascinating to see what two different authors did with the same starting point.</p>
<h3 id="manyways"><span class="date">6/7</span> Diana Wynne Jones, <i>House of Many Ways</i></h3>
<p>Sequel to <i>Howl's Moving Castle</i>. Not nearly as funny, but still worth reading.</p>
<h3 id="greatersafety"><span class="date">6/5</span> Hilary Mantel, <i>A Place of Greater Safety</i></h3>
<p>A historical novel about the French Revolution — the sort of book that blurs the boundaries between fiction and history. All of the characters who are of any importance are real people, for the most part very famous people. The three main characters are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre">Maximillien de Robespierre</a> (he later dropped the “de”), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Danton">George-Jacques Danton</a> (or “d'Anton”, as he supposedly styled himself as a young lawyer), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a>. Danton is the largest and most complicated character and Robespierre is, oddly, probably the most sympathetic. It's hard not to feel sorry for him.</p>
<p>From the author's forward: “The reader may ask how to tell fact from fiction. A rough guide: anything that seems particularly unlikely is probably true.”</p>
<h3 id="bonk"><span class="date">6/3</span> Mary Roach, <i>Bonk: The Curious Coupling of Science and Sex</i></h3>
<p>Some of the funniest segments in <i>Stiff</i> and <i>Spook</i> involved sex. This book is about sex research. As with her first two books, it's both entertaining and informative — often in ways one might not expect. The digressions are some of the best parts.</p>
<h3 id="birthdayworld"><span class="date">5/30</span> Ursula K. Le Guin, <i>The Birthday of the World and Other Stories</i></h3>
<p>I read this in the context of a discussion of generation ships; someone recommended that I read one of the stories in this collection, “Paradises Lost.” It's a very good and moving story, and it does new things with the generation ship setting. It was first published in this collection, and it would be worth buying this collection for “Paradises Lost” alone. Of course, it would also be worth buying this collection for “The Matter of Seggri” alone, or for “Mountain Ways” alone. The number of important and memorable stories in this collection is impressive.</p>
<h3 id="beta2"><span class="date">5/26</span> Samuel R. Delany, <i>The Ballad of Beta-2</i></h3>
<p>In a way an old fashioned sort of science fiction book. The main character learns of a historical puzzle, and most of the book involves him finding the solution. In this case the puzzle is the meaning of a song, “The Ballad of Beta-2.” His initial reaction is that the song doesn't seem to be about anything. By the end, having learned the vocabulary and having learned the full story, he marvels at how clear and straightforward the song is. It's a similar experience for the reader.</p>
<h3 id="valiant"><span class="date">5/16</span> Jack Campbell, <i>The Lost Fleet: Victorious</i></h3>
<p>In which some but not all mysteries are resolved.</p>
<h3 id="valiant"><span class="date">5/15</span> Jack Campbell, <i>The Lost Fleet: Relentless</i></h3>
<h3 id="valiant"><span class="date">5/15</span> Jack Campbell, <i>The Lost Fleet: Valiant</i></h3>
<h3 id="courageous"><span class="date">5/14</span> Jack Campbell, <i>The Lost Fleet: Courageous</i></h3>
<p>Lots of military science fiction is obviously inspired by the naval part of the Napoleonic Wars. This series seems instead to be inspired by <i>Anabasis</i>. I really need to get around to reading Xenophon.</p>
<h3 id="dauntless"><span class="date">5/9</span> Jack Campbell, <i>The Lost Fleet: Fearless</i></h3>
<h3 id="dilemma"><span class="date">5/7</span> Clayton M. Christensen, <i>The Innovator's Dilemma</i></h3>
<p>This is the first time I've read this book, but I've heard so much about it over the years that it sometimes felt as if I'd read it already. It's the book that everyone was reading back when I was working at SGI.</p>
<p><i>The Innovator's Dilemma</i> is about how good companies that are leaders in their fields, run by managers who make correct decisions, can fail. It distinguishes between <i>sustaining</i> and <i>disruptive</i> technological innovations. A disruptive technology isn't necessarily a radical technological innovation, and a radical technological change isn't necessarily disruptive — some of the examples in this book are mundane things like smaller form factors for disk drives, or a light lower-powered motorcycle, or a different business model for retail stores. The characteristic of a disruptive innovation is that in some important way it's worse than the previous technology; it's something that leading companies' customers don't want. It can't be sold into existing mainstream markets, but only into new ones, usually smaller and less profitable ones that involve lower margins and cost structures. Since the markets are different, the innovation doesn't even seem like a competitor. But it's easier to move up-market than down. By the time the established companies see a disruptive innovation as a competitor, it's often too late.</p>
<p>SGI — Silicon Graphics — is mentioned once in this book: one of the newcomers who manufactured engineering workstations that the established minicomputer companies didn't see coming. Nowadays, I imagine, someone who was writing a book about disruptive innovation in the computer industry would point to SGI as a classic victim of the process. What's extraordinary is that SGI failed with its eyes open. Management there, and even ordinary engineers, all read this book and all understood the kinds of threats that the company was facing. Knowledge wasn't enough. Responding to a disruptive innovation basically means turning your company into something else. That's very hard.</p>
<h3 id="dauntless"><span class="date">5/6</span> Jack Campbell, <i>The Lost Fleet: Dauntless</i></h3>
<p>A main character from the past, someone who is already the subject of legend and who has important insights into the present day, is a surprisingly common pattern. In a sense it's already there in the <i>Odyssey</i>.</p>
<p><i>The Lost Fleet: Dauntless</i> is military science fiction, the first book in a series. The main character comes from the early years of a war that has now been going on for almost a century, a ghastly thought. It's well done. I'll have to read the rest of the books.</p>
<h3 id="freeparking"><span class="date">4/20</span> Donald Shoup, <i>The High Cost of Free Parking</i></h3>
<p>Cars are parked about 95% of the time, and in about 99% of trips they park for free. (The latter figure varies between metropolitan areas. In the Bay Area it's only 98%.) But, of course, we live in a society where things are owned and cost money. Someone owns those parking spaces, and someone ultimately pays. Who? Are we distributing those costs in a way that's fair, or efficient in the economists' sense, or good for society? Almost certainly not.</p>
<p>Parking spaces are heavily regulated, usually by local zoning regulations, and they're an extremely important and expensive part of those regulations. If a business is required to supply 4 parking spaces per 1000 square feet (this is a typical requirement, although the details vary wildly depending on the type of business), then that means more land devoted to parking than to the business itself. In a city with high land values, like Palo Alto (where I live), that's a huge burden. The book gives one example of a subsidized moderate-income housing development in Palo Alto — the amount spent on parking for that development ate up the whole subsidy. And the burden goes beyond the cost. Existing businesses, ones that predate today's parking regulations, may be grandfathered in, but anyone trying to use the same building for anything else may not be allowed to do it without meeting parking requirements that the building makes physically impossible. These regulations thus lock in old businesses and building uses, preventing cities from evolving and adapting themselves to new needs.</p>
<p>What I found the most surprising in <i>The High Cost of Free Parking</i> was the extent to which parking requirements are an afterthought. A parking garage may be a building's dominant architectural feature, but it's surely not where an architect will start thinking about a project. Parking regulations have an enormous impact on land use, but urban planning schools don't teach anything about them. If you ask city planning departments how they set their parking requirements for new developments, most won't be able to tell you — they may have copied the regulations from other cities, or they may have consulted the charts in the Institute of Traffic Engineers' <i>Parking Generation</i>, whose methodology is just embarrassing. (Seriously: look at the R<sup>2</sup> in their charts and shudder. And that's just the beginning of what's wrong.) This isn't an area that's gotten serious study.</p>
<p>This book is essentially an argument for abandoning this heavy regulation, abandoning the idea that government should make it such a high priority to ensure that drivers can park for free all the time. It's persuasive. It's is a good and informative book, and I learned a lot from it. It's one of the rare books that literally changes how one looks at the world: anyone can see that most of El Camino is ugly, but reading this book teaches a lot about exactly what features make it ugly, and why those features are there.</p>
<p>This book is also far too long. It would have been a better book at half the length. Parts of it are repetitive, or redundant, or repeat the same thing, or give the same information and argument in slightly different words, or just repeat themselves unnecessarily. Some whole chapters could have been cut without loss. I recommend this book, but be prepared to skim in places.</p>
<h3 id="amongothers"><span class="date">4/13</span> Jo Walton, <i>Among Others</i></h3>
<p>A semi-autobiographical coming of age story; I don't know exactly how semi. “I've found that writing what you know is much harder than making it up. It's easier to research a historical period than your own life, and it's much easier to deal with things that have a little less emotional weight and where you have a little more detachment. It's terrible advice! So this is why you'll find that there's no such place as the Welsh valleys, no coal under them, and no red buses running up and down them; there never was such a year as 1979, no such age as fifteen, and no such planet as Earth.”</p>
<p>I didn't grow up Welsh, or female, or a twin, or with a bad leg, or talking to fairies. (Although I'm told the last is something children sometimes forget when they get older.) I did grow up reading, though, and in 1979 I was about the same age as the main character. She read a lot of the same books I grew up on, and they were as important to her as to me. It felt very real, and very familiar.</p>
<h3 id="enchantedglass"><span class="date">4/8</span> Diana Wynne Jones, <i>Enchanted Glass</i></h3>
<p>Magic, for the most part not very flashy, as part of ordinary and slightly old-fashioned 20th century English country life.</p>
<h3 id="sparta"><span class="date">4/6</span> Plutarch, <i>On Sparta</i> (tr. Richard J. A. Talbert)</h3>
<p>This book is part of Penguin's Plutarch series. It mostly consists of four biographies from Plutarch's <i>Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans</i>: Lycurgus, the semi-legendary lawgiver who is said to have established the Spartan way of life; Agesilaus, a king whose reign, if that's the right word to use for a Spartan king, began shortly after the Peloponnesian War; and two post-Alexandrian kings, Agis and Cleomenes. It also includes two famous works from Plutarch's <i>Moralia</i>, “Sayings of Spartans” and “Sayings of Spartan Women,” and, as an appendix, the “Spartan Society,” or “Politeia of the Spartans,” attributed to Xenophon. (The attribution is disputed. It was disputed even in Plutarch's day.)</p>
<p>Plutarch was an ancient writer, but he was writing about events centuries before he lived. He was a scholar who relied on secondary sources, not an eyewitness. He tells us what many of his sources were (many of which no longer exist; often Plutarch is the best surviving source), and tells us where the sources disagree. Modern scholars don't know when Lycurgus lived, or even if there was a single person with that name who did everything he's said to have done, and Plutarch doesn't know either. Some sources say that Lycurgus lived in Homer's time, whatever that might mean.</p>
<p>Penguin chose to publish Plutarch in an odd way, which has advantages and disadvantages: they divided up his work by era and theme, so in this volume, for example, I read most of what he wrote specifically about Sparta and Spartans. But that's not the way Plutarch himself organized his work. His major work is commonly called <i>Parallel Lives,</i> because that's what it is: pairs of biographies, one Greek and one Roman, each pair accompanied by an essay comparing the two men. His life of Lycurgus was meant to be read with that of Numa Pompilius (a semi-legendary early king of Rome), his life of Agesilaus with that of Pompey, and his lives of Agis and Cleomenes with those of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. The comparisons were obviously an important part of Plutarch's project — he was writing character studies, not history. Penguin's organization, in which the Roman lives are in different volumes, makes it hard to see that.</p>
<h3 id="johnsonideas"><span class="date">3/30</span> Steven Johnson, <i>Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation</i></h3>
<p>A book about the kinds of environments in which innovation happens. The “natural history” is fairly literal: there's much discussion of how novelty arises in the natural world. The most interesting of those was the concept of “exaptation” from evolutionary theory, which has a close parallel in the history of human innovations.</p>
<p>Reading this made me think that maybe I should start keeping a commonplace book, like people in the 18th and 19th centuries did, or some modern-day electronic equivalent.</p>
<h3 id="rightsofman"><span class="date">3/29</span> Thomas Paine, <i>Rights of Man</i></h3>
<p>Edmund Burke published <a href="#burkerevolution"><i>Reflections on the Revolution in France</i></a> in 1790, and Thomas Paine published <i>Rights of Man</i> in 1791. <i>Rights of Man</i> was published in two parts, written separately and published some months apart. The first part is subtitled <i>Being an Answer to Mr. Burke's Attack on the French Revolution</i>, but really both parts are a response to Burke. It's interesting, actually, to see how directly both Burke and Paine reply to their opponents — a big part of Burke's book, too, was a response to one Dr. Price. Both Burke and Paine respond to (and make fun of) individual sentences and thoughts of their respective opponents, and both authors clearly take the dispute personally. It reminds me of a modern day blog spat.</p>
<p>Paine's short-term political predictions weren't as good as Burke's. The tense he chooses when he writes of the French constitution makes it seem as if it was a settled and established thing, but in fact the constitution of 1791 that Paine writes about didn't last beyond 1792. Paine thought that universal representative government would mean universal peace, and that a republic would never wage aggressive war, but in fact the French Revolutionary Wars, which continued without a pause until they turned into the Napoleonic Wars, started in 1792. Still, my sympathies are much more with Paine than with Burke, and Paine saw important truths that Burke didn't. Paine was right that hierarchy and hereditary aristocracy is a great evil, he was right in thinking it monstrous to declare that a people has no right to choose its own government, and he was right to celebrate the French National Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens.</p>
<p>Paine and Burke both discuss grand matters of political philosophy, and they also both have many pages of detailed topical analysis. Some of that part, two hundred years after the fact, seems irrelevant and boring, but not all. A big chunk of <i>Rights of Man</i> is a detailed discussion of England's finances, and a proposal for tax reform. A lot of Americans today vaguely remember Paine as an anti-tax crusader, and there's some truth to that — he was very concerned with the tax burden on the poor — but it's also a misleading impression. The ideological fault lines of the 18th century weren't the same as the ones today, and Paine's proposed tax reforms included a proposal for a progressive tax on the income from estates (“progressive tax” is his phrase, and it appears to mean pretty much the same thing as it does today) that would eventually rise to marginal rates of 100%.</p>
<p>Paine has an odd status in American culture these days. He appears in every child's history of the Amerian Revolution, and everyone knows him as the most important revolutionary pamphleteer of the 1770s, but hardly anyone ever reads his famous pamphlets. By the end of his life, Paine ended up being too radical for the United States. Perhaps he still is.</p>
<h3 id="canneryrow"><span class="date">3/21</span> John Steinbeck, <i>Cannery Row</i></h3>
<p>“Cannery Row in Monterey in California is a poem, a stink, a grating noise, a quality of light, a tone, a habit, a nostalgia, a dream. Cannery Row is the gathered and scattered, tin and iron and rust and splintered woodchipped pavement and weedy lots and junk heaps, sardine canneries of corrugated iron, honky tonks, restaurants and whore houses, and little crowded groceries, and laboratories and flophouses.” </p>
<p>Well, not anymore. Now it's gift shops and fancy hotels, and the <a href="http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/">Aquarium</a>. Every time I've gone to the Aquarium I've reminded myself that I really ought to get around to reading this book.</p>
<h3 id="pimpernel"><span class="date">3/17</span> Baroness Orczy, <i>The Scarlet Pimpernel</i></h3>
<p>“We seek him there, we seek him there, Those Frenchies seek him everywhere. Is he in heaven? — Is he in hell? That demmed, elusive Pimpernel.” </p>
<p>The Daffy Duck version is funnier, but this is still a great anti-Revolutionary adventure story. Oddity: why in the world does a book set during the Terror in 1792 have a major character named St. Just, when the character has nothing to do with the real Saint-Just who was so important in precisely that time and place? Couldn't she have chosen a less confusing name? Nobody in the book even mentions that this character just happens to have the same name as Robespierre's henchman.</p>
<h3 id="houseofsuns"><span class="date">3/15</span> Alastair Reynolds, <i>House of Suns</i></h3>
<p>This is what space opera should be like! It's intelligent, it has compelling characters, it takes place on a grand scale of both space and time, and it has a healthy respect for what that scale means. At the beginning of the book the main characters have almost finished circumnavigating the galaxy; they took 200,000 years, because, well, that's how big the galaxy is. A chase scene may last decades, or millennia. Naturally the characters who make trips like that have no intention of going home, since there's no reason to think that a civilization can last that long. The book is also a crime story, and a love story.</p>
<p>It's not really what the book is about, and it's certainly not what the title refers to, but the earliest part of the book (set about six million years before the main part) takes place in what's obviously a fictionalized and futurististic Winchester Mystery House. Hadn't realized it was famous enough that a British writer would be putting it in his books.</p>
<h3 id="unincorporatedman"><span class="date">3/13</span> Dani and Eytan Killon, <i>The Unincorporated Man</i></h3>
<p>The book begins with a quote from Milton Friedman, musing about the possibility of contracts where an individual's education is paid for in exchange for a claim on a fraction of the individual's future earnings. Stock is a claim on a fraction of a corporation's future earnings, so the logical extension of that idea is a society where individuals are treated as corporations, complete with publicly traded shares. One might, or might not, own a majority interest in oneself.</p>
<p>An intriguing idea, but the book doesn't live up to it. First, I could have done with less Fox Newsish haranguing, complete with snide remarks about the ACLU, modern art, incompetent government bureaucrats, jackbooted IRS thugs, and environmentalism. Second, and perhaps related, the authors didn't really do very much with the idea the book is written around. The society in this book is, for the most part, a libertopian paradise founded by Alaskan Republicans. A heroic billionaire from our time is horrified by the idea of personal incorporation, and thinks that it's an infringement on freedom, but, in a book that one might expect to be about a conflict between two different ideologies that both claim to maximize freedom, we never get a coherent exposition of the difference. Instead we get a villain who's personally nasty, an inadequate substitute.</p>
<p>I'll probably read the sequel, just so I can finish the story, but that's just because I'm an obsessive story finisher.</p>
<h3 id="lefebvre2"><span class="date">3/12</span> Georges Lefebvre, <i>Napoleon: from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815</i> (tr. J. E. Anderson)</h3>
<p>A translation of the second half of Lefebvre's <i>Napoléon</i>.</p>
<p>I found parts of this hard to understand; it was written for someone who already knew a lot of Napoleonic history, and I knew relatively little. I did still get a lot out of it, though. In particular, I have a better understanding of a seeming puzzle: Napoleon suppressed the Jacobins, set up a police state, reestablished monarchy and aristocracy, but was nonetheless considered, by most of his foreign enemies and even some of his friends, to be a personification of Revolutionary ideals. It becomes less of a puzzle once you realize that the ideological fault lines of 200 years ago weren't the same as those of today. Napoleon was certainly no democrat and no Jacobin, but he was also no defender of feudal privilege. His Civil Code really was a threat to the <i>ancien régime</i> social order. A centralized bureaucratic police state was not the same thing as 18th century despotism. (It's also easier to understand why subsequent generations viewed Napoleon as a Promethean Revolutionary hero when you realize that he portrayed himself that way in his memoirs.)</p>
<p>The chapter I found most fascinating, but understood the least, was the one on the Continental Blockade — by extension, a history of the economic warfare between England and the French empire. It was fascinating because so many things were changing at that precise moment. It was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, and the beginning of the modern international finance system (several of the Rothschild brothers set up their businesses during the war), and the beginnings of capitalism. It was also the time when the understanding of capitalism was just beginning, and 18th century mercantalist ideas were still prevalent. Both sides realized that economic warfare was important, but without quite understanding what they were doing.</p>
<h3 id="brokenkingdoms"><span class="date">3/10</span> <a href="http://nkjemisin.com">N. K. Jemisin</a>, <i>The Broken Kingdoms</i></h3>
<p>Sequel to <i>The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms</i>, and second book of the Inheritance Trilogy. Hm. There are three main gods in this world, and three books in a trilogy. A pattern?</p>
<h3 id="twoleftfeet"><span class="date">3/4</span> P. G. Wodehouse, <i>The Man With Two Left Feet and Other Stories</i></h3>
<p>Not Wodehouse's first book — not by more than a decade, and not by more than a dozen books. It's early, though, and it does include the first Bertie Wooster story. (Jeeves is present, but with hardly a speaking role.) Many of the stories are English, but almost half of them are set in New York.</p>
<h3 id="hundredthousandkingdoms"><span class="date">2/26</span> <a href="http://nkjemisin.com">N. K. Jemisin</a>, <i>The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms</i></h3>
<p>A first novel, and, deservedly, a 2010 Nebula nominee. I'll have to read the other two books in the trilogy. (The third isn't out yet.)</p>
<h3 id="lefebvre1"><span class="date">2/25</span> Georges Lefebvre, <i>Napoleon: from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807</i> (tr. Henry F. Stockhold)</h3>
<p>A translation of the first half of Lefebvre's <i>Napoléon</i>.</p>
<p>The overall tone isn't as intemperate as Esdaile's, and it's obvious that in some ways Lefebvre admires Napoleon, but ultimately the portrait of Napoleon's character is still damning. “That is why it is idle to seek for limits to Napoleon's policy, or for a final goal at which he would have stopped: there simply was none.”</p>
<p>One part I found especially interesting was the economic analysis of the Revolution and of Napoleon's rolling back of the Revolution, an analysis that I found pretty persusasive and that seems to owe a lot to Marx. Another was an explanation of the interplay of logistics and strategy in Napoleon's military campaigns. It made it clear both why Napoleon was so successful in Italy and Germany, and why he ultimately failed in Spain and Russia.</p>
<h3 id="deepstate"><span class="date">2/22</span> Walter Jon Williams, <i>Deep State</i></h3>
<p>Sequel to <i>This Is Not a Game</i>. It's also a near future techno-thriller, but more explicitly a spy novel. (Complete with James Bond!) Some of the computer jargon is a little painful, but only a little.</p>
<p>I doubt if the author realized how topical this book would seem: it's about an Internet-mediated revolution in a middle eastern country.</p>
<h3 id="wireless"><span class="date">2/16</span> Charlie Stross, <i>Wireless</i></h3>
<p>I'd read two of the works in this collection before: it includes the novella “Missile Gap”, which Subterranean Press published in a limited edition hardcover, and <a href="http://www.infinityplus.co.uk/stories/colderwar.htm">“A Colder War”</a>, originally published ten years ago and still a terrific story. (The better known Laundry stories are sort of like “A Colder War” but much lighter.) The other stories were new to me. It includes one original story, “Palimpsest”, which is probably what most people will buy <i>Wireless</i> for: “Palimpsest” won the 2010 Hugo for best novella, and it's a worthy winner.</p>
<h3 id="bombpower"><span class="date">2/15</span> Garry Wills, <i>Bomb Power: The Modern Presidency and the National Security State</i></h3>
<p>In some important ways, the United States no longer uses the Constitution of 1789. Madison thought it was axiomatic that “In republican government the legislative authority, necessarily, predominates” — in matters of war and peace as in all other matters. Nothing can be clearer from the text of our Constitution than that Congress decides whether the country goes to war, establishes the rules for our armed services, decides whether the country enters into a treaty, and has many other powers in foreign and military policy. Americans have largely forgotten that. We've grown accustomed to presidents claiming sole power over foreign affairs, even the power to start wars on their own. We've read far more into the brief phrase “Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States” than anyone in 1789 could have imagined, and we live with supposedly Constitutional doctrines of state secrets and executive privilege and implied inherent presidential powers that aren't even hinted at in the text.</p>
<p>In essence, although nobody put it that way at the time, we got used to an emergency wartime constitution in the early 1940s. When the war ended, we never went back to the original peacetime constitution — there was always another enemy. By the time a state of emergency lasts for 70 years, it becomes the new normal.</p>
<p>Wills's thesis, as implied by the title of the book, is that the national security state, the extraordinary expansion of presidential power, can ultimately be traced to nuclear weapons: new institutions to develop and deploy them, new bases all over the world to stage them, new organizations and legal theories to guard atomic secrets, and new layers of secrecy to guard the original layers. “Executive power has basically been, since World War II, Bomb Power.” I didn't ultimately find the thesis convincing, and in the later chapters of the book it had a tendency to disappear. As <i>Bomb Power</i> demonstrates, the national security state has many interlocking pieces, all mutually reinforcing. The Bomb is just one part of it.</p>
<h3 id="daysoftherevolution"><span class="date">2/12</span> Christopher Hibbert, <i>The Days of the French Revolution</i></h3>
<p>The title is almost literal. There's a prologue about the <i>ancien régime</i> and an epilogue about the rise of Napoleon, but the bulk of the book is a narrative history organized around individual events, sort of a series of set pieces. One or two chapters are on fairly extended periods (e.g. the Terror), but many of them have titles that really do refer to identifiable days: the Tennis Court Oath (June 20 1789), Bastille Day, the attack on the Tuileries (August 10 1792), the execution of the King (January 21 1793), etc.</p>
<h3 id="livesafely"><span class="date">2/8</span> Charles Yu, <i>How to Live Safely in a Science Fictional Universe</i></h3>
<p>The main character's name is Charles Yu. Within the book there is a fictional book called <i>How to Live Safely in a Science Fictional Universe</i>, written, of course, by Charles Yu. The book is full of time loops and paradoxes and fictional science and minor universes and metanarrative and self reference. Unsurprisingly, the author credits Douglas Hofstadter as one of his inspirations. The surprising thing is that, while there's whimsey enough in this book, that's not the main tone of the book; what there's more of is sadness. As much as anything else, it's time travel as a metaphor for loss and regret.</p>
<p>“Because I work in the time travel industry, everyone assumes I must be a scientist. Which is sort of correct. I was studying for my master's in applied science fiction — I wanted to be a structural engineer like my father — and then the whole situation with Mom got worse, and with my dad missing I had to do what made sense, and then things got even worse, and this job came along, and I took it. Now I fix time machines for a living.”</p>
<h3 id="darkknight"><span class="date">2/6</span> Frank Miller, with Klaus Janson and Lynn Varley, <i>Batman: The Dark Knight Returns</i></h3>
<p>This is the first time I've read <i>The Dark Knight Returns</i>. I knew essentially nothing about it, other than that it's a Batman story and that everyone praises it as one of the must-read graphic novels. I hadn't known that it was a story about an aging Batman at the end of his career, or that Robin in this book is a girl wonder instead of a boy wonder. And I was especially struck by how much it was a Reagan era story, in several ways. Even if you didn't know that it was originally published in 1986, you'd be able to tell.</p>
<h3 id="burkerevolution"><span class="date">2/5</span> Edmund Burke, <i>Reflections on the Revolution in France</i></h3>
<p>Written in 1790, this is probably the first well known counter-revolutionary book. It takes the form of a very long letter written to an unnamed young French gentleman, who asked for Burke's opinions of the Revolution. I don't know if this was real or a literary conceit.</p>
<p>The latter part of this book is an analysis of the Revolutionary political and economic system, at least as it appeared in 1789 and 1790. With the benefit of hindsight, many of Burke's attacks were undeniably right — the political system was indeed unstable, and did indeed collapse into chaos and then a military dictatorship. Others, again with the benefit of hindsight, were undeniably wrong. Constititional monarchies can work perfectly well even when the monarch has a weak or purely ceremonial role. Paper currencies, not backed by some heavy metal or another, can work perfectly well. But at least some of Burke's reputation for prescience is deserved.</p>
<p>This book is also well known as one of the intellectual foundations of conservatism, going beyond the details of the French Revolution. Burke famously attacked the French Revolutionaries for creating an entirely new system, instead of adapting and reforming what already existed: “you chose to act as if you had never been moulded into civil society, and had everything to begin anew.” He contrasts the French Revolution unfavorably to England's Glorious Revolution of 1688, which, he says, “was made to preserve our <i>ancient</i> indisputable laws and liberties, and that <i>ancient</i> constitution of government which is our only security for law and liberty.”</p>
<p>In this he's being disingenous. Yes, some politicians in 1688 justified their actions by appealing to the past. So did some politicians in 1789. It's also misleading to talk about 1688 without pointing out that it was merely the end point of a good half century of chaos. The English constitution in the 17th century, like the French constitution in the late 18th century, was contested. Before things were more or less settled, England had had its own civil war, its own beheaded king, and its own military dictatorship.</p>
<p>There's still much to admire in Burke's general point. Passing over the historical details, his general observation is: societies are complicated, our understanding is limited, and we don't always know why a functioning society works. Even when we make changes, we should respect the accumulated wisdom of the past and we should be cautious about tinkering with something that works. Burke's most famous formulation of this point is semi-mystical: he accepts a version of the social contract, but says that “As the ends of such a partnership cannot be obtained in many generations, it becomes a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are living,those who are dead, and those who are to be born.“ You don't have to accept mysticism, though, or social contract theory, to see some merit in thinking that we should be cautious when we're dealing with a complicated system that we understand poorly. Much the same argument applies to ecology; we should be scared of experimenting with pumping unlimited amounts of CO<sub>2</sub> into our atmosphere, or exterminating species we've barely even heard of. What makes us think we understand the ecosystem well enough to avoid disasters when we make those sorts of radical changes?</p>
<p>So this is indeed a founding intellectual text of a sort of conservatism, but not the sort of conservatism that's important in early 21st century American politics. It's certainly not a celebration of unrestrained free market capitalism. Burke thinks of landed property as the foundation of a well run country, and doesn't have many friendly things to say about financial innovation or dealmaking. He understood that capitalism was a socially radical force, not a conservative one. “All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.” That isn't actually Burke (it's one of the more famous quotes from the <i>Communist Manifesto</i>), but, allowing for the difference between 18th and 19th century language, it could easily have come out of <i>Reflections on the Revolution in France</i>. </p>
<p>There's another sense in which this work is a founding text of a sort of conservatism, one that I think fewer people today would claim with pride: its defense of inequality and hierarchy. Burke found it obvious that a country should be founded on “the natural landed interest,” and on a few men of great wealth, that ordinary occupations “cannot be a matter of honor to any any person” and that “the state suffers oppression, if such as they, either individually or collectively, are permitted to rule.” There probably are still some people today who wish we lived in an aristocracy, where we were ruled by our betters and where we ordinary people knew our place, but at least most people today won't say that openly. In decrying the principle of aristocracy, the French Revolutionaries were right.</p>
<h3 id="mymanjeeves"><span class="date">2/2</span> P. G. Wodehouse, <i>My Man Jeeves</i></h3>
<p>Published 1919. Can you imagine Bertie Wooster in the trenches?</p>
<h3 id="hobbit"><span class="date">2/1</span> J. R. R. Tolkien, <i>The Annotated Hobbit</i> (annotated by Douglas A. Anderson; revised and expanded edition)</h3>
<p>“This is a story of how a Baggins had an adventure, and found himself doing and saying things altogether unexpected. He may have lost the neighbours' respect, but he gained — well, you will see whether he gained anything in the end.”</p>
<p>I've read <i>The Hobbit</i> before, of course, although not recently and not as many times as I've read <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. This is a beautiful edition. It has an introduction with a brief Tolkien biography and a history of <i>The Hobbit</i>'s publication and initial reception, a set of color plates (including Tolkien's own now-standard color illustrations), artwork from many translations, and extensive annotations on the sources and language and textual history of <i>The Hobbit</i>. Much of this information is based on Tolkien's own unpublished or hard-to-find works, like the guide to invented names and archaic words that he wrote for translators, or poems that he wrote around the same time as he was writing <i>The Hobbit</i>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><i>The Hobbit</i> was first published in 1937. There was an extensive revision in 1951, a few years before the publication of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, and further revisions for a third edition in 1966. The annotations explain the changes between editions, in most cases showing the original and changed text. In most cases the changes are small: fixed typos, or minor adjustments to the geography as Tolkien understood it at the time of writing <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, or things like that. As most Tolkien readers know, though, Chapter 5, “Riddles in the Dark,” was largely rewritten. You can guess what the original must have been like from the hints in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, but it's still wonderful to be able to see the original version.</p>
<h3 id="frenchpowder"><span class="date">1/31</span> Ellery Queen, <i>The French Powder Mystery</i></h3>
<h3 id="esdaile"><span class="date">1/29</span> Charles Esdaile, <i>Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803–1815</i></h3>
<p>This book has a definite point of view, in several ways. One of them is connected with the subtitle, “An International History”: a discussion on the conflict in Europe (and elsewhere) as a whole, which leads to an emphasis on the continuity between the great powers' foreign policies in the Napoleonic era and the same powers' policies in the era of continual dynastic warfare of the 18th century. It's not always easy to tell exactly what the phrase “Napoleonic Wars” should mean, either in time or in space. 1796 (the beginning of General Bonaparte's Italian campaign) is as good a beginning date as any, but it's hard to draw any definite line between the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.</p>
<p>And all of the great powers had concerns, and wars, that didn't directly concern Napoleon or France. Were the Russo-Persian war, or Sweden's attempt to conquer Norway, or the United States's war against Tecumseh's confederacy, or the Serbian revolt against the Ottoman Empire, or the Austrian-Prussian-Russian partition of Poland, part of the Napoleonic Wars? Whatever the answer to that question, all of those conflicts, and more, were part of the extremely complicated diplomacy of the time. Part of the thesis of this book, then, is: the French Revolution, and Napoleon's coronation in 1804, didn't immediately cause an abrupt and qualitative change in great power politics. The other great powers continued to pursue their own goals, using war as one of their tools, and continued to treat France as the same sort of partner and rival that it was before. Napoleon were finally defeated when all the kingdoms of Europe saw him as something new, something requiring a suspension of traditional foreign policy goals.</p>
<p>Which gets to this book's other very definite point of view: it's strongly anti-Napoleonic. “If Europe was not divided along ideological lines, what did the long period of conflict that gripped her between 1792 and 1815 stem from? In the end, as we shall see, the prime mover was Napoleon's own aggression, egomania, and lust for power.” The author says he's writing as a corrective to histories written by generations of Napoleon's partisans. I haven't read that pro-Napoleonic propaganda; if I had, I might have found an alternate perspective useful. But I've read enough British and Russian fiction set in this era to be quite familiar with the anti-Napoleonic point of view. I don't know that I disagreed with the author's conclusions, but I found his relentlessness tiresome. He kept judging Napoleon's motives, always unfavorably, always arguing with those countless unnamed pro-Napoleonic partisans.</p>
<p>I ended up wishing this book had been written in a slightly more neutral manner, but it was still very informative. It's the first book I've read that puts all of the complicated wars and diplomacy of the era together. Alas, I can't recommend the Kindle edition, which is what I read. It was a poor quality etext. The block quotes consistently failed to be intended, the index was useless (literally just a list of index entries, with no hyperlinks back to where the entries appear), and, worst of all, there were persistent problems with dates and other numbers. Many of them were incorrect (the French Revolutionary Wars didn't start in 1972), many of them were bizarrely transposed with punctuation or nearby words, many of them caused spurious paragraph breaks in the middle of sentences, some were entirely missing. I have no idea what the publisher did with numbers during the ebook conversion that made so many of them go so wrong, but it was at best irritating and at worst a serious readability problem in a history book. At times the meaning was completely obscured. Penguin should be ashamed of having their name on such sloppy work.</p>
<h3 id="cryoburn"><span class="date">1/22</span> Lois Bujold, <i>Cryoburn</i></h3>
<p>The latest Vorkosigan book.</p>
<h3 id="twocities"><span class="date">1/22</span> Charles Dickens, <i>A Tale of Two Cities</i></h3>
<p>Everyone remembers the first line of this book, and the last. Also, everyone remembers the depiction of the Terror; a lot of people think of <i>A Tale of Two Cities</i> as an antirevolutionary book, and that's not completely wrong given what it says about the horrors of the Revolution. But it's only part of the story, literally. The Terror comes up in Book III, which is set in 1792. The first two parts are about the oppression that made the Terror inevitable. Mme. Defarge is certainly a monster, but she is a fairly sympathetic character when we first meet her. By the end of the book, we've had a long time to understand what the aristocrats did that made her a monster.</p>
<p>“It was too much the way of Monseigneur under his reverses as a refugee, and it was much too much the way of native British orthodoxy, to talk of this terrible Revolution as if it was the only harvest ever known under the skies that had not been sown — as if nothing had ever been done, or omitted to be done, that had led to it — as if observers of the wretched millions in France, and of the misused and perverted resources that should have made them prosperous, had not seen it inevitably coming, years before, and had not in plain words recorded what they saw.”</p>
<h3 id="revolutionshort"><span class="date">1/19</span> William Doyle, <i>The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction</i></h3>
<p>Just what the title promises. The author has written many other books about the French Revolution (including <i>The Oxford History of the French Revolution</i>), and this is his contribution to Oxford's “Very Short Introduction” series. It's just 150 pages long, and assumes little or no previous knowledge of the subject. Its focus, to the extent that such a short book can have a focus, is on explaining why the French Revolution matters. It's fast reading, well worth the time if you're even casually interested.</p>
<p>I should have read this before reading <i>Citizens</i>. Even reading in the opposite order, though, I now understand <i>Citizens</i> better. This very short introduction includes a discussion of the historiography of the French Revolution, and now I have a better idea of where <i>Citizens</i>, published in the bicentennial year, fits into the scholarly disputes.</p>
<h3 id="bestofqueen"><span class="date">1/18</span> <i>The Best of Ellery Queen</i>, edited by Francis M. Nevins, Jr. and Martin H. Greenberg</h3>
<p>Is Ellery Queen the name of a fictional detective, or the name of a mystery writer? Both! It's the pseudonym that Frederic Dannay and Manfred B. Lee published under, and it's also the name of their detective. The stories are told in the third person, though; it's not that there's some sort of conceit in the fictional world that Queen is writing his own adventures. The fact that the same name is used for both purposes was, as far as I can tell from the editor's forward in this collection, a purely commercial decision: Dannay and Lee were writing commercial fiction (initially for a mystery story contest in 1928), they wanted to have an unusual and memorable name for their detective, and they didn't want to dilute their brand by coming up with another name for the author.</p>
<p>Ellery Queen was published from 1929 through 1971, and at one point he was the most popular fictional American detective. He doesn't seem to be read much these days, and I've never read any Ellery Queen before. I'm afraid that my reaction, at least from this book, is: meh. Not bad, but none of the stories and characters were particularly memorable. Probably I'd have enjoyed them more if what I liked about mysteries were logic puzzles. I may still try reading at least one Ellery Queen novel, since novels and short stories are different.</p>
<h3 id="skinnydip"><span class="date">1/16</span> Carl Hiaasen, <i>Skinny Dip</i></h3>
<p>“The events described are mostly imaginary, except for the destruction of the Florida Everglades and the $8 billion effort to save what remains.”</p>
<h3 id="seawolf"><span class="date">1/15</span> Jack London, <i>The Sea-Wolf</i></h3>
<p>I think this might actually be the first Jack London book I've ever read. Oh well, we all have our odd gaps. Now I should read more.</p>
<p>The opening of this book is oddly like that of another book I read just a week ago. A literary gentleman, Humphrey van Weyden, is cast adrift in the Bay when the ferry he's taking from Sausalito collides and sinks. He is rescued by the schooner <i>Ghost</i>, but he is kept on board, exposed to manual labor and brutality, instead of being returned to land. <i>Captains Courageous</i> is minor Kipling, though, and <i>The Sea-Wolf</i> is one of London's most famous works. This is a much better book.</p>
<p>I hadn't really known what to expect when I picked this up. I knew it would be a sea story, and I suppose I expected that it would be an adventure story. The adventures, though, to the extent that there are any, aren't all that important. What's more important is the character of Wolf Larsen, the titular sea wolf, the brutal, dominating, intelligent, well read, and arguably sociopathic captain of the <i>Ghost</i>. <i>The Sea-Wolf</i> is almost a philosophical novel. The conflict between Larsen and van Weyden, the narrator, has many levels, but at the center are the discussions they have, informed by (among others) Nietzsche and Spencer and Darwin, about ethics and altruism and immortality and whether life can be anything more than “piggishness,” a “yeasty crawling and squirming” where “the strong eat the weak that they may retain their strength.”</p>
<h3 id="doorwaysinthesand"><span class="date">1/12</span> Roger Zelazny, <i>Doorways in the Sand</i></h3>
<h3 id="littlefuzzy"><span class="date">1/10</span> H. Beam Piper, <i>Little Fuzzy</i></h3>
<p>As Stephen Jay Gould said, “Human equality is a contingent fact of history.” This novel is about the discovery of extraterrestrials who are unquestionably sapient beings, but not as intelligent as we are. They're also small, cute, helpful and just generally nice, and, well, fuzzy.</p>
<h3 id="mazemurders"><span class="date">1/9</span> Robert van Gulik, <i>The Chinese Maze Murders</i></h3>
<p>In the Ming era, apparently, there were a number of works that in our own culture we would call historical detective novels: stories about famous magistrates of the past discovering and punishing crimes, with more or less basis in historical fact. Some of them were based on the real Tang era magistrate (and later in his career an important imperial official) Di Renjie.</p>
<p>Robert van Gulik, a Dutch diplomat and scholar, translated one of these historical works, <i>Dee Goong An</i> (“<i>Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee</i>”), into a number of languages, including English. Instead of translating more, though, he wrote his own, more adapted to modern and western tastes but using elements of the Chinese stories and written in a similar style. His own novels were doubly historical, since he retained the conceit that they were written in the Ming era and made sure to introduce appropriate anachronisms.</p>
<p><i>The Chinese Maze Murders</i>, published in 1957, was the first Judge Dee novel written. (Although not the first in internal chronology.) </p>
<h3 id="captainscourageous"><span class="date">1/8</span> Rudyard Kipling, <i>Captains Courageous: A Story of the Grand Banks</i></h3>
<p>Not one of Kipling's best, but not bad either. Something I hadn't realized when I started, or even some pages in, is that it's an entirely American novel — the “Gloucester” that most of the characters are from is the one in Massachusetts, not the one in Gloucestershire.</p>
<p>I finished this book lying in bed at Stanford Hospital, so I found it especially amusing that the last chapter took place right at “The Farm.”</p>
<h3 id="nemesis"><span class="date">1/2</span> Philip Roth, <i>Nemesis</i></h3>
<p>A short novel set during the 1944 Newark polio epidemic. It's hard to remember in the second decade of the 21st century how feared polio once was.</p>
<p>This book isn't really about polio, though — it's a character study of one man, of his choices during the epidemic and what they did to him.</p>
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<address><a href="http://lafstern.org/matt">Matt Austern</a></address><a href="http://lafstern.org/matt"> </a>
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<title>Dropbear SSH</title>
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<p> <a id="download" href="./" title="Downloads">Download</a><br> Latest is 2020.81<br> 29 October 2020<br> <a href="releases/dropbear-2020.81.tar.bz2" title="Latest Release">dropbear‑2020.81.tar.bz2</a><br> <a href="CHANGES" title="Changelog">Changelog</a><br> <a href="https://mirror.dropbear.nl/mirror/" title="Mirror">Mirror</a><br> <br> <a href="https://hg.ucc.asn.au/dropbear/file/tip" title="Source Tree">Mercurial Source</a><span class="little"> (<a href="https://github.com/mkj/dropbear">github</a>)</span><br> <a href="https://lists.ucc.asn.au/mailman/listinfo/dropbear">Mailing List</a><br> </p>
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<h2>Dropbear SSH</h2>
<p> Dropbear is a relatively small <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell">SSH</a> server and client. It runs on a variety of POSIX-based platforms. Dropbear is open source software, distributed under a <a href="https://secure.ucc.asn.au/hg/dropbear/raw-file/tip/LICENSE">MIT-style license</a>. Dropbear is particularly useful for "embedded"-type Linux (or other Unix) systems, such as wireless routers.</p>
<p>If you want to be notified of new releases, or for general discussion of Dropbear, you can subscribe to the relatively low volume <a href="https://lists.ucc.gu.uwa.edu.au/mailman/listinfo/dropbear">mailing list</a>. </p> <a name="features"></a>
<h3>Features</h3>
<ul>
<li>A small memory footprint suitable for memory-constrained environments – Dropbear can compile to a <a href="http://lists.ucc.gu.uwa.edu.au/pipermail/dropbear/2004q3/000022.html"> 110kB statically linked binary</a> with uClibc on x86 (only minimal options selected)</li>
<li>Dropbear server implements X11 forwarding, and authentication-agent forwarding for <a href="http://www.openssh.org">OpenSSH</a> clients</li>
<li>Can run from inetd or standalone</li>
<li>Compatible with OpenSSH ~/.ssh/authorized_keys public key authentication</li>
<li>The server, client, keygen, and key converter can be compiled into a single binary (like <a href="https://www.busybox.net">busybox</a>)</li>
<li>Features can easily be disabled when compiling to save space</li>
<li>Multi-hop mode uses SSH TCP forwarding to tunnel through multiple SSH hosts in a single command. <tt>dbclient&nbsp;<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="1f6a6c7a6d2e5f77706f2e">[email&nbsp;protected]</a>,<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="4d383e283f7f0d25223d7f">[email&nbsp;protected]</a>,destination</tt></li>
</ul> <a name="platforms"></a>
<h3>Platforms</h3>
<ul>
<li>Linux – standard distributions, <a href="https://www.uclibc.org">uClibc</a> &gt;=0.9.17, <a href="https://www.fefe.de/dietlibc/">dietlibc</a>, <a href="https://www.musl-libc.org/">musl libc</a>, uClinux from inetd</li>
<li>Mac OS X (compile with PAM support)</li>
<li>FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD</li>
<li>Solaris – tested v8 x86 and v9 Sparc</li>
<li>IRIX 6.5 (with /dev/urandom, or prngd should work)</li>
<li>Tru64 5.1 (using prngd for entropy)</li>
<li>AIX 4.3.3 (with gcc and Linux Affinity Toolkit), AIX 5.2 (with /dev/urandom).</li>
<li>HPUX 11.00 (+prngd), TCP forwarding doesn't work</li>
<li>Cygwin – tested 1.5.19 on Windows XP</li>
</ul>
<p> It shouldn't be hard to get it to work on other POSIX platforms, it is mostly a case of setting up the configure and Makefile settings.</p>
<h3>Acknowledgements</h3>
<p> The cryptographic code utilises Tom St Denis's <a href="http://www.libtom.net/LibTomCrypt/">LibTomCrypt</a>, and uses his <a href="http://www.libtom.net/LibTomMath/">LibTomMath</a> library for the bignum parts. PTY handling code is taken from <a href="http://openssh.org/">OpenSSH</a> (from Tatu Ylönen's original ssh), login recording (utmp/wtmp) code is from OpenSSH by Andre Lucas, and some implementation details were gleaned from <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">PuTTY</a>. Numerous people have contributed patches and bug reports, see <a href="CHANGES">CHANGES</a>. Particular thanks go to Mihnea Stoenescu for his work on the client portion. </p>
<p>Dropbear's website is hosted by <a href="https://www.ucc.asn.au/">The University Computer Club</a> in Perth, Australia</p>
<p> My email address is <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#c6aba7b2e0e5f7f7f0fd86b3a5a5e8a7b5a8e8a7e0e5f7f7f1fd">matt<!--
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog-->@<b></b>ucc.asn.au</a><br> Matt Johnston </p>
<p><a href="https://matt.ucc.asn.au/">Up to Homepage</a></p>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>PuTTY Download Page</title>
<link rel="canonical" href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="sitestyle.css" title="PuTTY Home Page Style">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="putty.ico">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow">
</head>
<body>
<h1 align="center">PuTTY Download Page</h1>
<div align="center" class="mirrorwarning">
This is a mirror. Follow this link to find <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">the primary PuTTY web site</a>.
</div>
<p align="center"> <a href="./">Home</a> | <a href="licence.html">Licence</a> | <a href="faq.html">FAQ</a> | <a href="docs.html">Docs</a> | <b>Download</b> | <a href="keys.html">Keys</a> | <a href="links.html">Links</a> <br> <a href="mirrors.html">Mirrors</a> | <a href="maillist.html">Updates</a> | <a href="feedback.html">Feedback</a> | <a href="changes.html">Changes</a> | <a href="wishlist/">Wishlist</a> | <a href="team.html">Team</a> </p>
<p> Here are the PuTTY files themselves: </p>
<ul>
<li> PuTTY (the SSH and Telnet client itself) </li>
<li> PSCP (an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy) </li>
<li> PSFTP (an SFTP client, i.e. general file transfer sessions much like FTP) </li>
<li> PuTTYtel (a Telnet-only client) </li>
<li> Plink (a command-line interface to the PuTTY back ends) </li>
<li> Pageant (an SSH authentication agent for PuTTY, PSCP, PSFTP, and Plink) </li>
<li> PuTTYgen (an RSA and DSA key generation utility). </li>
</ul>
<p><b>LEGAL WARNING</b>: Use of PuTTY, PSCP, PSFTP and Plink is illegal in countries where encryption is outlawed. We believe it is legal to use PuTTY, PSCP, PSFTP and Plink in England and Wales and in many other countries, but we are not lawyers, and so if in doubt you should seek legal advice before downloading it. You may find useful information at <a href="http://www.cryptolaw.org/">cryptolaw.org</a>, which collects information on cryptography laws in many countries, but we can't vouch for its correctness. </p>
<p> Use of the Telnet-only binary (PuTTYtel) is unrestricted by any cryptography laws. </p>
<p> There are cryptographic signatures available for all the files we offer below. We also supply cryptographically signed lists of checksums. To download our public keys and find out more about our signature policy, visit the <a href="keys.html">Keys page</a>. If you need a Windows program to compute MD5 checksums, you could try this one at <a href="http://www.pc-tools.net/win32/freeware/md5sums/">pc-tools.net</a>. (This MD5 program is also cryptographically signed by its author.) </p>
<h2>Binaries</h2>
<div class="release">
<div class="buildtype">
The latest release version (beta 0.67)
</div>
<p> This will generally be a version we think is reasonably likely to work well. If you have a problem with the release version, it might be worth trying out the latest development snapshot (below) to see if we've already fixed the bug, before reporting it. </p>
<div class="downloadheading">
For Windows on Intel x86
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">PuTTY:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/x86/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/x86/putty.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/x86/putty.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">PuTTY<wbr>tel:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/x86/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/x86/puttytel.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/x86/puttytel.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">PSCP:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/x86/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/x86/pscp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/x86/pscp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">PSFTP:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/x86/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/x86/psftp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/x86/psftp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Plink:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/x86/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/x86/plink.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/x86/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Pageant:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/x86/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/x86/pageant.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/x86/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">PuTTY<wbr>gen:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/x86/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/x86/puttygen.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/x86/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
A .ZIP file containing all the binaries (except PuTTYtel), and also the help files
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Zip file:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/x86/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/x86/putty.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/x86/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
A Windows MSI installer package for everything except PuTTYtel
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Installer:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/x86/putty-0.67-installer.msi"><code>putty-0.67-<wbr>installer.msi</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/x86/putty-0.67-installer.msi">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/x86/putty-0.67-installer.msi.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Legacy Inno Setup installer. <a href="https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/134694/jrsoft-dllhijack.txt">Reportedly insecure</a>! Use with caution, if the MSI fails.
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Legacy installer:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/x86/putty-0.67-installer.exe"><code>putty-0.67-<wbr>installer.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/x86/putty-0.67-installer.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/x86/putty-0.67-installer.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Checksums for all the above files
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">MD5:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/md5sums"><code>md5sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/md5sums">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/md5sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">SHA-<wbr>1:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/sha1sums"><code>sha1sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/sha1sums">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/sha1sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">SHA-<wbr>256:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/sha256sums"><code>sha256sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/sha256sums">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/sha256sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">SHA-<wbr>512:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/sha512sums"><code>sha512sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/sha512sums">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/sha512sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="snapshot">
<div class="buildtype">
The latest development snapshot
</div>
<p> This will be built every day, automatically, from the current development code - in <em>whatever</em> state it's currently in. If you need a fix for a particularly inconvenient bug, you may well be able to find a fixed PuTTY here well before the fix makes it into the release version above. On the other hand, these snapshots might sometimes be unstable. </p>
<p> (The filename of the development snapshot installer contains the snapshot date, so it will change every night.) </p>
<div class="downloadheading">
For Windows on Intel x86
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">PuTTY:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/putty.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">PuTTY<wbr>tel:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/puttytel.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">PSCP:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/pscp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">PSFTP:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/psftp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Plink:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Pageant:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">PuTTY<wbr>gen:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
A .ZIP file containing all the binaries (except PuTTYtel), and also the help files
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Zip file:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
A Windows MSI installer package for everything except PuTTYtel
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Installer:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/putty-installer.msi"><code>putty-</code><i>&lt;version&gt;</i><code>-<wbr>installer.msi</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/putty-installer.msi.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Legacy Inno Setup installer. <a href="https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/134694/jrsoft-dllhijack.txt">Reportedly insecure</a>! Use with caution, if the MSI fails.
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Legacy installer:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/putty-installer.exe"><code>putty-</code><i>&lt;version&gt;</i><code>-<wbr>installer.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/x86/putty-installer.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Checksums for all the above files
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">MD5:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/md5sums"><code>md5sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/md5sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">SHA-<wbr>1:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/sha1sums"><code>sha1sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/sha1sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">SHA-<wbr>256:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/sha256sums"><code>sha256sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/sha256sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">SHA-<wbr>512:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/sha512sums"><code>sha512sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/sha512sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h2>Source code</h2>
<p> This is the source code for all of the PuTTY utilities. </p>
<p> For convenience, we provide several versions of the source code, for different platforms. The actual content does not differ substantially between Windows and Unix archives; the differences are mostly in formatting (filenames, line endings, etc). </p>
<p> If you want to do any PuTTY development work, we <em>strongly</em> recommend starting with development snapshot code. We frequently make large changes to the code after major releases, so code based on the current release will be hard for us to use. </p>
<h3>Unix source code</h3>
<p> These <code>.tar.gz</code> source archives should build the latest release version, and latest development snapshot, of PuTTY for Unix. </p>
<p> To build the release source, you will need to unpack one of these archives, change into the "<code>unix</code>" subdirectory, and type "<code>make -f Makefile.gtk</code>". To build the development snapshot source, you can just do the standard thing of <code>./configure &amp;&amp; make</code>. See the file "<code>README</code>" for more information. </p>
<p> (The filename of the development snapshot source archive contains the snapshot date, so it will change every night.) </p>
<div class="release">
<div class="downloadheading">
0.67 release source code for Unix
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Source:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/putty-0.67.tar.gz"><code>putty-0.67.<wbr>tar.gz</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/putty-0.67.tar.gz">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/putty-0.67.tar.gz.gpg">(signature)</a> </span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="snapshot">
<div class="downloadheading">
Development snapshot source code for Unix
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Source:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/putty.tar.gz"><code>putty-</code><i>&lt;version&gt;</i><code>.<wbr>tar.gz</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/putty.tar.gz.gpg">(signature)</a> </span>
</div>
</div>
<h3>Windows source code</h3>
<p> See the file "<code>README</code>" for more information on building PuTTY from source. </p>
<div class="release">
<div class="downloadheading">
0.67 release source code for Windows
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Source:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="0.67/putty-src.zip"><code>putty-src.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-latest/putty-src.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="0.67/putty-src.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="snapshot">
<div class="downloadheading">
Development snapshot source code for Windows
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Source:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/putty-src.zip"><code>putty-src.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://tartarus.org/~simon/putty-snapshots/putty-src.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h3>Access via <code>git</code></h3>
<p> If you want to keep track of the PuTTY development right up to the minute, or view the change logs for each of the files in the source base, you can access the PuTTY master <code>git</code> repository directly, using a command such as </p>
<div>
<code>git clone https://git.tartarus.org/simon/putty.git</code>
</div>
<p> Alternatively, you can <a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git">browse the git repository</a> on the web. </p>
<p></p>
<hr> If you want to comment on this web site, see the <a href="feedback.html">Feedback page</a>.
<br> (last modified on <!--LASTMOD-->Thu Sep 29 14:45:07 2016<!--END-->)
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<title>Download PuTTY: release 0.60</title>
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<h1 align="center">Download PuTTY: release 0.60</h1>
<div align="center" class="mirrorwarning">
This is a mirror. Follow this link to find <a href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">the primary PuTTY web site</a>.
</div>
<p align="center"> <a href="../">Home</a> | <a href="../faq.html">FAQ</a> | <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback</a> | <a href="../licence.html">Licence</a> | <a href="../maillist.html">Updates</a> | <a href="../mirrors.html">Mirrors</a> | <a href="../keys.html">Keys</a> | <a href="../links.html">Links</a> | <a href="../team.html">Team</a> <br> Download: <a href="../latest.html">Stable</a> · <a href="../snapshot.html">Snapshot</a> | <a href="../docs.html">Docs</a> | <a href="../changes.html">Changes</a> | <a href="../wishlist/">Wishlist</a> </p>
<p> This page contains download links for PuTTY release 0.60. </p>
<p> 0.60, released on 2007-04-29, is <em>not</em> the latest release. See the <a href="../latest.html">Latest Release page</a> for the most up-to-date release (currently 0.74). </p>
<p> Past releases of PuTTY are versions we thought were reasonably likely to work well, at the time they were released. However, later releases will almost always have fixed bugs and/or added new features. If you have a problem with this release, please try the <a href="../latest.html">latest release</a>, to see if the problem has already been fixed. </p>
<h2 class="securityboxtop">SECURITY WARNING</h2>
<div class="securityboxbottom">
<p class="securityboxbottomfirst"> This release has known security vulnerabilities. Consider using a later release instead, such as the <a href="../latest.html">latest version, 0.74</a>. </p>
<p> The known vulnerabilities in this release are: </p>
<ul class="securityboxbottomlast">
<li><a href="../wishlist/password-not-wiped.html">password-not-wiped</a> (fixed in release 0.62) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/private-key-not-wiped.html">private-key-not-wiped</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/private-key-not-wiped-2.html">private-key-not-wiped-2</a> (fixed in release 0.64) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-agent-fwd-overflow.html">vuln-agent-fwd-overflow</a> (fixed in release 0.68) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-agent-keylist-used-after-free.html">vuln-agent-keylist-used-after-free</a> (fixed in release 0.74) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-auth-prompt-spoofing.html">vuln-auth-prompt-spoofing</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-bignum-division-by-zero.html">vuln-bignum-division-by-zero</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-chm-hijack.html">vuln-chm-hijack</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-ech-overflow.html">vuln-ech-overflow</a> (fixed in release 0.66) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-fd-set-overflow.html">vuln-fd-set-overflow</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-indirect-dll-hijack.html">vuln-indirect-dll-hijack</a> (fixed in release 0.68) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-2.html">vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-2</a> (fixed in release 0.69) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-3.html">vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-3</a> (fixed in release 0.70) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-modmul.html">vuln-modmul</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-pscp-sink-sscanf.html">vuln-pscp-sink-sscanf</a> (fixed in release 0.67) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-rng-reuse.html">vuln-rng-reuse</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-signature-stringlen.html">vuln-signature-stringlen</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-ssh1-buffer-length-underflow.html">vuln-ssh1-buffer-length-underflow</a> (fixed in release 0.72) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-ssh1-short-rsa-keys.html">vuln-ssh1-short-rsa-keys</a> (fixed in release 0.72) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-terminal-dos-combining-chars.html">vuln-terminal-dos-combining-chars</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-terminal-dos-combining-chars-double-width-gtk.html">vuln-terminal-dos-combining-chars-double-width-gtk</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-terminal-dos-one-column-cjk.html">vuln-terminal-dos-one-column-cjk</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-win-exclusiveaddruse.html">vuln-win-exclusiveaddruse</a> (fixed in release 0.73) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-win-pageant-client-missing-length-check.html">vuln-win-pageant-client-missing-length-check</a> (fixed in release 0.72) </li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadinsecuretopcolour
">Package files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadinsecurebotcolour
">
<p>You probably want one of these. They include versions of all the PuTTY utilities. </p>
<p> <b>SECURITY WARNING</b>: The main installer for this release was built with a version of Inno Setup that had a DLL hijacking vulnerability. If you need to run this file, copy it into an empty directory first, to prevent attack by malicious DLLs in your download directory. </p>
<div class="downloadheading">
.EXE installer created with Inno Setup
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/putty-0.60-installer.exe"><code>putty-0.60-installer.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/x86/putty-0.60-installer.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/putty-0.60-installer.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/putty-0.60-installer.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Unix source archive
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname"><code>.tar.gz</code>:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/putty-0.60.tar.gz"><code>putty-0.60.tar.gz</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/putty-0.60.tar.gz">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/putty-0.60.tar.gz.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/putty-0.60.tar.gz.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadinsecuretopcolour
">Alternative binary files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadinsecurebotcolour
">
<p>The installer packages above will provide versions of all of these (except PuTTYtel), but you can download standalone binaries one by one if you prefer.</p>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>putty.exe</code> (the SSH and Telnet client itself)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/x86/putty.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/putty.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/putty.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>pscp.exe</code> (an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/x86/pscp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/pscp.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/pscp.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>psftp.exe</code> (an SFTP client, i.e. general file transfer sessions much like FTP)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/x86/psftp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/psftp.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/psftp.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>puttytel.exe</code> (a Telnet-only client)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/x86/puttytel.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/puttytel.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/puttytel.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>plink.exe</code> (a command-line interface to the PuTTY back ends)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/x86/plink.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/plink.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/plink.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>pageant.exe</code> (an SSH authentication agent for PuTTY, PSCP, PSFTP, and Plink)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/x86/pageant.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/pageant.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/pageant.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>puttygen.exe</code> (a RSA and DSA key generation utility)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/x86/puttygen.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/puttygen.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/puttygen.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>putty.zip</code> (a .ZIP archive of all the above)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">32-bit:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/x86/putty.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/putty.zip.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/x86/putty.zip.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadinsecuretopcolour
">Documentation</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadinsecurebotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Browse the documentation on the web
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">HTML:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/htmldoc/">Contents page</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Downloadable documentation
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Zipped HTML:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/puttydoc.zip"><code>puttydoc.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/puttydoc.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Plain text:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/puttydoc.txt"><code>puttydoc.txt</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/puttydoc.txt">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Windows HTML Help:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/putty.chm"><code>putty.chm</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/putty.chm">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Legacy Windows Help:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/putty.hlp"><code>putty.hlp</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/putty.hlp">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Windows Help Contents:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/putty.cnt"><code>putty.cnt</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/putty.cnt">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadinsecuretopcolour
">Source code</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadinsecurebotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Unix source archive
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname"><code>.tar.gz</code>:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/putty-0.60.tar.gz"><code>putty-0.60.tar.gz</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/putty-0.60.tar.gz">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/putty-0.60.tar.gz.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/putty-0.60.tar.gz.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Windows source archive
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname"><code>.zip</code>:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/putty-src.zip"><code>putty-src.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/putty-src.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/putty-src.zip.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/putty-src.zip.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
git repository
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Clone:</span> <span class="downloadgitlink"><code>https://git.tartarus.org/simon/putty.git</code></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">gitweb:</span> <span class="downloadgitlink"><a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git">main</a> | <a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git;a=commit;h=refs/tags/0.60"><code>0.60</code> release tag</a> </span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadinsecuretopcolour
">Checksum files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadinsecurebotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Cryptographic checksums for all the above files
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">MD5:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/md5sums"><code>md5sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.60/md5sums">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/md5sums.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/md5sums.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<hr> If you want to comment on this web site, see the <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback page</a>.
<br> (last modified on <!--LASTMOD-->Sun Nov 22 22:29:05 2020<!--END-->)
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<title>Pre-Scholastic Philosophy
30</title>
<link href="etext.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
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<img src="mark150.gif" width="150" height="44" border="0" alt="ND">
<center>
&nbsp;<a href="../aristotl.htm">JMC</a> : <a href="hhp.htm">Pre-Scholastic Philosophy / by Albert Stöckl</a>
</center>
<hr>
<p> <!--
82 HISTORY OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY.
--> </p>
<h3>Physics of Plato. Theology, Cosmogony, and Psychology.</h3>
<p> § 30. </p>
<p> 1. To begin with the Theological system of Plato; we find a threefold proof for the existence of Good: </p>
<p> (a) The older Philosophy of Nature took irrational Matter as the basis of all things, and held Reason, <i>i.e,</i> the rational soul of man, to be evolved from it. Against this assumption Plato protests. We must begin, not with inert Matter, but with the Rational Soul. Matter is not the cause of its own motion; its motion supposes a moving cause different from itself. This moving cause cannot itself be of such kind that it also requires to be moved from without; such an hypothesis would involve us in an endless series. It must, therefore, be of that kind which is self-moving. This self-movement is the essential characteristic of the spiritual or psychical being, as contrasted with the material. Matter, according to this reasoning, necessarily postulates the existence of a "Soul." This Soul is the Divine Spirit, or Divine "Soul." Atheism, as a theory, is therefore absolutely irrational. (De Leg. X., p. 893; Phaedr. p. 245.) </p>
<p> (b) In the world Order and Design are everywhere manifest; they are observable in the lower regions of the universe, but more notably still in the regions of the stars. Order and Design, however, are not possible unless we suppose a Reason, and Reason (<b>nous</b>) can exist only in a soul (<b>psuchê</b>) or Personal Spirit. We are thus forced to admit a Personal Divine Spirit, which presides over the universe, and is the cause of the Order and Design which prevail in it. (Phaedr. p. 30.) </p>
<p> (c) The ultimate elements of things are the Unlimited and the Limit, for it is only by limitation of the Indefinite that a determinate definite object is possible. But the determination of the Undefined by limitation supposes a determining cause, which, as such, is above the thing determined. This determining cause must be some supramundane divine principle. (Phileb. p. 23.) </p>
<p> 2. We have next to inquire what are the attributes which Plato assigns to the Divine Being. We may sum up his teaching on the point as follows: </p>
<p> (a) The Divine nature is supremely perfect; it is endowed with every conceivable attribute; no perfection (<b>aretê</b>) is wanting to it. God is, therefore, the Absolute Good -- by no other notion is his nature more perfectly represented than by the notion of the Good, for this notion combines in itself all the perfections with which the Divine Nature is endowed. For this reason God is the cause of all that is good, and of that only which is good; wickedness, evil, cannot be attributed to him as to its cause; He is the Author of good, and of good only. When the poets describe the gods as doing wicked deeds, they are dishonouring <!--
PHILOSOPHY OF THE GREEKS 83
--> the Divine Nature. God is, furthermore, the Absolute Truth; it is impossible that He should deceive men, or lead them astray; the mythological stories of deceptions practised on men by the gods are absurd. </p>
<p> (b) God, being supremely perfect in his Nature, is immutable. If God could undergo any change, the cause of that change would be within His own Being, or without Him. The latter alternative is not admissible, for the nature which is supremely perfect cannot be changed by another. The former is also inconceivable, for if God could change Himself, He should change either to a more perfect or to a less perfect state: the former He cannot do, since He is already absolutely perfect; nor can He effect the latter, for no being, and least of all the most perfect, changes of its own accord from a more perfect to a less perfect condition. God is, therefore, unchangeable; He does not take one form at one time, another at another, as the poets tells us; He retains throughout eternity one simple, immutable form. (De Rep. II., p. 380.) </p>
<p> (c) God is a Personal Spirit, and, as such, is transcendently raised above the world. As Personal Spirit, He rules all things, and directs and guides all according to Reason and Providence. He is a supramundane being, and is therefore above the temporal order. Time affects only things of earth; God is above Time; He is the beginning, the middle, and the end of all things; the Absolute Present. (Tim. p. 37; De Leg. IV., p. 715.) </p>
<p> (d) In addition to the sovereign Divinity, Plato admits the existence of subordinate gods, to whom he assigns an intermediate rank between the Supreme God and the world, <i>i.e.,</i> man. He teaches that these subordinate divinities are ministers through whom God exercises His providence and His guiding influence upon earthly things, and that through them also the prayers and sacrifices of men are transmitted to God -- for which reasons men owe them reverence. The highest rank among the subordinate gods is held by the star-gods -- the souls of the stars; next come the demons, amongst whom the aether demons, <i>i.e.,</i> those whose bodies are formed of aether, hold the first place; below these are the Air and Water demons, with bodies formed of air or water. (Conviv., p. 202; De Leg. X., p. 895; Tim. p. 39.) </p>
<p> 3. We pass now to Plato's theory of Cosmogony. He assumes three principles as necessary to explain the origin and present existence of the world: Matter, the underlying basis of the physical world <i>(causa materialis);</i> God, the Demiurgos, or efficient cause <i>(causa efficiens);</i> and Ideas, the models or prototypes of things <i>(causa exemplaris)</i>. Assuming the existence of these ultimate causes, Plato, in <i>Timaeus,</i> explains the process of the formation of the world. </p>
<p> (a) Matter existed, and exists eternally, side by side with God. It was not produced by Him; it exists apart from Him, though side by side with Him. At first it was purely indeterminate, and therefore without any definite qualities. In this original condition it was without order -- a wild, fluctuating mass, a chaotic thing, assuming, without rule or law, ever-changing forms. It was blind Necessity (<b>anagkê</b>), the antithesis of Mind acting by a plan (<b>nous</b>). <!--
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<p> (b) But God was good, and free from jealousy; He resolved that Matter should not be abandoned to this disorder. He fixed His gaze upon the eternal, unchangeable prototype (Ideas), and after this model fashioned Matter into a well-ordered world. Being Himself the Supreme Good, He made all things to be good, and to be like Himself. The formation of the world was accomplished in this order: </p>
<p> First God, as Demiurgos, created the Soul of the World. Combining two elements, one of which was indivisible and immutable, the other divisible and changeable, He formed a third or intermediary substance. In this way the World-Soul came into existence.<sup><small><a name="n1"></a><a href="#n_1">{1}</a></small></sup> The Soul thus formed was placed by God in the middle of the world, and extended in the form of a cross through the entire universe. </p>
<p> The Demiurgos next invested the World-Soul with a body of spherical form, this form being the most perfect. This body is composed of the four elements, each of which has a mathematical figure peculiar to itself. The elements of cubical form made the Earth, the pyramidal formed Fire, while midway between these, in the order of geometrical figures, came Water, composed of icosahedral elements, and Air composed of octahedral. </p>
<p> The Architect of the Universe has distributed the nobler, the unchangeable element of the World-Soul along the line of the Celestial Equator; the less noble, the changeable element, along the line of the Ecliptic. The inclination of the Ecliptic is a consequence of the less perfect nature of the spheres beneath the heaven of the fixed stars. The intervals that separate the celestial spheres are proportional to the lengths of a vibrating string which emit harmonizing tones. The Earth is placed in the middle of the universe; it forms a sphere through which passes the axis of the world. </p>
<p> From these fundamental premises Plato deduces the following conclusions regarding the world: </p>
<p> The world, as such, is not eternal. It had a beginning, at the moment when God began to impress order upon Matter. Time began with the beginning of the world; it is, however, the image of eternity. The world, once formed, cannot come to an end. </p>
<p> The world, as at present constituted, is the only possible world; any other is wholly inconceivable. The whole system of Ideas, forming the <b>kosmos noêtos</b> and serving as the model or prototype of the material world, reveals itself in the world actually existent. There is no Idea of the <b>kosmos noêtos</b> which has not its corresponding species existent in the world of phenomena. There is only one prototype, there is only one ectype. </p>
<p> The world, as it exists, is the most perfect world possible. A more perfect could not be. God, who is all goodness, and free from all <!--
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--> jealousy, has made the world as like the ideal prototype as possible. He has made it to resemble Himself as closely as the nature of Matter permitted. Being the most perfect, and the most beautiful of all the things which have come into existence, the world must be endowed with life and reason, and this perfection is given it by the World-Soul; its motion is the most perfect, and the most constant -- motion in a circle; it is in truth a second God. </p>
<p> 4. Admitting that this world is the most perfect world possible, we are at once confronted with the question: How is it possible that evil can exist in the world, and what are the causes of this evil? In his answer to this question Plato has recourse to the nature of Matter. Good alone can come from God. But Matter is not only incapable of receiving to the full the action of the Divine, world-forming Goodness, it further withstands the formative and co-ordinating action of God upon it. In virtue of this resistance it becomes the principle of all disorder, wickedness, and evil in this world. It stands, to a certain extent, in opposition to God, and its activity in this opposition generates evil. The world, as the work of God, is perfect in good; but inasmuch as Matter withstands the action of God, evil must necessarily exist in the world. God cannot vanquish evil. </p>
<p> 5. We pass now to Plato's Psychology. Plato discusses, in great detail, the problems of psychology, and endeavours, at all points, to find solutions in harmony with his theological and cosmological theories. He condemns emphatically the doctrine that the Soul is nothing more than a harmonious arrangement of the constituents of the body. For in such an hypothesis the strivings of the soul against the tendencies of Sense would be impossible; and furthermore, since every harmony admits of increase and diminution, one soul would be more a soul than another -- an assertion which is clearly absurd. Again, harmony is incompatible with its antithesis -- discord; if then the Soul were merely harmony, it could not admit into itself the discord of evil or of vice, it follows that we must hold the Soul to be a spiritual substance, simple in its nature, and distinct from the body. The further argument used by Plato to establish this doctrine is analogous to the proof adduced above to prove the existence of God. Psychical, or spiritual being, is of its nature prior to the material and corporeal, for the latter can receive its motion only from the former. This principle must apply to the relations between Soul and Body. The psychical element in man's nature cannot be a product of the corporeal; on the contrary, the psychical element must exist as a <i>causa movens</i> antecedently to the body, for without a Soul as <i>causa movens</i> a living body capable of movement would be impossible. The Body being a composite substance, belongs to the same order of being as the things of Sense, whereas the Soul is a simple substance, allied in nature to that unchanging, simple Being which exists above the world of phenomena. The Body we know through the senses, the Soul through reason. </p>
<p> 6. What are the relations subsisting between Soul and Body? This question Plato answers as follows: The Soul stands to the Body in the relation of a <i>causa movens,</i> and in this relation only. The Soul dwells <!--
86 HISTORY OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY.
--> within the Body somewhat as the charioteer in the chariot; the Body is merely the organ which it uses to exert an external activity. The real man is the Soul only; in the concept "man," the notion "body" does not enter as a constituent element in the same way as the notion "Soul." Man is, properly speaking, a Soul, which uses a body as the instrument by which it exercises an activity on things without itself <i>(anima utens corpore)</i>. </p>
<p> 7. In accordance with this view of the relations between Soul and Body is the further opinion of Plato, that along with the rational Soul there also exists in man an irrational Soul, which is made up of two distinct parts; thus giving us, ultimately, three Souls in man. </p>
<p> The rational Soul, the <b>logos</b>, is the Soul proper of man. It is like to God, it may be called the Divine element in man; it has its seat in the head. To this Soul belongs all rational knowledge. Subordinate to this are two other Souls, dependent on the body, and subject to death (according to the <i>Timaeus</i>), the one is called by Plato the irascible (<b>to thumoeides, thumos</b>), and this he locates within the breast; the other he calls the appetitum (<b>to epithumêtikon, epithumia</b>), and locates in the abdomen. The functions of these two Souls are purely sensuous; on them the life of sense in man is dependent. The appetitive Soul is found in plants, the irascible Soul is possessed by brutes. </p>
<p> The method which Plato adopts to establish the existence of this threefold psychical element in man is interesting. We notice, in man, he says, a conflict of opposing tendencies; the appetite strives after something which the reason forbids, and anger rises up in opposition to reason. No being which is really one can come into contradiction with itself; to explain the internal conflict of these opposing tendencies which clash within us, we are forced to admit internal principles of action really different from one another. And as these conflicting movements are of three different kinds, we are obliged to admit a triple Soul in man -- the appetitive, the irascible, and the rational. (De Rep. IV. p. 456). </p>
<p> In what relation do these three Souls stand to one another? Plato is of opinion that the rational Soul and the appetitive are, as it were, two extremes, between which the irascible Soul takes its place as a sort of middle term. Plato compares the <b>thumos</b> to a lion, the <b>epithumia</b> to a many-headed hydra, and also to a perforated or bottomless vessel. Of its nature the <b>thumos</b> is on the side of reason, and supports the reason against the many-headed hydra which is always in rebellion against it. </p>
<p> 8. Regarding the origin of the human Soul, Plato, in <i>Timaeus,</i> teaches that it is produced by God -- in the same way as the World-Soul -- by a mixture of those elements which he calls the "identical" and the "different."<sup><small><a name="n2"></a><a href="#n_2">{2}</a></small></sup> This, however, applies only to the rational Soul. The irrational Soul is produced by the subordinate gods. It would be <!--
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--> unworthy of the Supreme God to create a merely mortal thing, so He entrusted to the subordinate divinities the task of forming the mortal Soul, and uniting it to the immortal. In <i>Phaedrus,</i> p. 245, Plato seems to represent the Soul as not produced (<b>agenêtos</b>). We have already learned that the Soul is not united to the body in the first moment of its existence, that it has already existed in an incorporeal condition. We have now to inquire why it is united to a body with which it is not by nature destined to enter into union. </p>
<p> 9. In <i>Phaedrus,</i> Plato furnishes an answer to this question under the form of an allegory. The Soul, before its imprisonment in the body, lived an incorporeal life among the gods. Mounted upon heavenly chariots the gods career through that ultra-celestial region whose beauty no poet has ever worthily sung; in the midst of the gods, the Soul equipped with heavenly wings, and guiding a chariot drawn by two steeds, held its course through the ultra-celestial sphere, enjoying the vision of truth. But one of the steeds was restive and ungovernable, and it happened that many souls could not control this steed. In consequence confusion was created in their ranks; in the tumult the wings of many were injured, and they fell ever lower and lower, till at last they fell to the earth to the region of material substance, <i>i.e.,</i> to the corporeal condition. The Soul that in its previous state had enjoyed most fully the vision of Being, became the Soul of a philosopher; the Soul that stood next in rank became the Soul of a king, and so on through a graduated series of human conditions down to the tyrants and sophists who hold the lowest places of all. In this first generation Souls do not enter into the bodies of brutes. </p>
<p> 10. The meaning of this myth seems to be that the Soul in its incorporeal state had committed some offence for which it was punished by imprisonment in the body. Hence it is that Plato everywhere speaks of its union with the body not as an advantage, but as an evil. He calls the body the grave in which the Soul is shut in as a corpse; he calls it a prison, in which the Soul is confined like a captive; a heavy chain which binds the Soul, and hinders the free expansion of its energy and its activity. The culpability which has been punished by the imprisonment of the Soul within the body must have consisted, as indicated by the myth we have quoted, in the tendency towards the objects of sense; for we can hardiy understand the restive steed to signify other than the <b>hepithumia</b> which we have seen to be that part of our nature which is in continual revolt against the law of reason. </p>
<p> 11. The immortality of the (rational) Soul is emphatically asserted by Plato, and in <i>Phaedo</i> the theory is supported by several arguments. These arguments may be briefly stated thus: </p>
<p> (a) Everywhere opposites generate opposites. Death follows life, and out of death life is again generated. Man cannot form an exception to this universal law. As man, therefore, passes from life to death, so must he again awake from death to life. This would be impossible if the Soul, the principle of life, came to an end in death. It must, therefore, live on, that in its reunion with a body man may wake to life again. <!--
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<p> (b) Being a simple substance, the Soul is kindred in nature to that which is absolutely simple and immutable (the Idea); in the same way as the body, being a composite substance, is kindred in nature to things sensible and changeable. As then the body, because of this affinity with that which is destructible, is itself destructible, so must the Soul, because of its affinity with the indestructible, be itself indestructible. </p>
<p> (c) If the Soul has existed by itself before its union with the body, it follows that it must exist after separation from it. Now it is proved from the peculiar character of our cognitions that the Soul existed before its union with the body, it follows then that it will outlive its separation from the body. </p>
<p> (d) Furthermore, nothing can be at once itself, and the opposite of itself; it is impossible that the same object should have a share in two contradictory Ideas at the same time. Now the Soul is essentially life, for life is self-movement, and self-movement is the very essence of the Soul. But if the Soul participates in the Idea of "life," and is a Soul only in so far as it participates in this Idea, it follows that it cannot admit into itself the opposite of life, <i>i.e.,</i> death. A dead Soul is a contradiction in terms. The Soul is, therefore, not merely immortal, its life is absolutely eternal, essentially excluding every possibility of dissolution. </p>
<p> (e) Again, the dissolution of any being whatever can be accomplished only by some evil antagonistic to the nature of that being. The one evil which is antagonistic to the nature of the Soul is vice, <i>i.e.,</i> moral evil. But this is clearly not capable of destroying the being of the Soul, consequently the Soul cannot be destroyed; it is therefore incorruptible, immortal (De Rep. X., p. 608). This argument gains additional force if we consider that the destruction of the Soul by moral evil would mean that the wicked have no punishment to expect -- a consequence which is wholly at variance with the Moral Order. (Phaedo, p. 107.) </p>
<p> (f) Lastly, Plato, in <i>Timaeus,</i> appeals in proof of the Soul's immortality to the goodness of God, who could not destroy a creature of beauty, even though it were a thing destructible by nature. In <i>Phaedo</i> he appeals to the conduct of the philosopher whose effort after knowledge is a constant effort after incorporeal existence, a striving to die. </p>
<p> 12. Plato always connects the notion of immortality with the notion of retribution after death. The latter principle he holds as firmly as the immortality of the Soul. The good are rewarded after death, the wicked punished according to their deserts. In his exposition of this doctrine, Plato frequently introduces the ancient myths; for, according to him, nothing truer or better can be said on this theme than what is contained in these myths. The several myths which he introduces are not, however, always consistent with one another, and it would hardly be possible to explain away their differences. The fundamental notions which are put forth in these several myths may be stated as follows: </p>
<p> (a) The man whose life has been good and pleasing to God, and has been purified by philosophic effort, enters immediately after death into a condition of bliss; those who have cultivated the merely social virtues <!--
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--> must pass through a previous process of purification; those who pass out of life answerable for some misdeeds, but only for such as can still be cured, have a temporary punishment to suffer; those whose misdeeds are incurable, are doomed to eternal reprobation. These who are not fully purified, retain after death something of corporeal being, which forms a shroud in which they hover restlessly over the graves of their bodies till their tutelary demons conduct them to the nether world. </p>
<p> (b) Souls, after death, do not remain permanently in the disembodied state, they enter into other bodies (metempsychosis), but into such as correspond to the moral condition in which they have quitted life. The good enter into the bodies of men; the less perfect into the bodies of women the wicked into the bodies of beasts; the species of brute body into which each soul enters is determined by the species of vice or passion to which it was addicted in life. </p>
<p> (c) All these processes are accomplished within a period of ten thousand years. When this term has been completed, all souls return to the condition out of which they passed in their first process of generation, and a new cosmical period begins. Plato sometimes speaks of an earlier period, which may be described as a golden age. There was then no evil, and no death; the earth spontaneously brought forth food in abundance; man and beast lived together in friendly concord; there was no distinction of sexes; men were produced from the earth by spontaneous generation. All this came to an end at the beginning of the next great period -- a period which was introduced by a great cosmical revolution. It was then that the world, as we know it now, first came into existence (Polit. p. 296.) It was then that the distinction of the sexes was first established, and that the human species was reproduced by carnal generation. We have here distorted traditions of a happier and more highly privileged condition of existence enjoyed by the first men. </p>
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<p> <a name="n_1"></a><a href="#n1">{1}</a> Plato, in <i>Timaeus,</i> describes the former element as <b>tauton</b> the latter as <b>thateron</b>. As we have noticed above, he introduces these two elements into the world of Ideas, in order to make possible the transition from unity to plurality in the ideal order; here he seems to separate them, making <b>tauton</b> the Idea, and <b>thateron</b> Matter. In this explanation the World-Soul is not purely spiritual, it includes a material element as well. </p>
<p> <a name="n_2"></a><a href="#n2">{2}</a> This seems to indicate that Plato hid bold the human Soul, as well as the World-Soul, to be a being not purely spiritual, but containing some admixture of matter. How this can be reconciled with his distinct assertion of the immaterial nature of the human Soul, is not easy to understand. </p>
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<h2>Plato.</h2>
<h3>Plato's Life and Writings -- General Character of his Philosophy.</h3>
<p> § 28. </p>
<p> 1. We come now to the greatest and most renowned of the pupils of Socrates, for whom it was reserved to complete the work planned and begun by the master. We speak of Plato. The Socratic doctrines formed the basis of his philosophic system; but he did not confine himself to these; he borrowed also from Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, and Parmenides, such notions as he found suitable to his purpose. But Plato did not merely collect and reproduce for us the opinions of these philosophers, he constructed for himself an original philosophy. The final results of the philosophical investigations of others he took only as the materials for the structure which he had planned in his own mind. <!--
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--> The prominent feature of his philosophy is its thoroughly ideal character. "As the blood," says a modern writer, "flows from the heart to all parts of the body, and returns to the heart again, so in the Platonic philosophy everything proceeds from the Idea as from a centre, and everything returns thither again." Hence the great wealth of material which we observe in the Platonic Philosophy. With this wealth of material is united a grace of style and of exposition which has never been surpassed. </p>
<p> 2. Plato was born at Athens, B.C. 425. He was originally named Aristocles. Ha was the son of Aristo, a descendant of Codrus, and of Perictone, who was a descendant of Dropides -- a near relative of Solon, and who was also a cousin of Cretias, one of the Thirty Tyrants. He is said to have devoted himself to poetry in his youth, a statement which the graceful style of his later writings renders probable. The weakness of his voice rendered him unfit for the duties of the public speaker. The stories regarding his military service rest on slender foundation. He appears to have pursued philosophical investigations at the same time that he was cultivating the poetic art, for he made acquaintance with Cratylus while still a youth, and learned from him the doctrines of Heraclitus. But Socrates seems to have been the first to give an entirely new direction to his efforts. He was twenty years old when he attached himself to Socrates, and he continued till the death of his master to enjoy the benefit of his teaching, and to be ranked among the most faithful and most esteemed of the philosopher's disciples. </p>
<p> 3. After the death of Socrates, Plato, with some other disciples of the philosopher, joined Euclid at Megara. His intimacy with Euclid must have exercised considerable influence on the system formed by Plato. After his stay at Megara be undertook his first great journey (probably not before returning to Athens and sojourning for some time in that city). He visited Cyrene in Africa, and there made acquaintance with the mathematician Theodorus. He next proceeded to Egypt to pursue the study of Mathematics and Astronomy under its priests, and thence he continued his journey to Asia Minor. After another sojourn at Athens, he undertook, at the age of forty, a journey into Italy, to make acquaintance with the Pythagoreans. Thence he travelled to Sicily, where he formed a close intimacy with Dion, brother-in-law of the tyrant Dionysius the Elder. His moral admonitions are said to have provoked the tyrant himself to such a degree that he induced the Spartan envoy, Pollis, to sell the philosopher into slavery in <20>gina, as a prisoner of war. He was ransomed by Anniceris, and returned to Athens, where he founded, B.C. 887, his school of philosophy in the garden of Academus (Academy). His teachings as we observe in his writings, and as we learn from an express statement in the [Phaedrus] (p. 275), took the form of dialogue; though he seems, at a later period, especially for his more advanced pupils, to have delivered sustained discourses. </p>
<p> 4. In the year B.C. 367, after the death of Dionysius the elder, Plato undertook another journey to Sicily. He did so at the suggestion of Dion, who hoped that the teaching of Plato would influence the new ruler of Syracuse, Dionysius the Younger, and would help to induce a change in the government of Sicily to the aristocratic form. The plan failed owing to the weak and sensual temperament of Dionysius; he suspected Dion of aiming at the sovereign power, and he condemned him to exile. In these circumstances Plato could no longer maintain his position, and he therefore returned once more to Athens. He visited Sicily a third time in B.C. 361, in the hope of effecting a reconciliation between Dionysius and Dion. But he failed in his purpose. His own life was in peril from the suspicions of the tyrant, and he owed his safety to the interposition of the Pythagorean, Archytas of Tarentum. Returning to Athens he again began to teach by writings and oral instruction, and to this task he devoted the remainder of his life. He died at the age of eighty-one in the year B.C. 348 (or 347). </p>
<p> 5. "The works of Plato, which have come down to us, consist of thirty-six treatises, (the letters being counted as one), besides which others, pronounced spurious by the ancients, bear his name. Aristophanes of Byzantium, a grammarian of Alexandria, divided a certain number of the treatises of Plato into five trilogies, and the neo-Pythagorean Thrasyllus (of the time of the Emperor Tiberius), divided the treatises which he accepted as genuine into nine trilogies." In recent times many hypotheses have been framed regarding the order, and the succession in time of the dialogues of Plato. The most important theories on this point are those of Schleiermacher, Hermann, and Munk. (a) Schielermacher assumes that Plato had a definite plan of instruction before him when composing his several works (his occasional treatises excepted), and that they were <!--
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--> composed in the order required by this plan. He accordingly divides them into three groups: elementary dialogues, mediatory dialogues, and constructive dialogues. In the first group he sets down as the leading dialogues: [Phaedrus, Protagoras,] and [Parmenides;] subsidiary dialogues, [Lysis, Laches, Charmides, Euthyphro;] occasional treatises, the [Apology] of Socrates and [Crito;] partly or wholly spurious, [Io, Hippias II., Hipparchus, Minos, Alcibiades II]. To the second group he assigns as the leading dialogues: [Theaetetus, Sophistes, Politicus, Phaedo, Philebus;] subsidiary dialogues: [Gorgias, Meno, Euthydemus, Cratylus,] the [Banquet;] partly or wholly spurious, [Theages, Erastae, Alcibiades I., Menexenus, Hippias I., Clitopho.] To the third group belong as leading dialogues: The [Republic, Timaeus, Critias,] and, as subsidiary dialogue, the [Laws.] </p>
<p> (b) On the other hand, K. F. Hermann maintains that there is no single plan traceable in Plato's works, that they are merely the expression of the philosophical development of his own mind. He fixes, therefore, in the literary career of Plato three periods, each of which has its distinguishing characteristics. The first period extends to the death of Socrates; the second covers the time of Plato's stay at Megara, and includes his subsequent travels in Egypt and Asia Minor; the third begins with Plato's return from his first visit to Sicily, and ends with his death. He assigns to the first period the dialogues: [Hippias II., Io, Alcibiades I., Charmides, Lysis, Laches, Protagoras, Euthydemus;] and to the "transition stage" between the first and second periods: the [Apology, Crito, Gorgias, Euthyphro, Meno, Hippias I.] To the second period he assigns the dialogues: [Cratylus, Theaetetus, Sophistes, Politicus, Parmenides;] to the third: [Phaedrus, Menexenus,] the [Banquet, Phaedo, Philebus,] the [Republic, Timaeus, Critias,] and the [Laws.] </p>
<p> (c) Munk is of opinion that Plato in his writings followed an order ideally representing the life of Socrates, the genuine philosopher, and that this order portrayed the several stages of the life of Socrates. Accordingly he distinguishes three series of treatises: (alpha) corresponding to Socrates' devoting himself to philosophy, and his attacks upon the current false teaching (B.C. 389-384); [Parmenides, Protagoras, Charmides, Laches, Gorgias, Hippias I., Cratylus, Euthydemus,] the [Banquet;] (beta) corresponding to Socrates' teaching of true wisdom (B.C. 383-370): [Phaedrus, Philebus, Republic, Timaeus, Critias;] (gamma) corresponding to Socrates' defence of his own teaching by criticism of rival schools, and to his death (after B.C. 370): [Meno, Theaetetus, Sophistes, Politicus, Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo.] Cfr. Ueberweg, Vol. I., p. 95. </p>
<p> 6. The controversy regarding the arrangement and succession in time of Plato's dialogues is not yet ended; no certain result has yet been obtained. It seems to us that the hypothesis of Hermann is the simplest and most natural; all the more than there is observable in the dialogues of Plato an unmistakable development of philosophic thought. Whether the classification given by Hermann is perfect in all its details, may be left an open question. Without attempting to discuss it, we shall indicate briefly the substance of the several dialogues, adopting the order suggested by Hermann. </p>
<p> First series: [Hippias II.] treats of Free Will in Wrong-doing; [Io,] of Inspiration and Reflection; [Alcibiades I.,] of Human Nature; [Charmides,] of the virtue of Temperance; [Lysis,] of Friendship; [Laches,] of Courage; [Protagoras,] of Virtue -- it is directed against the Sophists; [Euthydemus,] is a treatise on the same subject; the [Apology] of Socrates is a defence of that philosopher against his accusers; [Crito] treats of Right Action; [Gorgias] is a discussion upon Rhetoric, and a condemnation of the abuse of it by the Sophists; [Euthyphro] treats of Holiness; [Meno] of Virtue, and the possibility of its being taught; [Hippias I.] is directed against the Sophists. </p>
<p> In the second series: [Cratylus] contains philosophical investigations on Language; [Theaetetus] is an inquiry into the nature of Knowledge; it is chiefly a refutation of the Sophists, and contains little positive teaching; [Sophistes] is a treatise on the concept of Being; [Politicus] on the Statesman, what he should know, and how he should act; [Parmenides] treats of Ideas, and the notion of the One. </p>
<p> In the third series: [Phaedrus] treats of Love, and the Beautiful as the object of love; [Menexenus] of the Useful; the [Banquet] again of Love; [Phaedo] of the Soul and Immortality; [Philebus] of the Good, more particularly of the Supreme Good; the [Republic] is a treatise on Political Philosophy, but the ten books of which it is composed contain many important questions of large philosophic interest; [Timaeus] is a treatise on Cosmogony; [Critias] is a pretended history of primeval political institutions; the [Laws,] a treatise, in twelve books, on the State; not an inquiry as to the best possible (ideal) state, like the [Republic] ([[politeia]]) but a discussion as to that State which will best suit certain given conditions. (The genuineness of the [Meno] and [Epinomis,] which treat of Laws, is disputed.) </p>
<p> 7. The writings of Plato were first published in a Latin translation in 1483-84; the translation was the work of Marsilius Ficinus. A Greek edition was published at Venice in 1583 by Aldus Manutius, aided by Marcus Musurus. <!--
PHILOSOPHY OF THE GREEKS. 73
--> The edition of Oporinus and Grynneus was published at Basle in 1534, followed by another edition in the same city in 1556. Then came the edition of Henricus Stephanus, accompanied by the translation of Serranus, Paris, 1578, the paging of this edition is inserted in the more recent editions, and is usually cited in quotations. Of the complete editions which have been published in recent times we have: the [Editio Bipontina] (1781-87) by Croll, Exter, and Embser; the Tauchnitz edition (1813-19) by Beck; the edition of Immanuel Bekker (Berlin, 1816-23); the editions of Ast, of Stallbaum, of Baiter, Orelli, and Winkelman (Zurich), of Schneider, and of Hermann. </p>
<p> 8. Philosophy, according to Plato, is the science of the Unconditioned and the Unchangeable -- of that which is the basis of all phenomena. The Unconditioned and the Unchangeable are for him the ideas of things, for these he holds to be really existent ([[ontôs ôn]]) and thus to stand in contrast with the changeable fleeting things of the phenomenal world. Accordingly he holds Philosophy, rightly defined, to be the science of Ideas, the science of the really existent. But Philosophy is not mere theory, in Plato's estimate, it essentially includes a practical element also; it directs the whole man, Reason and Will alike, towards the Ideal, and is thus the complement of man's intellectual and moral life. Perfect wisdom belongs to God alone; man can only be a striver after wisdom ([[philosophos]]), his business is to approach ever nearer and nearer to the perfect wisdom of God. This effort must spring from a love of the Good and the Beautiful, and from wonder at the great phenomena which the objective order of things sets before the mind as so many problems to solve. These feelings give rise to a desire for a certain knowledge of the ultimate reasons of all things, and all phenomena, and thus the efforts of the philosopher are called forth. </p>
<p> 9. Plato distinguishes between Philosophy and the preparatory sciences. Among the latter he reckons Mathematics. The science of Mathematics is not a part of philosophy; for it assumes certain notions and certain principles without giving any account of them, taking them as if they were evident to all -- a proceeding which philosophy as a pure science cannot admit. Furthermore it makes use, in its demonstrations, of visible images, though it does not treat of these, but of something which the mind alone perceives. It stands, therefore, midway between mere correct opinion and science; clearer than the one, more obscure than the other. But though Mathematics is not philosophy, it is nevertheless an indispensable means for training the mind to philosophical thought, a necessary step to knowledge, without which no one can become a philosopher. It is, in a certain sense, the vestibule of philosophy. </p>
<p> 10. The [organon] proper of philosophical knowledge is Dialectic. Dialectic is the art of reducing what is multiple and manifold in our experience to unity in one concept, and of establishing an organic order and interdependence among the concepts so acquired. The dialectician is skilled to discover the several single concepts which underlie the many and varying objects of our cognition, and to arrange and classify these concepts according to their mutual relations, In the latter process the method he follows will be either the analytical method -- proceeding from below upwards, or the synthetical -- proceeding from above down<!--
74 HISTORY OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY.
-->wards. Dialectic will thus include the twofold process -- ascent from the particular to the general, and descent from the general to the particular.<sup><small><a name="n1"></a><a href="#n_1">{1}</a></small></sup></p>
<p> 11. How and to what extent this Dialectic is the organon -- the operative factor in philosophical knowledge -- we find indicated in the relations which, according to Plato, subsist between the concepts to which it leads, and Ideas -- the really existent entities, which are the proper object of philosophy. Ideas are the objects of these concepts; in forming these concepts we are apprehending in them the ideas of things -- we are apprehending the really existent, and are arriving at the knowledge which is the ultimate end of all the efforts of the philosopher. Dialectic is thus the real organon, the vivifying centre of all philosophy. Hence it is that Plato not unfrequently uses Dialectic and Philosophy as synonymous terms. </p>
<p> 12. Mythical notions prepare the way for dialectical knowledge, and, where it fails, come in to supplement it. The myth is an aid to the mind in its efforts to form right conceptions, but it is, in itself, an imperfect way of representing things; the dialectical method is the only method which leads to philosophical knowledge. The myth must, however, be appealed to when dialectical knowledge is either unattainable, or very difficult of attainment. Plato himself makes use largely of the mythical form in his expositions; he very frequently introduces the ancient myths and legends in order to state his theories through them. To this circumstance the charm of his writings is largely due. </p>
<p> 13. With regard to the division of the Platonic philosophy, we find that Cicero (Acad. post. I., 5, 19) ascribes to Plato himself the division into Dialectics, Physics, and Ethics. According to Sextus Empiricus (adv. Math. VII., 16), this division was formally made by Plato's disciple Xenocrates, though Plato may be considered to have virtually ([[dunamei]]) established it himself. If this division is not expressly mentioned in Plato's writings, it is nevertheless practically adopted in his exposition of his theories. It will, therefore, be the most suitable for us to follow in setting forth Plato's doctrines. As, however, we have already indicated the general character of the Platonic Dialectic, it only remains for us to set forth, under the first head, Plato's theory of Ideas -- the central doctrine of the Dialectic, and indeed of the entire Platonic philosophy, and his theory of Knowledge. We shall therefore treat in order, first, Plato's theory of Ideas, in conjunction with his theory of Knowledge, which arises out of it, and depends on it; next, his Physics; and finally his Ethics, in which we shall include his Political Philosophy. </p>
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<p> <a name="n_1"></a><a href="#n1">{1}</a> Plato himself describes these two methods, which together constitute the whole dialectical process (Phaedr. 265), as, on the one hand, the union in intuition of several individuals, and their reduction by this means to unity of essence; and on the other the division of unity into plurality, in accordance with natural classifications. The first method leads to Definition -- the knowledge of the essence of things; the second is the Division of the generic notion into the subordinate specific concepts. </p>
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<h1 align="center">PuTTY wish log-timestamp</h1>
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<p align="center"> <a href="../">Home</a> | <a href="../faq.html">FAQ</a> | <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback</a> | <a href="../licence.html">Licence</a> | <a href="../maillist.html">Updates</a> | <a href="../mirrors.html">Mirrors</a> | <a href="../keys.html">Keys</a> | <a href="../links.html">Links</a> | <a href="../team.html">Team</a> <br> Download: <a href="../latest.html">Stable</a> · <a href="../snapshot.html">Snapshot</a> | <a href="../docs.html">Docs</a> | <a href="../changes.html">Changes</a> | <a href="./">Wishlist</a> </p> <b>summary</b>: Timestamps in logs
<br> <b>class</b>: <i>wish:</i> This is a request for an enhancement.
<br> <b>difficulty</b>: <i>tricky:</i> Needs many tuits.
<br> <b>priority</b>: <i>low:</i> We aren't sure whether to fix this or not.
<br>
<p> Timestamps would occasionally be useful in the log files PuTTY produces. </p>
<p> Deciding where to put timestamps in SSH packet logs is trivial -- packet starts and Event Log entries. </p>
<p> Some people want timestamping in raw terminal logs. This is a rather harder design problem. (See <a href="save-scrollback.html">save-scrollback</a> for a possible solution.) </p>
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<h1 align="center">Download PuTTY: release 0.52</h1>
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<p> This page contains download links for PuTTY release 0.52. </p>
<p> 0.52, released on 2002-01-14, is <em>not</em> the latest release. See the <a href="../latest.html">Latest Release page</a> for the most up-to-date release (currently 0.74). </p>
<p> Past releases of PuTTY are versions we thought were reasonably likely to work well, at the time they were released. However, later releases will almost always have fixed bugs and/or added new features. If you have a problem with this release, please try the <a href="../latest.html">latest release</a>, to see if the problem has already been fixed. </p>
<h2 class="securityboxtop">SECURITY WARNING</h2>
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<p class="securityboxbottomfirst"> This release has known security vulnerabilities. Consider using a later release instead, such as the <a href="../latest.html">latest version, 0.74</a>. </p>
<p> The known vulnerabilities in this release are: </p>
<ul class="securityboxbottomlast">
<li><a href="../wishlist/private-key-not-wiped.html">private-key-not-wiped</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/private-key-not-wiped-2.html">private-key-not-wiped-2</a> (fixed in release 0.64) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-agent-fwd-overflow.html">vuln-agent-fwd-overflow</a> (fixed in release 0.68) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-auth-prompt-spoofing.html">vuln-auth-prompt-spoofing</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-bignum-division-by-zero.html">vuln-bignum-division-by-zero</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-chm-hijack.html">vuln-chm-hijack</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-indirect-dll-hijack.html">vuln-indirect-dll-hijack</a> (fixed in release 0.68) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-2.html">vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-2</a> (fixed in release 0.69) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-3.html">vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-3</a> (fixed in release 0.70) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-modmul.html">vuln-modmul</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-modpow.html">vuln-modpow</a> (fixed in release 0.55) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-passwd-memdump.html">vuln-passwd-memdump</a> (fixed in release 0.54) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-pscp-sink-sscanf.html">vuln-pscp-sink-sscanf</a> (fixed in release 0.67) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-rng-reuse.html">vuln-rng-reuse</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-sftp-readdir.html">vuln-sftp-readdir</a> (fixed in release 0.57) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-sftp-string.html">vuln-sftp-string</a> (fixed in release 0.57) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-signature-stringlen.html">vuln-signature-stringlen</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-ssh1-buffer-length-underflow.html">vuln-ssh1-buffer-length-underflow</a> (fixed in release 0.72) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-ssh1-kex.html">vuln-ssh1-kex</a> (fixed in release 0.55) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-ssh1-short-rsa-keys.html">vuln-ssh1-short-rsa-keys</a> (fixed in release 0.72) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-ssh2-debug.html">vuln-ssh2-debug</a> (fixed in release 0.56) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-sshredder.html">vuln-sshredder</a> (fixed in release 0.53b) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-terminal-dos-one-column-cjk.html">vuln-terminal-dos-one-column-cjk</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-win-exclusiveaddruse.html">vuln-win-exclusiveaddruse</a> (fixed in release 0.73) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-win-pageant-client-missing-length-check.html">vuln-win-pageant-client-missing-length-check</a> (fixed in release 0.72) </li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadinsecuretopcolour
">Binary files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadinsecurebotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>putty.exe</code> (the SSH and Telnet client itself)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">x86:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/x86/putty.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/putty.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/putty.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Alpha:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/alpha/putty.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/putty.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/putty.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>pscp.exe</code> (an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">x86:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/x86/pscp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/pscp.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/pscp.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Alpha:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/alpha/pscp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/pscp.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/pscp.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>psftp.exe</code> (an SFTP client, i.e. general file transfer sessions much like FTP)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">x86:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/x86/psftp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/psftp.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/psftp.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Alpha:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/alpha/psftp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/psftp.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/psftp.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>puttytel.exe</code> (a Telnet-only client)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">x86:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/x86/puttytel.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/puttytel.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/puttytel.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Alpha:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/alpha/puttytel.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/puttytel.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/puttytel.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>plink.exe</code> (a command-line interface to the PuTTY back ends)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">x86:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/x86/plink.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/plink.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/plink.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Alpha:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/alpha/plink.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/plink.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/plink.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>pageant.exe</code> (an SSH authentication agent for PuTTY, PSCP, PSFTP, and Plink)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">x86:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/x86/pageant.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/pageant.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/pageant.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Alpha:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/alpha/pageant.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/pageant.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/pageant.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>puttygen.exe</code> (a RSA and DSA key generation utility)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">x86:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/x86/puttygen.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/puttygen.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/puttygen.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Alpha:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/alpha/puttygen.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/puttygen.exe.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/puttygen.exe.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>putty.zip</code> (a .ZIP archive of all the above)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">x86:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/x86/putty.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/putty.zip.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/x86/putty.zip.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Alpha:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/alpha/putty.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/putty.zip.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/alpha/putty.zip.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadinsecuretopcolour
">Documentation</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadinsecurebotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Browse the documentation on the web
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">HTML:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/htmldoc/">Contents page</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
Downloadable documentation
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Zipped HTML:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/puttydoc.zip"><code>puttydoc.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/puttydoc.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Plain text:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/puttydoc.txt"><code>puttydoc.txt</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/puttydoc.txt">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Legacy Windows Help:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/putty.hlp"><code>putty.hlp</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/putty.hlp">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Windows Help Contents:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/putty.cnt"><code>putty.cnt</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/putty.cnt">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadinsecuretopcolour
">Source code</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadinsecurebotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Windows source archive
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname"><code>.zip</code>:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/putty-src.zip"><code>putty-src.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/putty-src.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/putty-src.zip.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/putty-src.zip.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
git repository
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Clone:</span> <span class="downloadgitlink"><code>https://git.tartarus.org/simon/putty.git</code></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">gitweb:</span> <span class="downloadgitlink"><a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git">main</a> | <a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git;a=commit;h=refs/tags/0.52"><code>0.52</code> release tag</a> </span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadinsecuretopcolour
">Checksum files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadinsecurebotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Cryptographic checksums for all the above files
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">MD5:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/md5sums"><code>md5sums</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.52/md5sums">(or by FTP)</a> </span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/md5sums.RSA">(RSA sig)</a></span> <span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.52/md5sums.DSA">(DSA sig)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<hr> If you want to comment on this web site, see the <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback page</a>.
<br> (last modified on <!--LASTMOD-->Sun Nov 22 22:28:56 2020<!--END-->)
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BKCLSDWL.RVW 981114 "The Closed World", Paul N. Edwards, 1997, 0-262-55028-8, U$17.50 %A Paul N. Edwards %C 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142-1399 %D 1997 %G 0-262-55028-8 %I MIT Press %O U$17.50 800-356-0343 fax: 617-625-6660 www-mitpress.mit.edu %P 440 p. %T "The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Disclosure in Cold War America" In his recent general computer history (cf. BKHSMDCM.RVW), Cerruzi notes that the American dominance of the computer industry is likely due to contracts and support from the US government and military. Inevitably, such a single source impetus has to have some kind of impact on the direction and shape both of the industry, and the technology itself, although the specifics of that influence might be difficult to determine. In the current work, the author tries to trace the leverage not only through the Cold War, but to a line running through Western philosophy back to Plato (who, incidentally, had a computer based training system, originally designed for the military, named after him). It is instructive, before looking at the book itself, to examine Edward's "closed world" term. This phrase comes from literary, and particularly theatrical, criticism. A closed world centres on some form of conflict, and all activity concentrates on, or relates to, the conflict itself. Hence a play like Hamlet, where every action and every line spoken feeds back to the fight between Hamlet and his uncle, and seemingly disparate events are generally attempts to control the battle. In opposition to closed world dramas, another type is the green world play, which is characterized by magic. Magic (except in our modern fantasy derivations from science fiction, and that would make a fascinating exploration some other time) is essentially uncontrollable. Chapter one outlines two general themes: that of the rampant paranoia of the Cold War, in which the US tried to contain and control the threat of communism; and the cyborg, the ultimate outgrowth of factory time and motion studies, in which the outcome of both production and the battleground can be predicted and controlled. Most of this chapter is spent outlining various philosophical concepts and developments. The early post war development of computers, a massive military investment in research and development, and the initial superiority of analogue computers over digital ones is reviewed in chapter two. Chapter three describes SAGE as the original of the various command and control technologies, but does little to relate this to computer development overall. This is extended through the sixties in chapter four, and although neither chapter serves to indicate how these events influenced computer design as such, chapter four does indicate the increasing technocratic orientation of American business management theories, and the utter failure of the first real command and control attempt in Vietnam. Chapter five is an interlude examining the metaphors used to think about computers, and how that affects the perception of them. The emergence of cybernetic or cognitive psychology as an identifiable field of study is related in chapter six. Chapter seven reviews the third "C" in military management; communications; and attempts to relate it to the emergence of cognitive science. Artificial intelligence gets covered in chapter eight with a heavy emphasis on programming language development. Chapter nine reviews the large scale military technology plans of the 1980s, particularly the Strategic Defense Initiative (alias "Star Wars"), involving a number of the technologies developed to date. The book comes, in a sense, full circle in chapter ten by returning to the world of theatre and fiction to look at attitudes towards technology and computers. An epilogue echoes this, looking first at recent history, and then at a "green world ascendant" interpretation of the movie "Terminator 2." Edwards' thesis is interesting. His historical recounting brings forward a number of events and links that are generally not included in previous mainstream computer histories. However, his analysis and presentation may not be fully convincing. The influence of society on technology, and technology on society, cannot be doubted, and should be considered more often than it is, but I question how much of Edwards' view is either real or valuable. copyright Robert M. Slade, 1998 BKCLSDWL.RVW 981114
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<title>Plato's Symposium as High Camp</title>
<meta name="description" content="Even while Plato mildly discourages sexual intercourse between men, he is using the tongue-in-cheek humor of classic High Camp.">
<meta name="keywords" content="Plato, gay literature, queer
literature, homosexual literature, pederasty, Rictor Norton">
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<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#ff0000" vlink="#0000ff">
<p align="center"> </p>
<table width="500" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="500">
<center>
<img src="kissing.jpg" alt="Image of two men kissing">
<img src="banner.gif" alt="Essays on Gay History and Literature by Rictor Norton">
</center> <p> <font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p><h1>
<center>
<font face="Times New Roman">Plato's <i>Symposium</i> as High Camp</font>
</center></h1><font face="Times New Roman">
<hr noshade size="8"> </font><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><font face="arial,helvetica"> Plato never condemned the physical aspects of homosexual love outright until he was past the age of eighty and wrote the <i>Laws</i>, when his own desire was understandably on the wane. Too often we read only extracts and summaries of Plato's works without realizing that these have been extracted and suimmarized by anti-homosexual philosophers and teachers who, until relatively recently, could not tolerate anything that would undermine their own heterosexual ideals. But if we read the originals, we will discover what is seldom talked about in the schools. </font></p><p><font face="arial,helvetica"> Even within the <i>Symposium</i>, the definitionn of the ideal love between males excludes only genital contact leading to orgasm. Plato includes sleeping together naked, embracing, hugging, caressing, and kissing of all parts of the body as justifiable expressions of true "Platonic love". He considers heterosexual love to be but a pallid reflection of the ideal, and places great emphasis upon the attractiveness and youthfulness of the boyfriend. But even while he mildly discourages sexual intercourse between men, and praises nobility and high-minded virtue, he is using the tongue-in-cheek humor of classic High Camp. </font></p><p><font face="arial,helvetica"> </font></p>
<center>
<font face="arial,helvetica"><img src="plato2.jpg" alt="Plato's Symposium"></font>
</center><font face="arial,helvetica"> <p> Socrates, for example, fresh from the bath and sporting a new pair of sandals, is a beau on his way to the house of the poet Agathon, who we know from other sources is a drag-queen. Aristophanes in his play <i>Thesmophoriazusae</i> (411 BC) describes Agathon's "soft womanly voice and pretty, effeminate gestures," "dressed up in women's clothing," equipped with yellow silks, silver slippers, lyre, hair-net, and even a girdle, his hair singed off from all parts o the body including his anus. Socrates sits down on the couch beside Agathon, who is obviously his lover. </p><p> After the discussion of masculine love is well under way, in rushes drunken Alcibiades, reputed to be the most handsome young man in Athens, with ribbons and violets in his hair. The party had been slowing down, but everyone perks up at his entrance, for Alcibiades is known to have been the lover of numerous athletes and soldiers throughout Greece. There was a famous proverb to the effect that Alcibiades was the captain of his soldiers during battle, and their wife during peace-time. He squeeezes onto the couch between Agathon and Socrates, embraces and crowns the former with a wreath of ivy, and says to the latter: "By Heracles, here is Socrates always lying in wait for me, and always, as his way is, coming out at all sorts of unsuspected places." Socrates pleads to Agathon to protect him from the passionate advances of Alcibiades, and they engage in a mild bitch fight: "I swear," says Alcibiades, "that if I praise anyone but Socrates in his presence, whether God or man, he will hardly keep his hands off me." "For shame," says Socrates. "Hold your tongue," says Alcibiades, "for by Poseidon, there is no one else whom I will praise when you are of the company." "What are you about?" says Socrates, "are you going to raise a laugh at my expense?" "I am going to speak the truth," says Alcibiades, "but the fluent and orderly enumeration of all your singularities is not a task which is easy to a man in my drunken condition." </p><p> Alcibiades then tells the story of how he had attempted to seduce Socrates while sleeping naked with him, and how the temperate Socrates pretended to sleep and thus rejected his advances: "throwing my coat about him, I crept under his threadbare cloak and there I law during the whole night having this wonderful monster in my arms." Modern sage philosophers and moralists cite this story to prove Socrates' chaste virtue, not understanding its bawdy camp nature within the context of a drinking party. They further disregard Socrates' own statement that the whole story was untrue, and was intended "to get up a quarrel between me and Agathon." Agathon sees through Alcibiades' plot, and moves to lie on the couch right next to Socrates, who says "Yes, yes, by all means come here and lie on the couch below me." "Alas," says Alcibiades, "he is determined to get the better of me at every turn. I do beseech you, allow Agathon to lie between us." "Certianly not," says Socrates, and the banquet ends shortly thereafter. </p><p> The other persons who participate in the <i>Symposium</i> include Phaedrus, lover of the rhetorician Lysias; Arstophanes, lover of Dositheus; and Pausanius, an uninhibited homosexual whose praise of "spiritual friendship" is a tongue-in-cheek rhapsody on his impassioned love for Arilus. Pausanius has the most common-sense philosophy: "such practices are honorable to him who follows them honorably, dishonorable to him who follows them dishonorably." The only significant person absent from this gay gathering is Phaedo, the young hustler whom Socrates rescued from a boy-brothel and took him home and "redeemed" him. Socrates' last act before drinking the poison hemlock under order of the state was to caress this youth's long beautiful hair. </p><p> For Socrates' typical reaction to handsome young men, we need only cite this passage from the <i>Charmides</i>: "I was just going to ask a question of Charmides, when at that moment all the people in the palaestra crowded about us, and, O rare!, I caught a sight of the inwards of his garment, and took the flame. Then I could no longer contain myself, for I felt that I had been overcome by a sort of wild-beast appetite." Socrates was often called "Alcibiadis Paedogogus", with an intended pun upon "pedagogue" and "pederast". He was known to have loved Critias, Cebes, and Lysis as well as Agathon, Alcibiades, Charmides, and Phaedo. </p><p> </p>
<center>
<img src="plato1.jpg" alt="A symposium">
</center> <p> An even more ralistic account of Socrates' personality can be found in the other <i>Symposium</i> written by Xenophon, in which Socrates is jokingly described as a pimp and a bantering coquette who engages in beauty contests and kissing contests with boys. At the end of this drinking party, the members watch a short ballet portraying Dionysus pursuing the nymph Ariadne, and the party ends with the parallel of Socrates pursuing the beautiful youth Aytolycus to his home while the others retire home to their wives. </p><p> Although Plato once had a concubine named Archeanassa, he is also known to have been the lover of at least three young men, as evidenced in three extant fragments of his love-poetry: Dion, "who filled my heart with the madness of love"; Aster, whose name means "star," described in two epigrams about how Plato envies the sky which gazes upon his favorite "star" with many starry eyes; and none other than the very same Agathon of the <i>Symposium</i>: "When I kissed you, Agathon, I felt your soul on my lips: as if it would penetrate into my heart with quivering longing." </p><p> Almost all scholars have regularly ignored the <i>Phaedrus</i>, in which Socrates explicitly justifies the validity of physical homosexual love. This is a passage from his famous myth of the charioteer, which Mary Renault would later use for her novel by that name: "When the lover and his beloved are lying side by side, the lover's unbridled horse [that is, the white horse of rational intellect] has much to say to its driver, and claims as the recompense of many labours a short enjoyment; but the vicious horse [that is, the black horse of irrational emotions] of the other has nothing to say, but burning and restless clasps the lover and kisses him as he would kiss a dear friend, and when they are folded in each other's embrace, is just of such a temper as not for his part to refuse indulging the lover in any pleasure he might request to enjoy." The two horses of reason and desire struggle with each other, and if reason wins out, the charioteer can live a full life while still remaining chaste. but, and this is the important point, some charioteers temporarily "lose their wings" by indulging in physical homosexual love, "and once consummated will for the future indulge in it. And in the end, without their wings it is truie, but not without having started feathers, they carry off no paltry prize for their impassioned madness, but walking hand in hand they shall love a bright and blessed life, and when they recover their wings, recover them together for their love's sake." </p><p> </p>
<hr noshade size="3"> <p> <small><em>Copyright © 2018, 1974 <strong>Rictor Norton</strong>. All rights reserved. Reproduction for sale or profit prohibited. This essay may not be republished or redistributed without the permission of the author.</em> </small></p><p><small> CITATION: If you cite this Web page, please use the following form of citation:<br> Rictor Norton, "Plato's Symposium as High Camp", <em>Gay History and Literature</em>, 7 March 2018 &lt;http://rictornorton.co.uk/plato.htm&gt;.</small> </p><p> </p>
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<td> <h1> Creationism and its critics in Antiquity </h1> <p align="CENTER">A review <i>by</i> Gert Korthof &nbsp; 29 May 2008 (updated: 18 Mar 2009)</p> <font size="-1" face="TIMES NEW ROMAN" color="#0033CC"> <img src="images/book.gif" width="33" height="25" border="0" hspace="10" alt="book"> <b>Creationism and its critics in Antiquity.</b><br> <i>by</i> David Sedley (2007) University of California Press, hardback, 269 pages.<br> </font> <br> <br> <a href="http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10999.php"><img src="http://wasdarwinwrong.com/images/Creationism_and_Its_Critics_in_Antiquity.jpg" width="160" height="242" alt="Creationism and its critics in Antiquity" align="LEFT" border="0" hspace="40" vspace="20"></a> In Antiquity basically two solutions for the origin of organisms were proposed: 'Design' and 'Accident'. The creationists Socrates and Plato argued for design. The Atomists Empedocles and Epicurus argued for accident. The Atomists needed an infinite universe to explain why accident could produce highly improbable adaptations such as the eye.<br> Charles Darwin can be viewed as the successor of The Atomists. The big improvement was natural selection, which is a non-random factor and eliminates the need of an infinite universe. <h3>Why is this book important for evolutionists, ID-ists and creationists alike?</h3> If one is interested in the roots of the Creation-Evolution controversy, this is the book to read. I suspected for a long time that theories to explain the origin of the world must have existed in Greek Philosophy, but I did not know any accessible introduction for the non-specialist. I am very glad that philosopher David Sedley opened up the world of Greek philosophy for all those who never dared to read Plato or Aristotle. But Sedley did not write a general introduction to Greek philosophy. His unique focus is the origin and the nature of the world. He describes those ideas with modern concepts such as: 'creationism', 'design argument', 'the ultimate creationist manifesto' (<i>Timaeus</i> of Plato), 'Scientific Creationism' (p.25), 'The origin of species' (p.127), 'the survival of the fittest' (p.43), and 'atheism'. I wonder if it is not anachronistic to use modern concepts to describe ideas of 2300 years old. What would his colleagues say about that? Whatever they say, I think the use of those modern concepts contributes unmistakably to the accessibility of Greek philosophers to us. They come closer to us. We recognize our own concerns with evolution and creation.<br> <br> <h3>Design or accident</h3> It is no surprise that Greek philosophers ascribed the origin of the world to the gods, but the big surprise was to find out that a group of thinkers existed who opposed creationism and developed an amazing naturalist worldview with a materialist manifesto:
<blockquote>
"To show how accident is fully capable of accounting for even the most purposive seeming features of the world".
</blockquote> And this all happened some 300 years before Christ. That is really an amazing fact, because it means explaining all design-like features without Darwinian evolution. Remember Richard Dawkins words in <i>The Blind Watchmaker</i> :
<blockquote>
"Although atheism might have been logically tenable before Darwin, Darwin made it possible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist"
<br> (see: <a href="http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CA/CA602_1.html">here</a>), (<a href="#Note6">6</a>)
</blockquote> Dawkins did not tells us how such a "logically tenable" theory would look like, neither was he interested very much in finding out. <h3>Did Darwin cause atheism?</h3> Is ancient atheistic theorizing not relevant today? Surely, this is relevant and important, because it shows modern readers that explaining the world without invoking of gods existed more than 2000 years before Darwin! (<a href="#Note9">9</a>). Darwin was not the first to propose a non-theistic ('atheistic') explanation of the origin of species. Indeed, Sedley's book shows that Charles Darwin (1859) is certainly not <i>the origin</i> of atheism. Darwin may be the cause of the popularity and the growth of atheism, but he definitely is not the cause of atheism. Sedley explains us how it was logically possible to be an atheist in those days. However, my point here is not atheism per se. My point is the explanation of design-like features (<a href="#Note8">8</a>) of the world without invoking gods. If one rejects creationism as a valid explanation of the world, you are confronted with the task to explain design-like features! This holds as much today as in those days.<br> <br> <h3>The Atomists</h3> Sedley explains how a group of philosophers, the Atomists, solved that problem. That makes some fascinating reading. From today's point of view, the Atomists failed. But it is still very useful and instructive to find out <i>why</i> non-evolutionary non-theistic explanations of design-like features fail.<br> We know that Darwin's origin of species was a reply to Paley. But Paley did not invent the argument for design. The argument for design has always been the default explanation. As far as I can see, the originality of Antiquity is the Atomist position.<br> Today there exist rare individuals who try to explain design-like features of the world <i>without evolution</i> and without gods. For example Senapathy (1994) claims:
<blockquote>
"There is no scientific theory that has ever been propounded to explain the origin and diversity of organisms on earth that does not involve evolution."
<br> (see: <a href="http://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof58.htm">my review</a>)
</blockquote> After reading David Sedley (2007) '<i>Creationism and its Critics in Antiquity</i>' we know for sure that Senapathy's claim to be the first to develop a non-creationist and non-evolutionary explanation, is wrong. The philosophers of Antiquity, discussed already issues that we today call the Creation-Evolution controversy. The Atomists were the first to develop a naturalistic explanation of the universe and the origin of species. It is clearly the merit of philosopher Sedley to show this to us. It is a huge loss to dismiss evolutionary explanations, because in my view Darwinian evolution is <i>the</i> greatest improvement of the Atomists position since Antiquity. <h3>Infinity</h3>
<blockquote>
"When the number of random events are large enough, the unbelievable will certainly happen"
<br> (Senapathy, 1994, p.332)
</blockquote> These words are from a living writer, but could easily have been written by Democritus! In fact this modern author did not go substantially beyond Atomism: lions and oak trees are the product of purely accidental interaction of water and fire (just substitute 'water and fire' with the building blocks of DNA). Despite his intentions, this modern author is very helpful in showing us why Darwinism is an improvement despite all its deficiencies, limitations, and unsolved riddles. Rejecting the power of trial and error, natural selection, the amplification of successful trials, is throwing away an invaluable explanatory resource. It throws one back into Greek Atomism. That is no progress. In fact people like Senapathy can be justly criticised for subscribing to the <a href="http://wasdarwinwrong.com/kortho46a.htm">Boeing-747</a> metaphor or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_monkey_theorem">infinite monkey theorem</a> which says:
<blockquote>
A monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type a particular chosen text, such as the complete works of William Shakespeare.
</blockquote> Greek Atomists had no choice. They did not have Darwinian evolution available. Modern authors rejecting evolution do so at their own peril (<a href="#Note1">1</a>). Tragically, lots of people think Darwinian evolution equals 'chance' or 'accident' (<a href="#Note2">2</a>). <h3>Survival of the fittest</h3> I wrote that the Greek Atomists did not have Darwinian evolution available as an explanation. However, this is not quite true. It is widely assumed in the ancient tradition that life originated by Spontaneous Generation. <!--46--> Sedley writes "This second stage is the most famous phase of Empedocles' zoogony [origin of animals], partly because it is widely admired as an early anticipation of Darwinian survival of the fittest" (p. 43). In the first stage of the origin of life flesh, bone and blood were created and also feathers, leaves and scales. "Thrown together at random, the complex combination of body parts in numerous cases prove non-viable, and perish; but some prove capable of long-term survival" (p. 43). Indeed, this is very similar to Darwinian surivial of the fittest. However, this is far from a complete theory of the origin of adaptations. To begin with: survival is not enough. The ability and the drive to reproduce is the cornerstone of the Darwinian theory of evolution. The Greek survival-of-the-fittest is basically an one-time event, but in the Darwinian theory reproduction and the subsequent selection is a never ending cyclic process. A further difference is common descent (<a href="#Note7">7</a>).<br> <br> <!--box-->
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<td> <h3 align="CENTER"><font face="Arial">A modern Empedocles</font></h3> "Perhaps among the organisms produced in the primordial pond, some had only secondary sex organs, but no genital organ to copulate; whereas other organisms would have the latter but not the former. There could have been many seed cells producing individuals, with wrong combinations of male and female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics. Only those individuals with the absolutely right organs will survive." (Senapathy, 1994, page 358-359.)<br> <br> This could have been written by Empedocles, but enthralling fact is that the author is a living author: Periannan Senapathy (see <a href="http://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof58.htm">my review</a> of his book). Even more amazing is that Senapathy is not aware of the fact! He reinvented Greek philosophical thinking about the origin of life without knowing it! <br>&nbsp; </td>
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<td> <h3 align="CENTER"><font face="Arial">Aristotle</font></h3> Robert Shapiro wrote "the scientific theories of Aristotle are as dead as the gentleman himself" (<a href="#Note4">4</a>). In my view Aristotle made a very important conceptual step. Unlike his contemporaries, who believed that animals were created for the benefit of humans, Aristotle pointed out that specialized defence mechanisms such as spines and horns are for their own advantage. This is called Aristotle's doctrine that each animal's endowments function for its own benefit (p.236). <br> In retrospect this is an extremely important step towards Darwinian thinking and away from creationist anthropocentric thinking. This is even more clearer from the statement: 'the innate instinct for survival and propagation' (p.236). Survival and reproduction are the cornerstones of the modern theory of evolution. It is still very hard for many religious people to digest the idea that plants and animals are not created for humans (<a href="#Note5">5</a>). Aristotle's step was logically necessary but not sufficient for Darwinism. Darwin (1859) wrote that if any feature of an animal existed for the exclusive benefit of another animal or species, his theory would break down. The basic insight of Darwinism is that every organism exists because it survived and reproduced. Both Aristotle and Darwin rejected the creationist anthropocentric thinking and Darwin made it the cornerstone of his theory. Thanks to Sedley it is easy to see that Aristotle as a precursor of Darwinism. As far as I know Darwin did not read Aristotle. <br>&nbsp; </td>
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</table> <!--box--> <h3>Fine Tuning</h3> The examples of 'design' are marvellous. I recommend the book if only for the beautiful examples of fine tuning. For evolutionists as well as creationists and ID-ists those examples are extremely useful for thinking about questions like 'What does it mean that the world is fine tuned for the benefit of humans?'; 'How can we know that the world is fine tuned for the benefit of human beings?'; 'What constitutes good evidence that the world is fine tuned for the benefit of the human species?'.<br> One of these beautiful evidences is the fact that our eyes are positioned in the front of our head, that is in the same direction as we walk. They are not on the back or on the left and right side of our head. This is viewed as a wise and beneficial design of a Creator (Demiurge). Today, having available Darwinism, we would interpret this fact as an adaptation. However, anybody who rejects Darwinian explanations, has no other option than to endorse the beneficial-design-explanation for all biological adaptations, and physical fine tuning of the universe for life (<a href="#Note3">3</a>). As far as I can see, this holds even for creationists who reject the above example of the eyes as too naive.<br> <br> <h3>How new is this story?</h3> I wondered whether all this is known to authors writing about the history of evolution and creationism. Ernst Mayr (1982) <i>The Growth of Biological Thought</i> included a paragraph <i>Antiquity</i> (pp. 84-91), in which he discussed shortly Epicurus en Lucretius (p.90):
<blockquote>
"Epicurus established a well thought-out materialistic explanation of the inanimate and living world, all things happening through natural causes. Lucretius presented a well-reasoned argument against the concept of design."
</blockquote> That's all. Mayr does not see the forerunners of creation - evolution controversy in Greek philosophers. He does not see that arguments by creationists and evolutionists of today are already present by Greek philosophers. He does not seem to be impressed by the first attempts to explain design-like features in the world. Historian of evolution Peter Bowler (2003) <i>Evolution. The history of an idea</i> ignores the contribution of Greek philosophers. Michael Ruse, philosopher and evolution expert, wrote many books about evolution and the Evolution-Creation controversy and its history. Only one book <i>Darwin and Design</i> (2003) describes Plato's Argument from design and Aristotle's theory (8 pages). It contains one short paragraph about atomism, coming close to describing survival of the fittest, but he does not notice that he is describing survival of the fittest!<br> Sedley clearly views Greek philosphers as direct predecessors of modern thinkers about the origin of the world and gives far more details. <h3>What do we learn from history?</h3> I learned from Sedley that Darwinism is the first great improvement of the Atomist position. Darwin's theory does not rely on pure randomness. Natural selection is the crucial non-random part of this theory. However, it is true that viability of combined random parts in Empedocles theory also presents a non-random factor. What sets Darwin's theory apart from the Atomist theory, is that mutation and selection is not a one-time historical event, but is a never-ending trial and error process.<br> Darwin in principle solved the origin of species. It is now easier to see Darwinism as the next, not the final step in the explanation of design-like features of the world. Neo-Darwinism has gaps, and is unfinished. That should not surprise us. We don't have difficulty accepting that Darwin had an incomplete theory because his theory of evolution lacked a proper theory of heredity. It is highly unlikely that we have finished the huge task of explaining the design-like features of the world. Sedley's book helps us to set this in historical perspective. The only theories that are finished are Creationism/ID and the modern version of Atomism (Independent Origin: <a href="#Note1">1</a> ). The reason is this: both theories are not capable of answering further questions. They are the final answer. Creationists, ID-ists and Fine Tuners could learn a lot from the evidences of the Greek creationists. Other beneficial effects of reading Sedley are the feeling of direct contact with Greek thinkers such as Plato and Aristotle.<br> From now on, teaching the theory of evolution to the public should start with creationism and its critics in Antiquity. The reason is that the public has no knowledge of modern biology, just as the Greek philosophers, and intuitively understand the questions they asked and the answers they proposed.<br> <br> <a name="Notes"></a> <h3><font style="BACKGROUND: #CCFF00">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font style="BACKGROUND: #CCFFAA">&nbsp; Notes &nbsp;</font></h3>
<ol class="small">
<li><a name="Note1"></a>Significantly, Senapathy uses natural selection and common descent in disguised and restricted ways! See for details: <a href="http://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof58.htm">my review</a>. See also my <a href="http://www.amazon.com/review/R3HFNCZRD0AHYM/ref=cm_cr_rdp_perm">review</a> at amazon. Similarly, ID-scientist Michael Behe uses mutation and natural selection to a certain extent. </li>
<li><a name="Note2"></a>A common objection is: "Complex structures could not have arisen by chance". See <a href="http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB940.html">here</a> for the explanation. </li>
<li><a name="Note3"></a>Recent examples of the wise and beneficial design of the universe are astronomer Hugh Ross (2001) <font color="#00AA00"><i>The Creator and the Cosmos</i></font>, and Guillermo Gonzalez and Jay Richards (2004) <font color="#00AA00"><i>The privileged planet: how our place in the cosmos is designed for discovery</i></font>. For more examples see: <a href="http://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof.htm#C2">Fine Tuning</a> on the Introduction page of this website. </li>
<li><a name="Note4"></a>Robert Shapiro (1986) "Origins. A skeptic's guide to the creation of life on earth", page 38. </li>
<li><a name="Note5"></a>Of course humans need plants (and animals) to survive, but that does not prove they are created for us. We would simply not have evolved if there were no plants and animals. </li>
<li><a name="Note6"></a>Michael Ruse wrote: "One of the most interesting questions about evolutionary biology is whether, before Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace and the discovery of natural selection, one could get away from the God hypothesis. Many (Dawkins, for instance) argue that the design-like nature of the world -the hand and the eye- calls out for an explanation, and Dawkins maintains that before Darwin it was impossible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist." (<a href="http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/content2/2008/4/handmaiden-to-the-science">American Scientist</a>, July 2008) </li>
<li><a name="Note7"></a>Sedley refers to Gordon Campbell (2000) 'Zoogony and evolution in Plato's <i>Timaeus</i>, the Presocratics, Lucretius and Darwin', pp.145-180, which is chapter 8 in: M. R. Wright (2000) <font color="#00AA00"><i>Reason and Necessity. Essays on Plato's</i> Timaeus</font>. Fortunately, the chapter can be downloaded as <a href="http://eprints.nuim.ie/archive/00000046/01/zoogony.pdf">pdf</a>. Campbell explains the difference between Empedocles and Darwin and much more. Recommended! Sedley explains that Empedocles' survival of the fittest is partly a creationist theory, because an intelligent source used trial and error to generate the vast diversity of life forms! Design and accident is not a weird combination. Remember that intelligent creatures design, produce and use dice! </li>
<li><a name="Note8"></a>"Evolutionary theory is a theory of design. More specifically it accounts for the origins and persistence of apparent design in organisms by regarding them as a consequence of natural selection." Thomas E. Dickins in Evolutionary Psychology, http://www.epjournal.net/ 2005. 3: 79-84. I think Richard Dawkins was first in describing the purpose of the theory of evolution in this way. Maybe 'desing-like' is just another word for 'adaptation'. </li>
<li><a name="Note9"></a>Furthermore, religious knowledge was attacked long before Darwin. See: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> (eighteenth century). Example: David Hume (1711-1776). </li>
</ol> <h3><font style="BACKGROUND: #CCFF00">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font style="BACKGROUND: #CCFFAA">&nbsp; Reviews &nbsp;</font></h3>
<ul class="small">
<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7184/full/452153a.html"><i>Nature</i></a>, <b>452</b>, 153 (13 March 2008) : "David Sedley argues that, for the philosophers of ancient Greece, the central cosmological question was this: is the world, and all that it contains, the handiwork of an intelligent designer?". (large part of the review is free accessible). </li>
</ul> <h3><font style="BACKGROUND: #CCFF00">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font> <font style="BACKGROUND: #CCFFAA">&nbsp; Further Reading &nbsp;</font></h3>
<ul class="small">
<li><a href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/sedley/">Home page David Sedley</a> </li>
<li>For Dutch readers: <a href="http://evolutie.blog.com/2008/05/20/de-voorlopers-van-intelligent-design-in-de-klassieke-oudheid/">De voorlopers van Intelligent Design in de klassieke oudheid</a>, evolutie blog 20 mei 2008, about Sedley's book, and my blog on <a href="http://evolutie.blog.com/3007050/">18 april 2008</a> about Johan Braeckman. </li>
<li>Dutch translation: <a href="http://www.nrcboeken.nl/interview/%E2%80%98het-bliksemt-in-lucretius%E2%80%99-taal%E2%80%99">Lucretius: De Natuur van de Dingen</a>. </li>
<li>Adam Crowl from Australia wrote: "Just read your review of the book about the Design argument in antiquity and there's a good example of arguments for and against in Cicero's " <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14988/14988-h/14988-h.htm#page-209">On the Nature of the Gods</a>", as well as well as multiple arguments for design in the Pseudo-Clementine literature. They're surprisingly familiar sounding and as unsatisfying as their modern day equivalents." </li>
</ul> <br> <br> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table> <!-- end main table-->
<br>
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<td> <a href="http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=referer"><img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-html401" alt="Valid HTML 4.01 Transitional" height="31" width="88" align="left"></a></td>
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<td> <a href="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/check/wasdarwinwrong.com/WDW.css"><img style="border:0;width:88px;height:31px" src="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/images/vcss" alt="Valid CSS!" align="left"></a> </td>
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<table id="bottom">
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<td> <a href="http://193796.guestbooks.motigo.com">guestbook</a> </td>
<td>home: <a href="http://wasdarwinwrong.com/">Towards the Third Evolutionary Synthesis</a> </td>
<td><a href="http://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof92.htm">http://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof92.htm</a> <!-- End Motigo Webstats counter code: 424 9-2-2009 --> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Copyright ©G. Korthof 2008 </td>
<td>First published: 29 May 2008 </td>
<td>Updated: 18 Mar 2009 F.R./N: 17 Jul 2010 </td>
</tr>
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<head>
<title>Michael Richardson's hotlist for 3Q2012</title> <!-- Changed by: , 01-May-2012 --> <!-- Changed by: , 26-Nov-2012 -->
<link rev="MADE" href="mailto:mcr@sandelman.ottawa.on.ca">
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li> <a href="hotlist-2012-02.html">Hotlist for 2Q2012</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://sourceware.org/cluster/doc/usage.txt" add_date="1341327786" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">sourceware.org/cluster/doc/usage.txt</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/charles-carreon-drops-bogus-lawsuit-against-oatmeal-creator" add_date="1341410803" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAaUlEQVQ4jdWSUQrAMAhDY+ll5v3P0h2n+yiCzZx+bgsUipjwAgK/l1QLA5g8U+dLA7z5mOt7imwhDWspfEqBZvbhgh1RnrCZwNSyCiw2RwQ3jSK0B4EfrRARKCAdyS1wFTYbQarqEt/XBU2+KPK2ymz7AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">Charles Carreon Drops Bogus Lawsuit Against The Oatmeal Creator | Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://vhochstein.wordpress.com/2010/10/30/activescaffold-empower-user-to-configure-list/" add_date="1341513724" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Activescaffold empower user to configure list « Vhochstein's Blog</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.dixis.com/?p=408" add_date="1341515199" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">in-place-editing in rails3 – DIXIS</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://blog.bernatfarrero.com/in-place-editing-with-javascript-jquery-and-rails-3/" add_date="1341515283">Bernat Farrero » Blog Archive » In place editing with Javascript, jQuery and Rails 3</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/i18n.html" add_date="1341517415">Ruby on Rails Guides: Rails Internationalization (I18n) API</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!topic/capistrano/R-m2YQ1xc9c" add_date="1342624843" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Making capistrano use "bundle exec" - Google Groups</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://sysadmin.adamleach.info/2012/04/30/installing-ruby-1-9-rails-3-and-passenger-on-debian-lenny-or-squeeze/" add_date="1342608164">Installing Ruby 1.9, Rails 3 and Passenger on Debian Lenny or Squeeze | Sys Admin Blog</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/7/17/392" add_date="1342567461" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAYUlEQVQ4jc2RUQrAIAxDX8Zu63k8b/azfejqqDLYAoVC6zNGeE/2cFRx2APb1B0VU9AaIDg87yBQHlBQ//4AYLeVg/xEl+++P6dD200GAhks7t+VAqzoe8CeX+2DVDqnRx0JtyMtWfdxJwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">LKML: John Stultz: [PATCH 00/11] 3.0-stable: Fix for leapsecond deadlock &amp; hrtimer/futex issue</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.shopify.com/fund" add_date="1342567461" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Shopify Fund — Shopify</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://stripe.com/" add_date="1342564982">Stripe: Payments for developers</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.dontsuckatmeetings.com/" add_date="1342564080" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABBUlEQVQ4jdWToUtDURjFfxPDize+tV1Y8DWNVsEym/EZ35/wWJBXjUZX5Fktsrii3EUNwqqCsNm29uIWhGO53j0mD8QF8YMvHD7O78I53BYgtpidbcz/DBABccNNeT9XfaZvUxXnhYwxApSBHkEOdAkqvcYXINu1wZz3c02eJ5Ikd+904I3Og7KaDgAgAHrHPdnOGpjuJXL+xQJ0CEr9AvqWwepjxex9FvSi3eYWWAJHwAVwAjw1hRjtRtiODTqez1kCA+AGWPgwr+oA210bkv2E4d0QgPHDGF5fyIAzf69qrTS2UFWVyutSxhilPrAcNPJZjECnmyH+dOMN3fqi/Hb+/i98AuiHtEF0Ui4wAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">Don'tSuckAtMeetings | Meetings suck. But you don't have to suck at them.</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4C6BCDE45E05F49E" add_date="1342238406">Google I/O 12 - The Android Sessions - YouTube</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://datasheets.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/MAX7322.pdf" add_date="1342624945" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAVklEQVQ4jdWTUQrAIAxDnz15b579OBBbKqOMsfyIvCS0oAC4uySJqSd3o6kB6Ogq1J7gjQIt575dZJYbMuXMomEU4cisE54FteHErBO+6c8fEvDxb7wAd49C7EqXRNIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">datasheets.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/MAX7322.pdf</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/pcf8574.pdf" add_date="1342625126" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAArUlEQVQ4jY2SOxLEIAiGYWfT781yEM7DQWzS743sLdhCHREFlxkmIfH/eAiCMQEQHSMA2jPaXtHPf+wIECIBqJXZ6vaCdnDylMQDLP1ts6Q03u9bi/E8gy5WQm3vsK+S6/P6zN9aLEQCQrT23L3k6l7ck4cQNUArnqp3IRGgXfGAeIDuJQ9gE0/XuBCZ52E+33obRIDM4Yr7FdkkIcDOZSMOFwmZEYjCJMdNPEF+Fjja68NDbWEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/pcf8574.pdf</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://gembundler.com/v1.1/bundle_install.html" add_date="1342645527" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Bundler: The best way to manage Ruby applications</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://gembundler.com/bundle_install.html" add_date="1342645527" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Bundler: The best way to manage Ruby applications</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://androidcommunity.com/screencast-for-android-updated-record-right-off-your-screen-now-with-audio-20111014/" add_date="1342711121">Screencast for Android updated, record right off your screen now with Audio | Android Community</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/ericaswallow/2012/07/19/honey-badger-hiring-ariel-seidman-gigwalk/2/" add_date="1342791278" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAgUlEQVQ4jaVTQQ7AIAirZv+Cn237Gb7MnTCbImOziUkToVAICTgqFrApEWEQUSgppbPxrIRZUEoZAvX1f4OAisxgFQBuFiJgFkhXI5uRBkS4iXwW0GQLroVa98ZDQ/wDtwPdt2ch1IG33rCFmcjyDB4CvVfP+yBgHRMRvYqk1XO+AJ4VK7RAS7wJAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">Why Your Startup Should Hire Honey Badgers - Forbes</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/19/qa-a-fix-for-a-blinking-router/" add_date="1342791585" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABMElEQVQ4jaVSQY3DMBCcnu7fMIgZxAwcBjaEMMgySBm0DBIGNYMWggOhCLIM5l614ubSO6kjWZa9s+Pd8R5IEh/g65PkXwVUFSICYwystei6Dvf7HQAgIhCRMoEv6PueAN6uNb5fK0gpwXsPay1UFTFGPB6PHHfOFfzDq4nTNMEYk/e2bZFSQowRXdchhICqqvYFVBVt2+bzPM8YhgEAcDqd/jZRRDDPMy6XS/HSs4oN1oYsy0IAbJqGJOmcIwB67wmAdV1zWZZ9E1NKuew1rLWw1kJEiqo2LayDMUaoKpxzCCEULe62QJJ1Xef/Pp/P+X4YBjZNQ+99wd8IXK/XYmi89+z7Pgvfbrf3AiQ5jiOPx+NmAsdx3HA3c/CEqmKaJqgqqqpCCAHGmA1vV+C/+AFuHUCAf6IufQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">Q&amp;A: A Fix for a Blinking Router - NYTimes.com</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://gitorious.org/duinoplug" add_date="1342619699" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABOklEQVQ4ja2RsUrDYBSFPzUWi7Q0FWw7BLRITVEnKcVRKIhvoIOD+AAugk/g4As4WXD0DTI5ODqI0NDYdkjFDCn8aDCNKDjoZNqURBvxTAfuved+lztxeH32abo2f1ExXUAyXZtiukA1r8Yavum1MF0bCaCaV9ktbcYm8APCiz3qTQ2Ag5Vtiul8aF9kwOvHO/pT1/dRmhwPNloBAtPt+du6L4PPDPvZ6ZnAOYGAelPzsYd1bmi+X5tb5GRjfxDQ0Q0aiRw1eRWjrdOxH39Enip4iCVB48GgoxtIbc+m73gIIdgrbdFfeAPg/tni9PYSgOP1HcpZBYBUIokQgr7j0fZG3qhmlNCt5axCZb4UWvvfLwwrlUhSyS37PnaAmlG4qB2NR3Bl3f3aOKrvGUmVFVqORcuxYoeossIXen5t+UZ5OioAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">DuinoPlug - Gitorious</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://ryenus.tumblr.com/post/5450167670/eliminate-rubygems-deprecation-warnings" add_date="1343059906" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">life gems • Eliminate Rubygems Deprecation Warnings</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://mc1322x.devl.org/repos/contiki-mc1322x/cpu/mc1322x/doc/rpl-tutorial.md" add_date="1343069352">mc1322x.devl.org/repos/contiki-mc1322x/cpu/mc1322x/doc/rpl-tutorial.md</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/20-hilarious-programming-jargon-phrases-you-should-know-when-talking-to-engineers-2012-7" add_date="1343140345" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAC/UlEQVQ4jT2TTWhcZRSGn3O+7947P3c6TQ0xMTIiWFu1VgwptojVjeBCFBFRF6IuRBdCUdTiRsGVdGMXFelGtBshbvxBsOCirdAWpIuKG2mxNaaJk5+ZzJ3J/Nx7v/u5yMTdWT3vOe/7Hjn4/GteRLDG4JyD8Zw7R5bnqCgiICIYozhXICKoCLlzWBUlc47eYEgUBHgPnbRPKQyJKyWy3OG9xxUF/eGAKAxwzuMKRzmKsAWeiV01ZiZvo5V0MapMTtRZa2/y19IKlVKEGqFWrrC3cScbnYRSGBKGlqXmGlbVgAj3NGb56M1XaXd7/HThEk8emafVSfjgs9OsttqAcOjAfo6//jJ/rzT5+IuvWF7dQI0xJFt9vj9/Ce89SW+L90+e5tiJUzy8fy/vvPICmSsYjEb8eOEyqspqa5PzV64SBBaLCFEUUQssBR4RYf7+fdxY/pc/rt+gMT1F5hz1WsyuuAqAMUq9VkPUoIhQeM8ozf939uq1G/SHKVN7Jvj54m+IKIX3pHkOgPeQ5fl2YioKQBhaRmlGY3qKt198lqcfO8z1f27x+cIPzEzuYZhmhGEAjCO1FhVFRRVRBQSjytZwSLu7xZ+LSzxy4D6+/uQ4agyiyo4YAiKKqKAigqriPVhrWd9M+O7cRT489SUnzixwdO5Bjr30HINRShiMN0AQkZ1CyZgqeO8phSF3TE1y9+wMZy9fodcf8MT8Q9TjKmnuxh54/BiloooxZkz3pFlOtz/AGMNGp0sr6eKKgjR3VEoROzeUohBjDaq6XeW8KAispVYtE1fKNFsdDj2wj8b0FN+cPUe3P8D5bV1rDd3BkNwVWBCiMOKpI3O0kx6lMOTku2+x2Fzj3sYsn575loVffuWumdt5fO4gg1FKXCnzzNHD/H7tJvLoG+/5wFp212I6vS0AdsdVojDk5kqT/nBEPa4QWMtELaad9AisoR5X2egk27+QuYLl9RahtQDcWm/hioK4XKZaLjFKM0ZpxmJznSiwDLOMjaRHFFj+A87QPC6EXYsBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">20 Hilarious Programming Jargon Phrases You Should Know When Talking To Engineers - Business Insider</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.iab.org/2012/08/02/affirmation-of-the-modern-global-standards-paradigm/" add_date="1343940189">Affirmation of the Modern Global Standards Paradigm | Internet Architecture Board</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.iab.org/2012/08/02/modern-global-standards-paradigm/" add_date="1343871115">Modern Global Standards Paradigm | Internet Architecture Board</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://openvswitch.org/" add_date="1343844717">Open vSwitch</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.stanford.edu/~alizade/Site/DCTCP.html" add_date="1343692309" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAA9UlEQVQ4jY2T623DMAyEv6NcZ54myChFOmLcTYogA8VAxf6QI+thpz3ABkgdHydSur4dnQWuiNyw7OnxgyMp20N5KDcu830/GpjGMxCzbeXhX8GJc6ts2+E1iLh7VfmJoScnfA1H3JRrXObvzXrbCRykgC/V4am9x7YEpSDJF0r6AoHQTGhHgvEx30C114Hp8I7cCmaBaTwVXaxBLFIEfD7qKVQduGKdpMDlcQeBN013i5SaWseVNQuI9RZ2CcpFmsYTgUC0YvbWXEqbAMCJiHWlHdCLt9GNUY1L+fePBHsX+IrTSIhcxzPBk+7YVDZi2lBfNf0C2rtMCa4qKM8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=">DCTCP</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://smtntransit.com/contact.html" add_date="1343690224">South Mountain Stagecoach/Transit :: Contact</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://hueniverse.com/2012/07/oauth-2-0-and-the-road-to-hell/" add_date="1343625787" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">OAuth 2.0 and the Road to Hell « hueniverse</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.qnap.com/useng/index.php?sn=69&amp;lang=en-us" add_date="1343621978">QNAP Systems, Inc. - Network Attached Storage (NAS) - Home</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://mitchtech.net/running-linux-on-android-common-problems/" add_date="1343263562">Android + Linux Chroot + Common Problems | MitchTech</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://gettys.wordpress.com/2012/08/06/the-first-battle-won/" add_date="1344287237" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">The First Bufferbloat Battle Won « jg's Ramblings</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://recordings.conf.meetecho.com/Recordings/watch.jsp?recording=IETF84_TSVAREA&amp;chapter=part_3" add_date="1344287511" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Watch Recording: IETF84_TSVAREA (part_3)</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.zdnet.com/power-pwn-this-darpa-funded-power-strip-will-hack-your-network-7000001331/" add_date="1344296036" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAACKklEQVQ4jY2S3UvTYRTHP7/fpk6zXJIlqVBkY0TkRRcFFRn0BywIkoouKiHwpruughUEBsIKi901BiErL4zqIoQahkbSywQhKsVfsxdfiqasVraXbxe/38Z6EfzC4Tznec73PN/znAfAcMwEXIAbqASqAA/giYFvvJHoy9WcdPIMHBhlG0XvctbmHdi31c9R73qOeRogM0Oy5QlbgAKgYoGKIqGo4hbs3+HnXP1m9rhrKKGQhak4p3eliTgFZADVzq2uwRqOtzRxxtvC9nJiORanSLa++lPFmsEqut60rZ3OpVIqR27G0t9Ix0Ia9XCq1PKzWoatNjTb2a5UOKjFm6FS8mxnuyQp+9FSKhzU0uuEJOlTb++Qo9rgsYvY21Y04bNtIWoXSEVCmvAhScqMxjXhQ9aBTZKkb8NxxeEgYJp384R+zEE2DZ69AepOnCX7/h3z3RfIpu2+lbfP5fbaozOhrpbzxXE2PYT+8Uavcgv2GyzeH9Bcd1Bz3UE7vjegr32R0rnVEdBYNXoEOwE2XocjXyKRfx5MkpYsS5OHApKk74mEJgMBvTDQc9AoRA1gA1A5BLerYff/h7c8XEANYPphpgEO/wJWakuQNIB67L9f0Q8PKmDbCi6e/gmXOiDiBnKOEnMSbjRDz3KsHIxkoK8Log5PBrDKUVAJuK/BUxOay4l5GPkMly/CkB2WrODG/tM57JlqHnrWwRXsHmMfIHwVxpy8fJkXUPgNMwJCA1SWiFEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Power Pwn: This DARPA-funded power strip will hack your network | ZDNet</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://androidto.com/index.html" add_date="1344310435" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">AndroidTO</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://ottawa.bibliocommons.com/item/show/632425026_what_your_child_needs_to_know_about_sex_(and_when)" add_date="1344315225" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAxUlEQVQ4jaWSOwrCQBCGvwmk84WlxMLeO4hHEL2HB7ISbGLjBcTGwtoD2FiIxFYwKWQssnmhJLL7wxbDzH7z7+zIdbvT5Bbh97sEixlv/8kjmhMnR0bDDeFhwPp0JopfBK0Oy8mY6WXPPVzhtXt4fEnQSmwiT0AUVEFATPYH4E8JiLgAjBl7gJE1IJuTNSAfoojUFjY6UNXawiZZO8gBzg6AdCOspG6/4LaJBpMCKnNQQJG0R340u1B+bt0qqwEVQIpepX4fmkM5iZcwxxIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">What your Child Needs to Know about Sex (and When) | Ottawa Public Library | BiblioCommons</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://ottawa.bibliocommons.com/item/show/478146026_its_not_the_stork" add_date="1344315249" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAxUlEQVQ4jaWSOwrCQBCGvwmk84WlxMLeO4hHEL2HB7ISbGLjBcTGwtoD2FiIxFYwKWQssnmhJLL7wxbDzH7z7+zIdbvT5Bbh97sEixlv/8kjmhMnR0bDDeFhwPp0JopfBK0Oy8mY6WXPPVzhtXt4fEnQSmwiT0AUVEFATPYH4E8JiLgAjBl7gJE1IJuTNSAfoojUFjY6UNXawiZZO8gBzg6AdCOspG6/4LaJBpMCKnNQQJG0R340u1B+bt0qqwEVQIpepX4fmkM5iZcwxxIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">It's Not the Stork! | Ottawa Public Library | BiblioCommons</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://hackaday.com/2012/07/30/getting-connected-with-your-home-security-system/?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+hackaday%2FLgoM+%28Hack+a+Day%29" add_date="1344347961" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Getting connected with your home security system - Hack a Day</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://chunkfs.florz.de/" add_date="1344355111">(Un)ChunkFS</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://chunksync.florz.de/" add_date="1344355154">ChunkSync - space-efficient incremental (remote) backups of large files and block devices</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/mcachefs/" add_date="1344355161" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">MCachefs | Free System Administration software downloads at SourceForge.net</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://offlinefs.sourceforge.net/wiki/" add_date="1344355180" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Welcome to OFS [OFS Wiki]</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://bcache.evilpiepirate.org/" add_date="1344355195" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAACoElEQVQ4jXWTT0iTcRjHP++mm24qTOdUJP9svSvakiQ3CKnUZnYojA6rqC552AI7d+0adAjyoIcYgZBCiJCDsvzHlExEYa4yU4fmKDctLX319d86LF+08rn9eL6/7/Pleb5fgb+qrb0j3v3mFQBrhmOo1So0CyEAqlw1XLl8UdiLVx6hUCje2NiEUHyWTFsVW9ISseBrALJLqtGkG1kIdhIP9+H1erDb7YJCsPs5rdxDqrEAgOjLB5w7fQqArsBbTBfuJVQtzLIy0KSQCAD19XfjqWU32VxZZFuW2P41jz03mcLCYgBmZsKEvm2iTs8BICXrEGvDzTQ0PBaEtvaOeM/UOkk/PlN37RI6nY6WllbMh4+wsSEDoNFomZ78RF3dbWKxGE9aXrBlEKm0pKDONmbdT7NdoCxPoLLiDAaDAa1Ww9Nnz5nfyWT2u8zoQCc3rl/FarViMplYWoyxnFXKeFczSQCpxgLmQj3KZp1OJ4+Kiujt7QWg4s5DTCaT0p+LRNDYXQCo1rLsAEwsawAIh8P4fD70ej1utxu3241er8fn8xEOh/dhd/KdqNR/Dpmk1QEgSRIjI6P4/X5lot/vZ2RkFEmS9mEBknZNYk5ZAsBms2GxmAkE+okLyQjxTQKBfiwWMzabTcGuAqrIUGIHq/PTnBSLFVZRFHkfg+4PsYTUDDOiKCr9o2IxfZGPCQVVrhp6piYZ/BLB4YgCEAyO4Tqx94zZBINjOBwOAAbHpljXrFPlqmGfkVa/TiRGyD//MVJwdhlVei4A+jyrYiQVgNfrYW24mYyiUnLKaskpv8X4TBRZlpFlmfGZKHmVHnLKaskoKiX6rhWv1wMcECZjyXm2ZYmFsUSYjMerUWt1B4dpb+2N806+M2GWyBDw/zj/Bg/ME+pJiCzOAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">Bcache - BcacheWiki</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://bixs.cattle.ca/" add_date="1344367173" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Beef InfoXchange System (BIXS) on Cattle.ca</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://rinari.rubyforge.org/Add-Ons.html" add_date="1344370551">Add Ons - Rinari: Ruby on Rails Minor Mode for Emacs</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/plataformatec/devise/wiki/How-To:-Use-HTTP-Basic-Authentication" add_date="1344376601" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">How To: Use HTTP Basic Authentication · plataformatec/devise Wiki</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://zyphdesignco.com/blog/manage-users-with-devise-and-cancan" add_date="1344376634" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Zyph Design Co, LLC :: Blog :: Manage Users with Devise and CanCan</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/plataformatec/devise/wiki/How-To:-Sign-in-as-another-user-if-you-are-an-admin" add_date="1344376671" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">How To: Sign in as another user if you are an admin · plataformatec/devise Wiki</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://source.android.com/source/downloading.html" add_date="1345053111" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAVklEQVQ4jWNgoBAwYhNsW7zkP1kGkKIRwwByNDMwMDCw4JKoio0hynuM2ARxacZmCBOxNuMCGAaQCgahAaRGJ1YXkJUSidEEiyGs0Uhq9GEYQIkhFAEA+I0jSpYx1QcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Downloading the Source Tree | Android Open Source</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://flightoftheconchords.co.nz/" add_date="1345053111" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAv0lEQVQ4jWNUcprwn4ECwMLAwMBwTXoLhoTWUx8GXHLI8iwwAfZFu1EU3GVgYFB2nohVDlmeBVkQpgEbQJa7Jr0FbigTsqJr0ltwOhkXQHEBzFRk55NkAD5NuFzGwsAACdG7ODTC5LAFJAMDAwPj4EgHWk99GO7uzUdRQHI6UHaeCI9fbIGJK4CZsIqSAFgIK4EA9LBACQMuDlaGHz//MOg882W4zcDAoCQryHDv8XsGBgYGuBi2vKLqMonyaAQAFX9LeFUrkP4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Flight of the Conchords</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/3488" add_date="1345053111" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABkklEQVQ4jWXSzYvNYRQH8M/ce8001lxEYiEvJWUsScpC0VAjK+UfsJKlhbJklFjI0kqxUJRZEbEQzUJeUySvaaSmhjHui8Xzve7P9dTzO7/nnO/5Pt/nnEN/1Sv/R/AI3exvuIj1FczQ309sF2M4j414jOf4iVXYhqW4gFNo9ZhqsYdCchkr/L8aOIg53MZINbg1ySewBZsqsUWxw9iZ+Adc70lv4AFmsBdPQnATTSzGRyzLE3fgC15jHA5jFmuVQj6sFG9w/8ZEFF3BXZjGnTh3YSHAhRSqlfOvkExF+W58reVNT+Mcy5u7sfWBTWllQ+mQhtKF+STNBNTJuVcnaMc3F1VttGv4rt+2KWVoRpJYnZPhXHgjRM2eqkt4leBKbFemcLaiZB7vcQ6jIT2Kt7Au4AnswbEAjoeggxdY7d/1Bmd7h5O5ZUmc9/GuouAHNuhP7WTwy8VZV1r5WZnKzbgWgpbS0jVJPh3SfQOKjOJqgpO4lf+OMgdn8Cw370/O0CAJHMA9fAq4rXTqZYibwdXgDxmFc8xx7+cUAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">Issue #3488: Rails 3.1.1 fails with Psych 1.2.2 in Ruby 1.9.3p0 · rails/rails</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://capistranorb.com/" add_date="1345053111">Capistrano - Remote multi-server automation tool</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/web-developer/" add_date="1345053111" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Web Developer :: Add-ons for Firefox</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.transformerforums.com/forum/asus-transformer-general-discussions/21446-help-my-asus-wont-even-turn.html" add_date="1344530471" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Help! My Asus won't even turn on!</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/meghancasserly/2012/08/08/heres-what-happens-to-google-employees-when-they-die/" add_date="1344541239" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAgUlEQVQ4jaVTQQ7AIAirZv+Cn237Gb7MnTCbImOziUkToVAICTgqFrApEWEQUSgppbPxrIRZUEoZAvX1f4OAisxgFQBuFiJgFkhXI5uRBkS4iXwW0GQLroVa98ZDQ/wDtwPdt2ch1IG33rCFmcjyDB4CvVfP+yBgHRMRvYqk1XO+AJ4VK7RAS7wJAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">Here's What Happens To Google Employees When They Die - Forbes</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~in1676/pet/" add_date="1344622161">PET - Post Editing Tool</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.suse.com/blogs/uefi-secure-boot-details/" add_date="1344625359" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">SUSE and Secure Boot: The Details | SUSE Blogs</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://iaoc.ietf.org/documents/Agenda-Scheduling-Tool-RFP-2012-05-24-Final.pdf" add_date="1344864355">iaoc.ietf.org/documents/Agenda-Scheduling-Tool-RFP-2012-05-24-Final.pdf</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://cms.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;content_ID=developer/howto_overview" add_date="1344872269" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">PayPal Integration Overview</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://code.google.com/p/substruct/" add_date="1344875588" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">substruct - Open-source Ruby on Rails E-Commerce - Google Project Hosting</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.fortytwo.gr/blog/14/Using-Paypal-with-Rails" add_date="1344875698" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABKklEQVQ4jdWSPU7DQBBG34zHLoKQiUSHUMIJMCdIOEECDa1bunCD3CANDVVCQcuPkGjhBoQDIAyiRCJSSkBLkfXKGDhAvmZW38y8nVktLL2kGHEvQOuIndJ8GZETMeaLvc2Bu3g9Fl8N4qNzXH1+MLAoJpM6NaGlAsRsA6hRILRD3eLQixJSiywYQVZ63t84ZKuafzwhXTFmCF3TPwBqgP6/dyOhqdGizTT+XVAHPI1ZWzWGTskEOuFCx6WpUQDttzPGDp4BROlUh0ob3AJZZf+ZwJ2D3DCGKkwQ8tojhahG5oQC6Df3eahOa+sHnL6fM1WhX5oOuqJ0w0oxOMck7f1sBjAATw3J+TVQBRgA+fyG3eqUAjOrEwHEKEQBxzQAhDb4v+ApzueXXN+3Uz9yvx53NQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">Using Paypal with Rails</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://activemerchant.org/" add_date="1344876008">Active Merchant</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.codyfauser.com/2008/1/17/paypal-express-payments-with-activemerchant" add_date="1344876011">Cody Fauser - PayPal Express Payments with ActiveMerchant</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://cms.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;content_ID=developer/e_howto_api_WPGettingStarted" add_date="1345037907" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Introducing Express Checkout</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.hovding.com/en/how" add_date="1345049024" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">How Hövding works - The invisible helmet for bicyclists</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.lark.com/default.aspx" add_date="1345129052" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">LARK Silent Alarm Clock and Sleep Sensor</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://cms.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;content_ID=developer/e_howto_html_Appx_websitestandard_htmlvariables" add_date="1345149118" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">HTML Variables for PayPal Payments Standard</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.paypal.com/ipn/" add_date="1345150092" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Instant Payment Notification - PayPal</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://cms.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;content_ID=developer/e_howto_admin_IPNTesting" add_date="1345150107" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">IPN Testing</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.digital-copyright.ca/node/5476" add_date="1345150969" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Ownership doesn't make people do bad things, or excuse them. | Digital Copyright Canada</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.miniand.com/products/Hackberry%20A10%20Developer%20Board" add_date="1345169162" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Miniand Tech - your one stop shop for mini PCs and hobby tech - Hackberry A10 Developer Board</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://superuser.com/questions/53978/ubuntu-automatically-mount-external-drives-to-media-label-on-boot-without-a-u" add_date="1345177887" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">linux - Ubuntu - Automatically mount external drives to /media/LABEL on boot without a user logged in? - Super User</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://cms.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;content_ID=developer/e_howto_api_WPWebsitePaymentsPro" add_date="1345214469" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Introducing PayPal Payments Pro</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://cms.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;content_ID=developer/e_howto_api_nvp_NVPAPIOverview" add_date="1345214478" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">PayPal Name-Value Pair API Basics</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://cms.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;content_ID=developer/e_howto_html_buynow_buttons" add_date="1345231004" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Single-Item Payments – Buy Now Buttons</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://medeyesglobal.com/" add_date="1346023179" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">MedEyes Corporation</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://lifehacker.com/5936556/amazon-glacier-archives-your-important-data-for-a-penny-per-gb-per-month" add_date="1346082142" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Amazon Glacier Archives Your Important Data for a Penny per GB per Month</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.barelyfitz.com/screencast/html-training/css/positioning/" add_date="1346089933" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABtElEQVQ4jcWSzUtUcRSGn/O7c5v0CqMW2iLFkCzKla4S000fhIx3RIIop6BNuyAQ2ir+DRHSQssUws3MtTbSIooiiNoUMWgtVBIKCqIyHOae4yIoLoOQi+hdns/nvBz435KqyEy2C+f6ETmA0QLsBVGEz2AlVB8wEj1NDhjD0REOAFnM1WO6BFJCdJUK3/C9AKUdsR7gGLBMHF/j4sKqcOdUE6lgBKhBNaJYfMs88bbMt4f2kLIJoBf9eVqYyx4mlgr56N2Ojr+bu4GIVXvwt7o12EzgTae2LZgdaIBdfZgdQSQDtsKm3edycQ0A/fAFbV1xVY1jOGbD64j/AmEckaOINoKcJe2eMRMeB8Bvqgf9mCSY7Papa5lG5CQWX+W7RVxZ2PhDFd7EySXgCendPZg9ThIErXmQc5id4UJ0j1rXzVSu7Xde3DLKIlO5NkwDioVHSQKhF+E15wsvmQuzKCnKa8+ZPJGhrrYLi9dRSvheJz/iAvPEXmLAUMcGzuUZPrRERd/guWb8zH7S6YMg+0AEDN5/fcjo4uavnVXuD/aBNwy6jvAJdQJWxiiDvtrxv/xzbQGkwJMtE4dZrgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">Learn CSS Positioning in Ten Steps: position static relative absolute float</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://brontecapital.blogspot.ca/2012/06/macroeconomics-of-chinese-kleptocracy.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed:+BronteCapital+(Bronte+Capital)" add_date="1343140345" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAA3klEQVQ4jWNkgIJ/aUz/GUgATLP+MTIwMDAwkqMZ2RBGcjXDAAuGSEQPA4NFAgMDhwBC7MIGBoYlKQwMXz5gugJDs0MBqmYGBgYGgwAGhow1WF2AaoBFAoK9IAGCf0BtVXFgYJAxIOAFmM1rChgYTixBiCcsQLiEgYGB4ckFuBRqIM74g9WZGCADYS8THmVEAcxYYGCAeGHPFFQxlxwGhpAJBAz48QESDiETMKMMpvkHqjiqAScWQKKRgQERcOjgBKo4qgErSiA0ekKC2XxiAUINFFCclCnPTDAOudkZAEkvQ+XgMBz1AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">Bronte Capital: The Macroeconomics of Chinese kleptocracy</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://vimeo.com/40271657" add_date="1343140345" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">What is a Flame on Vimeo</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css3_pr_columns.asp" add_date="1353873016" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">CSS3 columns property</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://dev.af83.com/2011/02/22/rails-3-controllers-unit-testing-with-rack.html" add_date="1346125593" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Rails 3: controllers unit testing with Rack</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-1.9.3/libdoc/net/http/rdoc/Net/HTTP.html" add_date="1346125593" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAPCAYAAADtc08vAAACQUlEQVQokYWST0uUURTGf+fe+74zjsg4U+EmEjQJGl217BNkFG36BgluWgR9AL9AUJsEl+1yUSBhH6FFRLQwKEwxCvujo844Ovd973tPC2dKQemBszhwfs95LvfAKVKwAPuNsQd6rRFbI9Vdffok+vXVOwA6N2f6s+YU2AgU3asTsxXnHnVC4XGu6ptNn3Q6L8LSyxsyNxf7Ju4UOGZT4zOJNfPtLO+aNC0XGtHKYDkcdHxSry2H5aVpmb79+kQCBSsQs8ble4lLFtp5OBSRsojojs/Ih2uajE2UohhvL40u6+ePN3Vx0bpjcBEa4zM2dQstnx0YkYqAbudBMoX9/bZ0373V4utGKfW+W6/VXrV+bp+TfoJicmLWODu/m2eHCTJgRXQrD9KJkQHn2Pz9i3bXI87qaLkc6xqLlm+NiILpTI7dH3Tp4708O3TIgIJ+z3KJwIAxhBhJ0hRrDEWM1J0phqy1e3mnLtogJbniW3nwFkqArvtMtvLAoDUMW4sToegljapccLaoOmu/7WV1wwra7sEi6Jr30gyBijVkqjRDIKhiAQGMCGIEEaFaBUMDESgFVb50veyGgpIxFKpYEQLQDIGCoz9W1RN3YwBEhKDKTg/W/ibAiRB7JlHBiEFR+j5m8/ot1+8UyFQJquTHqgC6MfIjy/AxYqIAyuHFUScArakJ1d6QcIYEoh4lKomEijHOfPhk3cr75+vm7kMAhuRM/N+5K6hgfTdj482zNVldfaX51s7fJ/xP/RWqkJ4f5g956DIyq8I+PgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">Class: Net::HTTPSession (Ruby 1.9.3)</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://cms.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;content_ID=developer/e_howto_api_nvp_r_SetExpressCheckout" add_date="1346163439" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">SetExpressCheckout API Operation</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://cms.paypal.com/us/cgi-bin/?cmd=_render-content&amp;content_ID=developer/e_howto_api_ECGettingStarted" add_date="1346177674" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Getting Started With Express Checkout</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.raddonline.com/blogs/geek-journal/ruby-on-rails-testing-net-http-with-mocks/" add_date="1346180149">RaddOnline: Ruby on Rails: Testing Net::HTTP With Mocks</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated_annealing" add_date="1346291635" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Simulated annealing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://stopgettyimages.com/" add_date="1346270035" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Stop Getty Images Scam</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/6589/125/" add_date="1346336416">Michael Geist - Has Canada Effectively Shifted from Fair Dealing to Fair Use?</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=14979" add_date="1346355238" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABOUlEQVQ4jaWTvUvDABDFX8UhGYR0DLhktFMN9E9wEad2y+jq6OhYnJw7FJpBcJJ2kdgtClUcKqki2AxKCg6JICQikpZmeC4SjDGJ2jced4/ffZVIEgtoaZFiAFgGgNObAOePNgABzS0VovhHg8qqgOd3CfVqBa3LEWxvBlUWsLOhFjvwU50zh3wjzbFPkrSckFrbIOfMVWzg+iG7QzdREM5JTTd+Z0CSeyf3qQTHDbl7bGYaJLZQryq4evASLSqyCAgSvGCaPwOS7AzSBCTp+2SzbxUTBBAxjYDedZKiXAYmL69AVEBgjHx2hy7X949+nIXWNmg5YSKO74nbhyatpzCzHePO4cHAibdVIjN+IQIwA7CSjPVuJ+jbATbXZDRqMlIERdJ0Iz62fIIc6RdjSIKIRk3Bvwy+6gMRduTYcdqk1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">MySQL Bugs: #14979: request for more than just one bind-address</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://blog.oxplot.com/2012/08/bluetooth-controlled-power-board.html" add_date="1346419924" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">oxblog: Bluetooth Controlled Power Board</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.minecraftforum.net/topic/702507-surv-stuck-in-the-sky-v14-1500-dls/" add_date="1346614324" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">[Surv] Stuck In the Sky V1.4 [1500+ DL's!] - Minecraft Forum</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.eod.com/blog/2012/09/bugged/" add_date="1346614324" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">An Entirely Other Day: Bugged</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2012/paper/cellnet/p1.pdf" add_date="1346614324">conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2012/paper/cellnet/p1.pdf</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.nyairportservice.com/" add_date="1346614324" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">New York Airport Service Transportation - JFK- LGA- EWR</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/fact-check-mitt-romneys-republican-national-convention-speech/story?id=17119764" add_date="1346722323" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAACBklEQVQ4jaWTsUtqARjFf/dew1q05+BiewpPRLQpBOESEg3SoLQkqHTvP+D48B/QwUnpzVE4CIHQkENiGEQOoS6OgrWU98otTOxpb3lG+HqPXu/Amb7vnOWcA3OoVqsBVVULHo/n2maz3dtstnuPx3OtqmqhWq0G5v9foWmaVVGUfUmSnoGX9yhJ0rOiKPuapll/E8uyXPmTcJ6yLFf6/b7l1SCZTH7/qHhGRVH2AajVauuCIEzeHjc3N19UVf2rgSAIk1qtti4tLCx8u7299ScSCVwuF+12m52dHXZ3d3l4eGBtbY1ut8vT0xMAXq8Xt9tNr9cTRFH8IYRCoVYul/uq6zpWq5Vms0mj0SCbzdLpdHh8fEQQBLa2ttjb2yMWi2EYBuPxmHQ63Rby+by2urr6RZZllpeXOTs7YzQaYbFYCAQCGIZBuVxmOp2ysrJCNBql2+2SyWRotVq6SRRFRqMRAMPhkMlkwuLiIoZhoGkaAHd3d/j9fgaDAZ1OB4BSqYTZbEYsl8s3TqeT09NT6vU6Pp+PYrGIyWSiUqlwdHREMBgkHo+j6zonJycUCgUODg6w2+03osPhuNjY2OD8/JzDw0NSqRTHx8dsb2/TbDYZDAaEw2EuLy+JxWJcXV0BEIlEWFpaung3xo9wFiMAv0rxuSIB9Pt9y39VebaHT4/pLf51zj8BqJJGhEShjP0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Fact Check: Mitt Romney's Republican National Convention Speech - ABC News</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/voice_ip_comm/cucm/admin/8_5_1/ccmfeat/fsmoh.html#wp1207754" add_date="1346770562" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAoElEQVQ4ja1S2xHCMAxTWAiGaVcoY/RgizBBOwMdoQu4BzuECcRPnTO5pHwk+omss+XHxZEkKnCqKc4aXK73bGJJbzdB2kHjkh4NSqP9g9ZVrwAmOA+3VDrUXfU/eM8zHs5BXwCRL33/E3+2DTYfAOD3LYIIlXuA6ziSJF/TFHXLPcAgwuwRh30rnegQ6mrdn10XNds5iNDmtzliTXETgy+2DMLFDM/OFAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">Cisco Unified Communications Manager Features and Services Guide, Release 8.5(1) - Music On Hold [Cisco Unified Communications Manager (CallManager)] - Cisco Systems</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/paulstoffregen/teensy-30-32-bit-arm-cortex-m4-usable-in-arduino-a" add_date="1346875963" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABFklEQVQ4jaWTvU7DMBSFPydRqypkStuBhSyIAYklEjMMbIgtvAQvwMrOxAuw8x5seMzeKROMSNixFYbKVoibAOqZ/Pcdn3tlw54SblBVVQdgjEFrjVIKpRS61ZjWBKCUUniDnbBWaKUxJoT7JombDG9u9TTsFA3hLlZc3UfcPi1YFjHzVHDzkFI9HjBPRWCQAD9uzo8t+dE22OFpQl5ELIsYgLyIaWoTGviGaY3t7RfniYeb2gSwL8HBw5odrD47Xp+/xnvwW8PmqSBbRxMGI3A/8uXdgmwVmuy29QaWtxflU5xdz4IzyXDhY2N531iyVURTm+14LTi5mNHUNjAQAGVZdlNJxiSlFJMl/EX+af03hftMe+sbjVWiCjkSxA4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Teensy 3.0 - 32 bit ARM Cortex-M4, usable in Arduino and C by Paul Stoffregen — Kickstarter</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://bellard.org/lte/" add_date="1346875963">LTE Base Station Software</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://astrid.com/jobs" add_date="1346897563" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAACfklEQVQ4jYWSzUvUYRDHP8/z2/WtyLUXaTNRejmYUSGUvRBsVoe6tJeiSyV07JCHutUf0K1Dlw6BERkUaRS9IdEbRkHUUlIila3allbruu7r73nrIInWRgMzzMDMhxnmKyhho+37N3jS26elFDgnPEQSuLHsQlf8z14xuxiKRkPloYoepIggQEwHAJwjJXAd4QtXLs6ekXNo8wI9xtiI0RarLc66Gce5kLWcHWo/2FgS8D4abbTKRrRvMNogpEB4AinldC7AWRuSxkVLb2BMgyoqVFEh5fQggMPNXOuswypVXRKQLxQo5hV+UYMQ9P+cmHPCrdFvvPmeRPuakoCW3t6nfkbhZ32sthx+EeNZYmwGMDA5RXwiTT6n07MBgVm59bMK6Qm0r7m+uYXl8+dhjAXgxJZNZFM54oOf+v8FAAvWOeSyelaeOk3wxzgBpQCIB8oof/0WYudc78td1VKWhXa23InPeaNybhQg/+Ej6uED1OJa8uE68uE6VjhD9lIXulZUT00FHyVTMnb5dlvDHCE9ad4+HJCifn5tJcHKIACZ1Y7KYfAKkM4XeHdIpBrW1YY8zxBPJCMBgL7mre1OBI5LQT0CtDI4HKlVgsEdQQKJIk13BbGooG5hTUgW0yR93Xl4b+9jD6BpQU1isQx6nqDM80SjMw6V04yFHVUbK2BBBY8WZVi+qpol11LUvKqIRTpu75l548mPb8arcFeFkOudgWxBDRR9kwg/12TupUllpljbWEP2ZwYzZqhKi89/6WA8n5sc9HPtY0XV2tbf1+zBIMDSm4VdQ1/9zoGRFMMjfqf7onev7r5xgP/Z/TVbz3c3tR77XR89s+1Iqb5fRco7QCkQiqwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Astrid - Job Postings</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.ietf.org/group/nomcom/2012/chair-requirements" add_date="1346897563">Nomcom 2012 Pages: IETF chair</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://mail.google.com/tasks/ig" add_date="1346940921" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAB6klEQVQ4jaWT32uSYRTHPw5fXtciSyOnUGA1x9s2+/FSepe7kJY3XuiF4N0L7l9adCEU3QRSBEsIoezHwEqYTerdaMFyDaNNxGL2PL4OuxgIi82EvvDcHM7ncM7zPcfW6/V6/IfswyaapsmduwuItuzHHMdUbMN0YJom2WyWgH4WffYSAGvLGywtVv5doFgs8vjJI0LRSc7P+AGordV5/2wVwzAYGQSXSiVyuRxXbgbwBbwIKfi2tcXS0w8kEgk0TcPearUQQuBwOABwOp1YlkWhUCCfz3M5cgHfhAspBZbs8vphlVvROcLhMAC2+fn5/giKohAMBnG73bx685JQdJKx8VEArM4e7xZNrk5dJ5lMoigKAHZFUZgIjeO96KLb2aNSWGVlpcO1237sp2xIKQCoPv+K7/S5AzCArVwu9+4/uMf0nBdVVZFS0v0NYyfVftLnt99RrRNkMhk8Hs+BfxrRdZ0pbRrzRR0p9z22j4KUEikltY87iJ3eoTCw70I8Hsd1/Ay1ShMhRf/VvzRpbVgYhnEo3C/g8XhIp9M0N9s0Nn8hheDn9i4/PrVJpVJomnak1f098Pv9JJNJmutdttd3qS8LYrEYuq4fCcNftxCJRGg0GlSrVW7MzhCLxQbCwHC3MEgDV3kY/QFnXMrMjsi9agAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">Tasks Alone</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://etherpad.tools.ietf.org:9002/p/notes-ietf-84-roll?useMonospaceFont=true" add_date="1346963981" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAA9klEQVQ4jc3SzypEcRTA8c+dhjB3y06yEVmh2E1KeQJqNmy8gL3yDiw8gN2UpaVkYWWhrKlhYyFJzISka3F/U9dw3btRvnU6v87/3+nwH2ggycg26ujgA5dY7QbHiSQrlWDvYBjj2MEAnjGKJvbyuleDruEMg5gNtn4sYR6vRQVesIIYD8E2hDVcY6OoQB8mg67hHfdYzkvMsuDrErcwFd7f6F1imQZ/S4QRTOA0Y5+W7uMu+LKcY07miw089QQd4ATraOENbdxgJiTfolWRT4R96XFd4RBjuAj+TSxWf84tRRN+m6CIOqLuBDGOpId1XLLALh4/AayPP0dewGhXAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">Etherpad Lite | notes-ietf-84-roll</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ryanb/cancan/wiki/Authorizing-controller-actions" add_date="1346965160" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAB/klEQVQ4jZWTvWsUURTFf+/uDNkptEibxiUJwbFYnJEIflUuBrRwbWK0TZO/w8I/QZBYxsIiaSwMq40fheI4TNC1iDpKWCyELdLswL65z8KJDCGJ8VSPd98555733jXsQxiG881mc9k51xGRKQBVHRhjekVRrPb7/Xf182ZvMTk5ebLVaj0A7gCptXa90WhsA5RlOet53i3gLPA4z/OV4XC4+1egIveAGWvtcpZlG/s7A4jj+CbwCPiS53lnOBzuCkDlPANc3NnZeXEQGaAoiueqehmYqTiYMAzngyB4C3SttT9EJAE2jDGbqjotIqYsy28ickFElsbj8YLv+yeAjdFodN5EUfTQGHMuSZKoJnYorLULWZZtxnH8wTn3XpxzHWvtOoDv+9ePIgOIyI1KaL16KZnau23P824fQ2AJoNFobIvIlAAYY7SqB/8SUNVmnSOqOrDWzlXFj8fo4FMVYU5VB2KM6Xme1wUoy/I+MD7CXa219wA8z+saY3pSFMUqELXb7e7W1tar0Wh0yTm3BvysEX85556IyNUsy5622+0uEBVFsWoA4jheA66p6pU0TfvVXgJElcD3NE1bAGEYngmC4CXwLEmSuwKQ5/kK8BV4E0XRYmU8Xct9CiCKosWJiYnX/PnKK3DIMKlqX0RmAb8W47OInOagYarjf8f5N4GI/0y7dzANAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">Authorizing controller actions · ryanb/cancan Wiki</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/194394" add_date="1346965507" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAr0lEQVQ4jWNkwAT/sYjBACO6AAs2Vf9/f8DUySqA1UQmnHZ9fQLR9PUJHgfhMwBms4AOXnkWBjx+/v/hCoYQNgOw+hlDJ45wgXuBMX0ZxN8wuugQA045KM3AgBwGEsrYaQJyjAwMDP////5AMLSxAUYBHSQvQJ2MThOSG8xeENBBwaR7gYGBYdKkSQzbtm3D7RV8XmAU0GHYtm0bg6eVHAOjgA62VAlxHQP+7EsQAACKbVAUZ/NwtgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">Re: Overriding Time.now</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.abajournal.com/files/AppleAmicusBrief.pdf" add_date="1347039004" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">www.abajournal.com/files/AppleAmicusBrief.pdf</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.darkcoding.net/credit-card-numbers/" add_date="1347041387" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Graham King » Credit card numbers</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.lymphontario.ca/images/stories/Lymphedema_Certified_Therapists_2012.pdf" add_date="1347224952">www.lymphontario.ca/images/stories/Lymphedema_Certified_Therapists_2012.pdf</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://debblog.philkern.de/2012/09/ipv6-support-in-debian-installer.html" add_date="1347287820" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAA3klEQVQ4jWNkgIJ/aUz/GUgATLP+MTIwMDAwkqMZ2RBGcjXDAAuGSEQPA4NFAgMDhwBC7MIGBoYlKQwMXz5gugJDs0MBqmYGBgYGgwAGhow1WF2AaoBFAoK9IAGCf0BtVXFgYJAxIOAFmM1rChgYTixBiCcsQLiEgYGB4ckFuBRqIM74g9WZGCADYS8THmVEAcxYYGCAeGHPFFQxlxwGhpAJBAz48QESDiETMKMMpvkHqjiqAScWQKKRgQERcOjgBKo4qgErSiA0ekKC2XxiAUINFFCclCnPTDAOudkZAEkvQ+XgMBz1AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">Philipp Kern's Debian blog: IPv6 support in debian-installer</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://home.in.tum.de/~jain/software/outlook-quotefix/" add_date="1347308889" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABHklEQVQ4jZWSa5HDMAyE94zADGIGEoRACJNAqBk0DFoGhWAzSBkkDCIGez86TuvG17nuHz9G2tHjAz/odrtxnudPIXRo6H6/w8z2s9xbcu+JqoppmmBm+7+ZIcaIvu+PRq/likhV8ul0Ykppf6eU2HVdFQOSXJaFXddx27aqv3cDkpznuYp1ABBjRIwR3vtmn69SVcQYMU3TswURaU64VUFRyXFlcN+qVOvMDCGErw1CCMg5w3nvsa7r1wbrukJV4VT1T0g+yczgvX+ApKrIOf87+Xq9ou/7x6NwICIHDs7n82EL27ZVHOwkXi4XigiXZWmurUAkIpUpXgNSShQRjuNY4ZpS4jiOB4xJ8ockWz3mnPfthBAwDAOGYTjM4xeFb9UdUkK+FwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">Outlook-QuoteFix - Home</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://chillibear.org/2010/04/git-and-cvs-like-keyword-expansion-idents.html" add_date="1347373500">Chillibear - Git and CVS like keyword expansion idents</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.lightbluetouchpaper.org/2012/09/10/chip-and-skim-cloning-emv-cards-with-the-pre-play-attack/" add_date="1347382152" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAeUlEQVQ4jWPkET/2n4ECwITM+fzCEoVGB9jEmbCogytG1oDLcJwG8EocZ+CVOA7XwCtxHIUmaACxgKAXkG1EdhEMMFI1FsgBjFH//w+sC1gYGBgYljFzY5WM+vsVLhf19ytuA5A1kApolw6IBSheQA8LZC/hkqM4GgG/vzVR7jfCuAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">Light Blue Touchpaper » Blog Archive » Chip and Skim: cloning EMV cards with the pre-play attack</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/09/ftcs-new-chief-technologist-deterrence-isnt-perfect.php?ref=fpb" add_date="1347383831">FTC’s New Chief Technologist: ‘Deterrence Isn’t Perfect,’ But Still Effective | TPM Idea Lab</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://pckeyboard.com/page/PC122/UB40B5A" add_date="1347389046">Unicomp, Inc. PC 122 Black 5250 Buckling Spring USB</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://lca2013.linux.org.au/schedule/30118/view_talk?day=thursday" add_date="1347423638" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAC0UlEQVQ4jYWRzWtcZRjFf89735mkltQsmrRNnMnko50kaq1WajUYQSt+JCgGRFD/ABe60Z24anElpBSERHFhqVWo+FEXShVRN27SkSZDTIrBalUaGm2cdJLpnXvfe1ykuGwPnOX5eJ5jA6VecQNkGWCBHTI+TnbRhqPpBGZYmuFuJAbIXCBFXMKY9mskJiShkCHp5gaticg5h8PzvYtJTJgZDsOcu7lB6iOykNB0gTjbJAIHyMBLQmaMjY3xyKOHcILpqSkWFxcxM+7at4/dtw/x3ZlvaFy+whXnaCEQBY/89R/09fUxOTnJyMgIc7OzTExMEMcxnZ2dvH/8OC8+/wKHjxwmQWxkyWY1M5DwAKOjo0TeU61WmZ+fp1Kp0NXVRblcZrX2L8eOHmVudo6B4TLr1WUcENgcz0kin89jQKVSYWlpiZWVFcyMRqNBtVoFQa1WI7ellWYEhiHABE6kNNZjYrvGgf338efFZW7rEGN7NyhEFd596w3OfPk1e/oHWb74B/nMUBZBlOFkeMlz6tQHbMRNtvMr773WzujeVVpCYC3aShpS3v60hXN/r1C7tMI267ieL2QOF3lH3jUZbjnJ40NneeyeJlu9kM/TnquzPd/gyHMRQ21XwXs65MCy/8/wTjnCulj4K+Lbs0a5AE/fnaM80EDpNkTCjz8HTs+ss8PErUSIAIpAhs/nHHfcv5/CnQe5vHaCXW01vvrJ8eYnnlZXJ8vEzG8QUrETj4iQyzAFgjPcer3O4OAwL738Ksfe+YF/Cq/w+UydA7ubPPyA0b7zFnp6Ojn01DjnQsrr0TLXki244DGLYfyJca1dXVXIUiUhUZKm+vDERyp2l1Ts7taegZIWFn7RhQtLKha71F8qabRQ0snue/V714hYPH9eClKWBmUhVZbGSkOs6akpPXTwQX3x2Wk1lShL1vTM+LPqL/ZqoNCvnlJRTxZ69R9ot2K8chL+pAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">linux.conf.au 2013 | 28 Jan - 1 Feb | Come Join the Party</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.starwarsidentities.com/hero/en-ca/5050dee30a7d5" add_date="1347525740" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Luke | Star Wars Identities</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://nfs.sourceforge.net/nfs-howto/ar01s05.html" add_date="1347552579">5. Optimizing NFS Performance</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://ergocanada.com/ec_home/products/keyboards.html" add_date="1347554333" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">ErgoCanada.com Online Product Catalog - Keyboards - Product Availability, Pricing and Information</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ergocanada.com/detailed_specification_pages/pi_engineering_x_keys_xk_24_programmable_keypad.html" add_date="1347554462" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">X-keys XK-24 Programmable Keypad by PI Engineering : ErgoCanada - Detailed Specification Page</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://marc.info/?l=ipsec-tools-devel&amp;m=130229389907457&amp;w=2" add_date="1347615179">'[Ipsec-tools-devel] racoon on XDAndroid is not able to open a 'KEY' - MARC</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://piston.rubyforge.org/" add_date="1347629693">Ease your vendor branch management worries — Piston</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/08/07/kildall_unforensic_ieee_smear/" add_date="1347647824" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Bill Gates, Harry Evans and the smearing of a computer legend • The Register</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.imperialviolet.org/2012/03/16/rsae.html" add_date="1347794393">ImperialViolet - RSA public exponent size</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.dailylife.com.au/news-and-views/dl-opinion/why-naked-men-dont-sell-20120910-25nxw.html" add_date="1347794393">Why don’t we like to look at men’s bodies?</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://gigaom.com/video/netflix-canada-caps-human-rights-violation/" add_date="1347859193" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Netflix exec: Canada’s broadband caps “almost a human rights violation” — Online Video News</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Oppo-Smartphone-1080p-Display-Android,17494.html" add_date="1347880793" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Oppo Unveils World's First 1080p Smartphone</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://xkcd-map.rent-a-geek.de/" add_date="1348077209">xkcd-map.rent-a-geek.de</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.jasig.org/cas" add_date="1348249718" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">CAS | Jasig Community</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/crime-hijacks-https-sessions/" add_date="1348249718" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Crack in Internet’s foundation of trust allows HTTPS session hijacking | Ars Technica</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://blogs.atlassian.com/2012/05/atlassian-stash-enterprise-git-repository-management/" add_date="1348253139" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Meet Atlassian Stash: Git Repository Management for Enterprise Teams | Atlassian Blogs</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://softwalk.blogspot.com/2009/11/setting-putty-with-kerberos-on-windows.html" add_date="1348259449" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAA3klEQVQ4jWNkgIJ/aUz/GUgATLP+MTIwMDAwkqMZ2RBGcjXDAAuGSEQPA4NFAgMDhwBC7MIGBoYlKQwMXz5gugJDs0MBqmYGBgYGgwAGhow1WF2AaoBFAoK9IAGCf0BtVXFgYJAxIOAFmM1rChgYTixBiCcsQLiEgYGB4ckFuBRqIM74g9WZGCADYS8THmVEAcxYYGCAeGHPFFQxlxwGhpAJBAz48QESDiETMKMMpvkHqjiqAScWQKKRgQERcOjgBKo4qgErSiA0ekKC2XxiAUINFFCclCnPTDAOudkZAEkvQ+XgMBz1AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">software walk and software talk: Setting Putty with Kerberos on Windows (including Windows 7)</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/winsshclients.html" add_date="1348259457" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Windows SSH Clients</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/UserInfo/Resources/Software/kerberos/windows_kfw_ssh.html" add_date="1348259478" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAs0lEQVQ4jWP8n8bwn4ECwMLAwMDAeDaNLM3/jWdBDEARPDMTryZGk3QUPhMyZ31PJgOjSToDo0k6w4YDFxg2HLgAl9tw4AKGZgwDYBrsjdQYAkumw/kbDlxgCCyZjtVFKAYs3HKcId7HkuHguVsM63syMQwmaADMEFIAhgGkgiFiQICDAekGBJZMh2sMcDBAiRVkgJESGRiwp8YABwOG/2dmYiQmrAZgS3G4AMWByEhpdgYARjQ2n7tMT2EAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Windows SSH Clients and KfW</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/441/when-patents-attack" add_date="1348357667" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">When Patents Attack! | This American Life</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.pjrc.com/teensy/projects.html" add_date="1348357667" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAA6UlEQVQ4jY1SS7IEIQxCq+8lNzPeDE/Wb+FgpT9T89hJYgJoAeKMAHrvAIA5JwxSyJCI1truI4UCxAkA57kGlDLgs5sy7nzNxbz9DRFPruaCpC01n+/IfAUAcl0guS+PMRBx3eq+zB0AdjDfQiOX59baw+bO4Jv/MQZIPWwaRdLpyZIeQdlSa23byjg80TYkbKmktq0IfTK6KjlWUMufFXgIoEsW/iPmJK0Q39LN57fwXK9Zvsns18Pv4dna4S0rxNWcpXr42y8EgJo3+K096D+ovzbYe67nH1oz6QtZBSnMOdF7/yTPS/8fHFipYCs8ersAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Projects using the Teensy USB development board</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/597507018/pebble-e-paper-watch-for-iphone-and-android/posts/312936?ref=email&amp;show_token=9087c22c8f3524e3" add_date="1348357667" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABFklEQVQ4jaWTvU7DMBSFPydRqypkStuBhSyIAYklEjMMbIgtvAQvwMrOxAuw8x5seMzeKROMSNixFYbKVoibAOqZ/Pcdn3tlw54SblBVVQdgjEFrjVIKpRS61ZjWBKCUUniDnbBWaKUxJoT7JombDG9u9TTsFA3hLlZc3UfcPi1YFjHzVHDzkFI9HjBPRWCQAD9uzo8t+dE22OFpQl5ELIsYgLyIaWoTGviGaY3t7RfniYeb2gSwL8HBw5odrD47Xp+/xnvwW8PmqSBbRxMGI3A/8uXdgmwVmuy29QaWtxflU5xdz4IzyXDhY2N531iyVURTm+14LTi5mNHUNjAQAGVZdlNJxiSlFJMl/EX+af03hftMe+sbjVWiCjkSxA4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Pebble: E-Paper Watch for iPhone and Android by Pebble Technology » Plastic Samples, iPhone 5 and More! — Kickstarter</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/asset_pipeline.html" add_date="1348379267">Ruby on Rails Guides: Asset Pipeline</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://mdbtools.sourceforge.net/" add_date="1348379267">MDB Tools - Unlocking Your Data</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://stackedwines.com/" add_date="1348249718" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABAklEQVQ4jaWTwZGEIBRE30ztURIgAAKQBAzACLwbFBHo3QQMAL1LABAAAbCHKViZWfew/ioONs3jQ+MDSNyo553FAF/nj2EYaJqGEALLshRdSknf9wCs64pzroIkIGmtk7U2WWuT1jplPQ9jTLLWJmNMpZcj5B2cc2zb9tHqNE0AaK2RUha9ALquq4zvta4r3vvKWwBKKYQQABzH8SsgdwfQtm0NyIvPpr8AZ//tGJ8AIYQiaK0vzXku30UBeO+LeAUQQqCUAmDf9xoAr1uGnzjfq+u6cvbsrQDzPAOvVzcMw8fu4zgCsCwLMcYy9+D0M+U4Y4xVGuf2nXPXgP/U7Ri/AZ4Zc02Q6DpPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">STACKED Wines | Wine In A Glass Of Its Own</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://code.google.com/p/jquery-in-place-editor/" add_date="1348379267" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">jquery-in-place-editor - jQuery In Place Editor - Google Project Hosting</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://code.google.com/p/recordselect/" add_date="1348422467" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">recordselect - Rails plugin to replace &lt;select&gt; boxes with a paginated, searchable list. - Google Project Hosting</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://blog.roberthahn.ca/articles/2007/07/23/three-methods-for-simulating-render_component-in-camping/" add_date="1348422467">Three Methods for simulating render_component in Camping - Robert Hahn</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ryanb/cancan/issues/283" add_date="1348444067" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Only allowing a role to edit lower roles · Issue #283 · ryanb/cancan</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.xssist.com/blog/Benchmark%20using%20iometer%20on%20linux.htm" add_date="1348582699" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Benchmark using iometer on linux</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/legislation_policies/padt_pdda/page2-eng.aspx" add_date="1348604299">Canadian Human Rights Commission :: Home :: Resources :: Legislation</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://hrinsider.ca/homepage/drug-alcohol-testing-the-legal-limits-on-testing-policies" add_date="1348604299" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABBElEQVQ4jcWTsUoDQRCGvzkuEgwpckFMp0kRgiBWlukMpBbyDL5GniCt+gx5AO3yAEkRCzGgIGhlUCNC2OZwUtwRM7KBgyucZtjZn4/Zf2fk5dPpzeyDzTiMinSaESKCoqAwvJvz5eINldI72Se8f1tyMZwZwPnxHp1mlOoEUPq3zzzMl0bXblQIZX0UcykiaTZV0wFAQM7IDQh9xYWLmbx+rxtWwMU/2QGjxwWng3FqgP5SrCHbAVYoJmUDpH9v3oB4IdtNFLVA1CvzdtBtVbnqtQzg7HLK07vLBtgtBBxUigZQCPwm/P8g5Z/Eo1qJa2NYss6qmqyzJu73u/U/6wy18g4rnOVIcCaQVOcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">HRInsider.ca » DRUG &amp; ALCOHOL TESTING – The Legal Limits on Testing Policies</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.abrahamlaw.ca/freelegalinformation/employmentlaw/recruitment/interview" add_date="1348604299">Employment Lawyer Ontario :: Employment Lawyer Toronto :: Wrongful Dismissal :: Wrongfully Dismissed :: Wrongful Dismissal Lawyer :: Virtual Lawyer :: Virtual Lawyer Toronto :: Virtual Lawyer Ontario :: Online Legal Service :: Online Legal Service Toronto</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/drug-tests-job-applicants-if-33051.html" add_date="1348604299" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Drug Tests for Job Applicants: If You're Asked to Take a Drug Test | Nolo.com</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.webmonkey.com/2012/08/no-time-to-read-the-terms-of-service-tosdr-does-the-hard-work-for-you/" add_date="1348704654">No Time to Read the Terms of Service? 'ToS;DR' Does the Hard Work for You | Webmonkey | Wired.com</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.plagiarismtoday.com/2011/05/16/fixing-the-problem-with-terms-of-services/" add_date="1348704654" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Fixing the Problem with Terms of Services</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.readability.com/" add_date="1348704654" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">A Free Web &amp; Mobile App for Reading Comfortably — Readability</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_J._Cannell" add_date="1348704654" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Stephen J. Cannell</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.sharethevisit.com/" add_date="1348750899" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABFklEQVQ4jZ2TPU7DQBCFv7E3jgkcgI4egeAQQRyABikNogocgoKCI4A4AwUHCDdxAfRGKcifY2eHwsY4dmwFv2pmZ97bmaddAZg/9pUW2Ll9E2lL/oUpJv7NKI8XT2dsqqm1RM/n+blTp1wUK8birFPWJmgSqUOtQPRyCToFwD26whxebOyrmijAXgfpGehm+lGCzhKYxFCyvOKBPxxhTgbguYhxEOOA5+L1H/CH1ZUcGwboKknJ2c7meFBt3D8FoHv9iq5ibBhgwyD1QMfv5cmwXwH0fLBLmC3+CmrR8Uee1pqo33OIojRZ2rq2BoGJRTrpXBoX5nO97QQkVsiIUnt/w0vcFv8XKK0gANP7g1Y/cvfuU34AF+hdnz2cH9wAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">ShareTheVisit -- Video and audio calling all of your loved ones into your healthcare visits.</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://oreillynet.com/pub/e/2382?cmp=tw-npa-webcast-wc-connected-company" add_date="1348796054" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Webcast: The Connected Company</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/organizations/" add_date="1348842403" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Firefox Extended Support Release for Your Organization, Business, Enterprise - Overview — mozilla.org</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.bigdighighwayrobbery.com/" add_date="1349097724">"The Big Dig -- America's Greatest Highway Robbery"</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://lists.alioth.debian.org/pipermail/pkg-lvm-maintainers/2012-April/003981.html" add_date="1349099008">Bug#659762: lvm2: LVM commands freeze after snapshot delete fails</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=659762" add_date="1349099191" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABJ0lEQVQ4jcWTsVKDQBCGPxkbTQs0FmGcoUnjyAt4D3FDG94EfBKSFukpOXpGOxoLaGyCrdqJ1WUuFzLGyq1ubv/9d//79y6woiReexTBDoSHEAAjSvmgRuJBUmxNvGMXL3jJJkQG4OMqH1cBfBImLrtNSby2m+6LK8JeIaYG0rl8h6wVYjJJ9hOs+E4A3vGTB3i0CSTFtsPZmNgDdoWYWqLcvG+J8g5Zm/cdsq4I+wMpDaQKMdnFc1I1VhM4AAui4Iu3wQT1PAd24Rz2Uh+uuAng9aijtlW/yzW3wRKGlWnnnIQOWdtuVIS9rd8BGIkH3U0nRkrlIYW2ViGmJXfDB/eZvUwAPEFtT6GnayA9uUCm1lNLdHa0RPmRx/9CMrttfw39uX57wB98n5EuURHvVgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">#659762 - lvm2: LVM commands freeze after snapshot delete fails - Debian Bug report logs</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.teklibre.com/cerowrt/subscribe.html" add_date="1349099297">Please help us fix bufferbloat with CeroWrt</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.kashoo.com/" add_date="1349111940" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Online Accounting Software for Small Business | Kashoo &gt; Free Trial</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12570147/rails-how-to-add-extra-tables-to-test-environment-only" add_date="1349112694" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">testing - rails: how to add extra tables to test environment only - Stack Overflow</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.wired.com/geekdad/2012/06/dragonbox/all/" add_date="1349195821" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABI0lEQVQ4jW2TUZIEIQhDX7Dvf+FZyX6Ats4uVV1FCwQMUQnmH5MG9vzjf1tUgvp3UG5gv7jlR8cGZ01cCfmDPxPISrLRBkr8mSh/rgYBMBVICQKNeDuTuMGgYwIpmYoX4MHsRn4BRdS3CryuVDUAjwKcxsBmwnkzaxjHJG4UBYSzR5FIJtZbpwMUwIJkEk2gM4hFmC3C4yr4NgHhgXeXpBkLIHe7tcrX1grXSLnjrYNbS/Z9Jh0kH2cbwDaSLvGkVWy5/Q1+5z5r/ArULiTACXx66txXqGlWo+CBxAQCrJbprBW5RSUbEryJiF578qwOACYIeXNKepENUfpPqyZaXFhy2rVzwbQYcovlZV4cMVcoJHQ/54AwTnO8teIIUAhScKjyF5RsrxXJRQ2bAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">DragonBox: Algebra Beats Angry Birds | GeekDad | Wired.com</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://anti-pattern.com/2011/8/4/suppressing-notice-messages-with-postgresql-on-rails" add_date="1349201138">Suppressing Notice Messages with PostgreSQL on Rails » Anti-pattern</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://timetraveltoaster.com/rails-i18n-test-helper" add_date="1349203106" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABLklEQVQ4jcWSr0tDURTHP5uXp2+aLIphmARBFgwmES3axOCi+B8YBZPRYRKDScOYgroiiILDH2DWYhVEh4grhiFv0937juHJ3Ra8Lyx40oHP9/sN53yhw0kArK2uSO3ruw343R4bm9uxXAEEtTpDg/3MzWQAuLh54O39w4pdXAEYEzI7nWFsNA2ACOwdXNsAF09GAo2IWIOIYIxuCfibKwCtDaelO0Ii0VnpHq2NNbi4AvC8Ll7KFXZ2z5tH8j27x/H/nQTA8lJWgqDeBlKpHvKFYixXANXqJ8PpAbILUwAUT255Lles2MV/v9BgcX6SifERACQMyW0d2gAXTwI0tEYktAaRkIZu9sDFoyZqQ+Ho0pZl//gK09IDF1cQ/fTx6ZX1XN6a+np9u8fxjuYHH1vWt/jQ6tEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Rails i18n test helper - Time Travel Toaster</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/leonardo/blog/2012/10/02/open-z3.html" add_date="1349299400" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABl0lEQVQ4jaWSTWuTQRRGz52575uYhaYF0VZbk0ChyaJWCvpv3Opv0607QfzYuBKtgktTsjAUTFuSkmTembku0uzaEtoDsxlmnjk8d2QWs3ELdB4zN00QQEPO3NTBCWiVbhkQopGXO3aRJAIYZgvNqwMEnVUzYjKcczjnEBGqEBYHvOPSgkTADO8EPRmN+PLxA831dbzzpJSYjMc86XTY6faIMSIimNnCRoSFHzgztKiVPG61ePf2Dd29p+wdHPCoKCkKZTT6hxMhhEC9XieEQIwVXz9/4tnzF2xsbKLJMjFGBkd9ZvMZv75/Q7XgbrPJ8fAvm1vbjM9OqULAeWW73WLQ7/P75yEvX73GhSqQyfT293HeE1Pk/sMHDI7+YJapqsDxcEi2zE6vy3Q6ZavdprO7y+R8grz/cWjzqsKJEGMkzOcAlLUaKUUAUkyUtZKiLDkdnXCn0UDVU5Ylmi0vRgZ4VRpFwbJ6LXRZO4aRUuLe2hpm+WLqhpoZy7UKSysAcw630q1rcKu+fBlmhpaqiFz3Ya+m8J7/gTTD19UuBM8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Releasing the Z3 source code</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.shopthaneeya.com/whimsical-samsung-galaxy-cases.html" add_date="1349307495" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Whimsical Samsung Galaxy Cases: Cute Colorful Cases for the Galaxy S3</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.arkko.com/publications/geant_oct2012_extreme.pdf" add_date="1349360901">www.arkko.com/publications/geant_oct2012_extreme.pdf</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://syncwith.us/sd/" add_date="1349375583" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAZUlEQVQ4jcWTyQqAMAwFR/G/S7+8nsSsxAji3LrMa9MFfmGymCyA/ZUsOLqCJQ4oJIkvIZMHW9TWO4jkS0yC71Q5YST9wbgvoZINuoRiu24BMAfTlH1AU9YBT6/vGxovz9L/TIYT+V4dnTZuEE8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=">SD (Simple Defects)</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.oclc.org/ca/en/default.htm" add_date="1349458223" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Home [OCLC]</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/corecode/mchck/wiki" add_date="1349641519" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABJElEQVQ4jY3TsUtCURQG8J82OQmBkyAIQdDaFLT2B7SFIAhOTa2t/ROtTUEQCK6tQhAEgtDWkrQJETiEUbwGj3K156sPLu9yz/d9555z7ivZjAZqsZ9gXMBdQQtDZHiPlcVZq0hYwS2mOMNuEtuJs2lwKnkGPQxwHIJ1NHAUnF7etV9RxVVceYBHjOKb4SI4L+vlDNGN/XWQ89Z1cLqhAXXMoq4avgoMMuwFd4Z6GU3zEX2E2VZegxJsB3eMZnkt+IzPPwx+vYe0BGgXlHEZnGUJC5MROkFoR+A8Ed7gMEnaCc0SLfPRVHGHPh4Sg/uEmztGIRpE9gPzx7IwWGSrB6e/EKVNPMEbnrCP7yRWwWnEJsHdiHZkXG/gKGIrKBUY/et3/gEC8mC+qn6ukwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">Home · corecode/mchck Wiki</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.sexapalooza.ca/2012ottawaschedules_files/Ottawa-Web-SeminarSched.pdf" add_date="1349736058">www.sexapalooza.ca/2012ottawaschedules_files/Ottawa-Web-SeminarSched.pdf</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.sexapalooza.ca/2012ottawa_files/OttawaShowGuide-Final-LowRes.pdf" add_date="1349757659">www.sexapalooza.ca/2012ottawa_files/OttawaShowGuide-Final-LowRes.pdf</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://trac.tools.ietf.org/tools/ietfdb/wiki/SprintDatabase" add_date="1349757659" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAArElEQVQ4jaWT3Q3CMAyEP0fMQmdgAFiCB6/mPLAEGYAZYJnjIaQPVdOi5qQof76Lc7JNkhhAGiEDpJzzmABAzhk+tzqOCPjlgU2lnuyILDM2va+yqRARNDEAzs9NsrtXAUCNPF+uiKx55e6kJRkgv+518ftOz2gzwyKiWwdzJh3YVDh1ye6Ab2YAZb2QmkG9fYMk0r/B3biIkCS1eQ/LuNnE3st7SCNkABtt5y8hH4Ej9LsNuQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">SprintDatabase – ietfdb</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.masonbook.com/book/" add_date="1349757659">The Mason Book</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://flowingdata.com/2010/10/18/true-size-of-africa/" add_date="1349757659" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">True size of Africa</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.puzzles.com/hexaflexagon/aroundtheworld.html" add_date="1349790498">www.puzzles.com/hexaflexagon/aroundtheworld.html</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.puzzles.com/hexaflexagon/" add_date="1349791014">www.puzzles.com/hexaflexagon/</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://forum.xda-developers.com/forumdisplay.php?f=1578" add_date="1349898459">Asus Transformer TF300T - xda-developers</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://sourceforge.net/apps/trac/flexibleipfip/" add_date="1350068895" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAB+0lEQVQ4jZWTP2haYRTFf0/8gzZNQyG0WEv7EMrrJk6abGYJBAoh2TI5tlP2mCnJphlCSwIOmexQxUFi6fKaDC4S8LWQajM8hyaYfxbEQlED3g7F17zaNumZLvee73znu4cPrsFhOi3Xcf6JQjgsXwqFm4k0dH2I2NB1aRqVmwnsRCLSNk0buRSPy7tYTP4kPoR6LiuleFwuymUBMDMZyamq5FRVdiIRATgqFm2OnFcFqskU34+PadVqACgetzXrtVoAfDUMvI2G1XcMirZpSq/VwuFy0Tk746hYlHuRKA6Ph/7lJT6/H4DbqorT57ML1HNZ6fd6PJietgafUiluBQLK47k5nCMjPHnxnLZpyseVFYxEgnouK9YTTnSdE11ncnNLOUglpZ55jdPrBSC8tqa0TVNGg0Hlw+qq9LtdABrFt792MLm5pTSNipQ6XbmjPeVZpaIMnFyUy9I5PwfAPTpqOXw0Pw/b2/YE3gQCktc0K7LDdFrymiZ5TZODVFIAKktLVm1LQbo9HC4X/W6X6vo6AKe7uwwsf375ivezszI+McHDmRnLoZVCcGFBGY9GAbgbCgHwrV7nKpr7+xjLy7aewm9o6Lr4p6aUUjwup3t7P2/xeHCPjeH0+bgfixFKJIbODSGvaZJTVSkvLkqrVvv/H1nd2LAt62/4AS9E63xay3+WAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">FIP - Flexible IP</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.newae.com/tiki-index.php?page=Articles" add_date="1350068895" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAACsElEQVQ4jYWTX2iVdRjHP8/v93vf143t+DpPLp0ejxhb0J9zjJngQbcuQoZyGBLLCy/EFAy6GF7EsLLDQqGLSghCcMa56aYoxiIva5BHIp2ISJSkG0MI3dp0s+b79r6/Xxdzi45YX3guHvg+Hx6eP+KcE+rUdPjjD21q+12aYpOkEn325mC9Z0lSD8i8MVTGuWGbprgkwSZ/4ZJkNFqID7gv35qsB6i6PNOyKlNVfoD2fJTnoTwf8bxur8G/YvadKP8foFrIrQm156N8H7UEMR7amFArM2z63vtKXh7IPAJ4cvBcGegV46F8n4GeIvk1Ie/3lSjkW1HaIMZw4KUtvZ2FTROy++0ygAH44NvxXFfH2irAc20tiAiiNPOJ4/kNWcKmBgr5Vpo9RdjUgEVCMQyv7DpyygB05Jqr29tbQoB9xfXc62jlmdZmajfvgAg729sY6ClyYuRH9m/vIBN4XLlxC1Gq32w8ffm4wnU7Z5l4fSuV0XEuTEzxxatbEKURhIGeIie/GePk1xfZ0b4OBIxN0WmCUtFCRQcB2gsW96o1ojWIIEpAYHLmPnsKeUQtjkxEaJybhTStqPjqRZQfoDyPH367z7s78+x66omlMwGEYyNjhI0Bx/Z0gsA7r+xg9rtPRn+vnR2UbOnQR6Yt19/YtQvnB7yYDaiNT5FGETaOSKOINH6wnHNvhuDWzbuppThbG5oU55xkSwfLEjRWg8LWUG9+erFwuTjCPoTYhT/xf/0JiR/0Ttc+HfnXKbd09mVUQ6aq123sNYVtWNw/XTwMc+Nn1Pzs8PT3Q3sf+wvZ0sEy/oqqfvaF0IarsXFMGkcwfRsz8ctduzCXn7n0+dxjAQCrSodyWqjSlu+2azdg/5jHXL8GSbzc+n8ClrS69NpxpVQFAMepqfNnjtZ7/gYj3RMQQjVLhAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">Articles | NewAE - Electronics, Programming, RF, and More!</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://about.travis-ci.org/docs/user/getting-started/" add_date="1350234643" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Travis CI: Getting started</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.churchillnews.ca/" add_date="1350507423" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Churchill News</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://dropsafe.crypticide.com/article/8903" add_date="1350591404" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAANElEQVQ4jWOsqqr6z8HBwcDBwcHAzs7OQCqb5efPnwyUAJYfP34MsAGjXhj1AlUMGPpeAAD/tC+rFwPKGAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">This is what happens when you elide ‘cyber’ from Military / Government vocabulary /ht @andrewsmhay – dropsafe</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://labs.ericsson.com/blog/bowser-the-world-s-first-webrtc-enabled-mobile-browser" add_date="1350650125" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Bowser – The World’s First WebRTC-Enabled Mobile Browser | Ericsson Labs</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.tor.com/blogs/2012/10/most-citizens-of-the-star-wars-galaxy-are-probably-totally-illiterate?" add_date="1350668317" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Most Citizens of the Star Wars Galaxy are Probably Totally Illiterate | Tor.com</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.teamforrest.com/blog/156/integrating-fax-for-asterisk/" add_date="1350670131" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABQElEQVQ4jaWTP4rCUBDGfwmm8A+4aqGkUBTFzsL1BlpsZWMhCDYew2t4ge09g5cQG4s9QDoRFElivi00iVmXZYkfDMybmffN8L038CIMAElKS5AJHa1W4DhgGHFWgsGAz8uFr90O456TxHw+p9vthnWSKhXpdiVpk4nePz4EJGy9XkuSzKhbvw+2HU+QyUC9Dp0Ob/l8VFatVmk0GpTL5cdJpcB1Fez3kmXdOrfb0vkseZ6Gw2HUebPZyHVd+b4vSYo0wLIgl4tZTROy2SfRisUilmXFZYms7ycFDIIngsViwWg0wnGc5Cv8F9vtFoDT6ZSOYDqd0mw2KZVK6QiWyyW9Xi86m3/U/orD4QDcPlMqgp9IEgQBeF7YKgofj8fI98L8HbEGEhQKaDaD6xVqtSg+Ho9ptVoA2LbN4+69vI3fcU2YPrKtjToAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Integrating Fax for Asterisk | TEAM FORREST Blog</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.atlassian.com/software/stash/overview/enterprise-git-repository-management" add_date="1350676649" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Enterprise Focus - Git Repository Management built for Enterprise | Atlassian Stash</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1669827" add_date="1350918529" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAA2klEQVQ4ja2TPQoCMRCFv/wUu9exFMRGsLPwBpbaegk7wcLGYm9gYSfYiGApVl5lt9gYizVLiKvGxVcEZibvTeaREbfryZ4OOwRQHRGwYIHeYIQ+7resFkuSNJL8RJHD3ZRoqTRJCkmqflPAIJVGithnN0AIkO3pFaIEzhPztqYBLjMAQzdTNaGbqRdiGG+cQGddibgLjuwLunwopl0iJMWOIsPip3ldI7+J5wFfPWhqUHvgfyQnFI7jx0VumM7/8Q+sbU+2FvTdlBQ5wGfzQtTL1B+OkUq3XucH8Cxb3zsCXUYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">[Official][4.0.4][Nightly] CyanogenMod 9 - xda-developers</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/a-simple-fix-for-food/?smid=go-share" add_date="1350920138" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABMElEQVQ4jaVSQY3DMBCcnu7fMIgZxAwcBjaEMMgySBm0DBIGNYMWggOhCLIM5l614ubSO6kjWZa9s+Pd8R5IEh/g65PkXwVUFSICYwystei6Dvf7HQAgIhCRMoEv6PueAN6uNb5fK0gpwXsPay1UFTFGPB6PHHfOFfzDq4nTNMEYk/e2bZFSQowRXdchhICqqvYFVBVt2+bzPM8YhgEAcDqd/jZRRDDPMy6XS/HSs4oN1oYsy0IAbJqGJOmcIwB67wmAdV1zWZZ9E1NKuew1rLWw1kJEiqo2LayDMUaoKpxzCCEULe62QJJ1Xef/Pp/P+X4YBjZNQ+99wd8IXK/XYmi89+z7Pgvfbrf3AiQ5jiOPx+NmAsdx3HA3c/CEqmKaJqgqqqpCCAHGmA1vV+C/+AFuHUCAf6IufQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">A Simple Fix for Farming - NYTimes.com</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://hackaday.com/2012/10/22/add-an-arduino-to-a-google-hangout/#more-88599" add_date="1350928743" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Add an Arduino to a Google+ Hangout - Hack a Day</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/the-ipv6-addressable-light-bulb-goes-on-sale" add_date="1350931106" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAfUlEQVQ4jcWRQQoCQQwEq+P4M0FfIvucxeeK0+1BBa8TBOvenUoC/0bb7ZJkArUeDoxkUjLO+nQjlOlQWk+/GZRIAlovEUZJGvJfJdt+TgTghgGUaranW4Wce8SxW/G6gQlF7xNlP1DW9/+g636KKpCxHpao4gDu6bsv/kOeA6g2sIXVoxYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">The IPv6-Addressable Light Bulb Goes on Sale : Greentech Media</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.greenwavereality.com/solutions/led-lighting/" add_date="1350931227" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">GreenWave Reality » Connected Lighting Solution</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Ringbearer" add_date="1350931450" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">The Last Ringbearer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://trac.tools.ietf.org/tools/ietfdb/wiki/AuthenticationAuthorization" add_date="1350961725" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAArElEQVQ4jaWT3Q3CMAyEP0fMQmdgAFiCB6/mPLAEGYAZYJnjIaQPVdOi5qQof76Lc7JNkhhAGiEDpJzzmABAzhk+tzqOCPjlgU2lnuyILDM2va+yqRARNDEAzs9NsrtXAUCNPF+uiKx55e6kJRkgv+518ftOz2gzwyKiWwdzJh3YVDh1ye6Ab2YAZb2QmkG9fYMk0r/B3biIkCS1eQ/LuNnE3st7SCNkABtt5y8hH4Ej9LsNuQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">AuthenticationAuthorization – ietfdb</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.octranspo1.com/images/files/routes/o_train/3_year_rail_plan.pdf" add_date="1350991901" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">www.octranspo1.com/images/files/routes/o_train/3_year_rail_plan.pdf</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.kneesaver.net/ecommerce/stainless-steel.html" add_date="1351012882" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Stainless Steel Pedal Extenders</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.bike2body.ca/about.html" add_date="1351013640">Bike2Body About</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.atlassian.com/software/stash/overview/migrating-to-git" add_date="1351013791" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Migrating to Git | Atlassian Stash</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/opinion/55019844-82/endorsement-romney-obama-president.html.csp" add_date="1351015199">Tribune endorsement: Too Many Mitts | The Salt Lake Tribune</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=28331" add_date="1351017758" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABOUlEQVQ4jaWTvUvDABDFX8UhGYR0DLhktFMN9E9wEad2y+jq6OhYnJw7FJpBcJJ2kdgtClUcKqki2AxKCg6JICQikpZmeC4SjDGJ2jced4/ffZVIEgtoaZFiAFgGgNObAOePNgABzS0VovhHg8qqgOd3CfVqBa3LEWxvBlUWsLOhFjvwU50zh3wjzbFPkrSckFrbIOfMVWzg+iG7QzdREM5JTTd+Z0CSeyf3qQTHDbl7bGYaJLZQryq4evASLSqyCAgSvGCaPwOS7AzSBCTp+2SzbxUTBBAxjYDedZKiXAYmL69AVEBgjHx2hy7X949+nIXWNmg5YSKO74nbhyatpzCzHePO4cHAibdVIjN+IQIwA7CSjPVuJ+jbATbXZDRqMlIERdJ0Iz62fIIc6RdjSIKIRk3Bvwy+6gMRduTYcdqk1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">MySQL Bugs: #28331: Unclear error message when CREATE USER fails due to duplicate key</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.modmypi.com/shop/" add_date="1351084533" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">ModMyPi Case | Cases for yo' Raspberry Pi | Shop</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://ontario.nedco.ca//home.action" add_date="1351273626" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAA50lEQVQ4jcWSoW4CURBFD6ugpikGsdhKUoWoQhEEgpUYEir4AQwGWSStWwty5cMQHOEPIJjaGpIVUAmKi4CWlH0kG1Zw5J2Z+zL3Ddyb1KUwCKTVBubfZy29hXQGqq/geanIDADGSOOpZIxkq/d86bkmfQ7t9dgUalKjk9DELUvdj4QmuEcDeyAxyFekZgWcWw0e9zBbJDAIHSi93DhsjPSbwX8xJg/F8y/8hWgC6Qd4Arx69NpaHSmXg+EMmiV4bx97Io19X3KysF5BGMIOmH/BcgS4MOjDm+WBq0xOq/V8yQRJj8fCAWJeX6qrvmCSAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">https://ontario.nedco.ca//home.action</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.datcominc.com/picture_library/upload/Hubbell/IT%20Delivery%20Systems%20Brochure_H2762%20v2%20(3).pdf" add_date="1351272901" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">www.datcominc.com/picture_library/upload/Hubbell/IT Delivery Systems Brochure_H2762 v2 (3).pdf</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.nxp.com/campaigns/connected-mobility/applications" add_date="1351275641" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAKUlEQVQ4jWP8uZXhPwMUNP25zUAI+CmqovCZCOogAEYNGDVg1IDBYgAAw6UFulG9YukAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Car-to-car communications</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.nxp.com/campaigns/connected-mobility/technologies#IEEE802" add_date="1351275800" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAKUlEQVQ4jWP8uZXhPwMUNP25zUAI+CmqovCZCOogAEYNGDVg1IDBYgAAw6UFulG9YukAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Authentication - connected-car security built in</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.utbox.net/fax/news/windows-7-fax-printer-driver" add_date="1351276040" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABE0lEQVQ4je2TsUrDUBSGv0pai4beQmvBkkorEdJRwSCCLoqj+hD6Cm6C4FDwLfoMgm46FKwIHTpkijQgwUKHkNTrUA3oUBQKt0PN6tkOh/Odn//npI4aT18kqLkky/+ABIBCNvg7YLfcomFfcFi9QX4uqgGFbDBxZTXn/fYr+isl4VFe6KOn39FUgJN6k82lDmePl0Qfgqutc9zQ5Nbf47h6TTwS7Bv3yFhXK8inI6UqXxq4oQmAG5o4gTWbB71hjfbARpuPcMI6rf727CbmMm8A6JoEUHvwU6dWc+pso9hlZ/lBraA9sAFYyz9PpAHgBBbxSFASHgeVO1LT3nm92AXgRVYQmbGpvWENGMdq6D6+NPgGamtRf6jobZoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Windows 7 Fax Printer Driver | UTBox</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.kicad-pcb.org/display/KICAD/KiCad+EDA+Software+Suite" add_date="1351277902" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAACOElEQVQ4jY2RzUuUURTGf/e8M81Uo/iZTRmUIViNShRBYKvAsFUQbZLClAbbVH9AUIsIISgIFzmaZEUEIUJGLrKPVSQE4TRDZAgtlBCz1DQ/3vfe2+LV1JykZ3l4nh/POccBIHZmG5tjUUaCk/DVsJa2xAvYum8n37K+wxcjAMyHorDhObH919l9+sA/wxV1hyi0lwmpHkpKSwAUAIUnIkTzRhEVxpghJudLiQRqcZwbAHhuPTOBXiJqEFH5WDNOP5sg4foNRh9PYc0jAESKiYSaSE08RKlhjB0gHXhCRN1CVD4AWnVAwl1qAFBRW4za+AElORhjsfoc49PduNqlMK8eRzUBYMwIY7N7GL43thIAUB4/hpJOBAGrmdd1BGw2OM2IKLAuhhqSLS8WIysBABUNF8C56QeWyWDQuoF0693lY2cVYOR9H0V7XZQcXgobi9bnSbe1/m2XVQCAZNs1PO/KsskcTrA3kzUDoCZEZbwLdDtWN/suCSP6fia/gngQEi67TsVYt/4IUI2SaoxNMWWriPAUkaqFVbrR5iXObA/JB598QPnZBI6KgRzEmlEsBf4Bjcsv2YHj5hIM9vufMRqjxsHmoXjNT9soiBxF08fMdAljP8r+dLO8YuD2MB/vpFD23UJhQ9JGmbJlaBkkW7oCGPMMR+UyPTuBG54DcwmtBLy3Syecu0owVIlYz4fbCZTNwVNvFNvrwmSFj4M9ieUzqZaLGT+zqFhjK2KK0F4H6fbONb3/o9+N3NZC1TG6zAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">KiCad EDA Software Suite - Kicad EDA - KiCad EDA</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.merchantequip.com/merchant-account-blog/1027/a-comparison-of-3-alternative-payment-methods" add_date="1351523404" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAA1UlEQVQ4jWNgGPKAkYGBgeHq1ats/Pz8vKRqPnbs2AcWBgYGhqsLOvfJvL9mTaoBHBqu81kYGBgYeN7f01HkJlU7A8N3bu6vTM+ePRPh//+dn3TtDAxMItJ3mZ48eaIoxcVEsub/DAwMLEJSd5l+vn2hwsH0n2QDPv5mZBCSkLnHcu3OfaWJx7+QbMCPP///zaoRvM9y+8Ej5fMvf5BsgIiI8AspKalvLK487+WLA0RINuAir/Zdj7NnGRivXbxo9PbpXR1SDRCVVb2goat7iWSbBx8AAI2BQvsGDJ5CAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">A Comparison of 3 Alternative Payment Methods – The Merchant Account Blog</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)#Market_introduction" add_date="1351526643" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAB5klEQVQ4ja2Tv2saYRjHP0lBSqCYhECzNNNZhCJ2CMVB9I6TRIKQk6RdbhMzpOAeOpz5E/w/inJTMvSOZnApoZhrKKTlhdMhNFSveg7SwWCHkLexdSnpA+/wPjzfz/PrfefG1+MJ97D5+4j/D8B1XUzTpLBVwHVdAOpv6xS2CliWhRACAMuyME0TIQRCCCqVCqZpMq/rOolnCdqdtqTuvNwBoFFvABB0AxYeLqCpGoqisBRdAkBTtZsWdl/tEg5CbNsm6AYAGEWDcBDitTx83+fy2yXlvfJU+eW98g1AURQyaga7YeP7PgCqppJMJqkeVnEcBzWjSuHZpzN5l0MslUoAOI7DLdQoGoivgvPP57KtoBtw+uGUxeXFaYCu6ySTSZrNphycqqmkUinCfiiz98M+o58jdF2fBgCk02mcdw5ey5vqtd1pyw2dvD9h7cna7zXeDTx4c4DyVKFhNwi6AV7LI/E8wcryCrZtA9Dr9igaRal5YFWtw7uQYTik9bHF1fcrVh+vsm1sMxgOOD46JhKJMBqN2MhvzK4AIBaL0fvRk29AURSy2SwAtVqNXC43LRhfjyd/nvxmfpLfzE8uvlxI3/7r/Uk8Hv8rdm7Wb3Rdl+ijKOsv1qVPCEGn05HTv7WZgH+xX3yx7irlByjQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">Thunderbolt (interface) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://pjmedia.com/weathernerd/2012/10/29/hurricane-sandy-rapidly-intensifies-as-it-nears-south-jersey-landfall-severe-flooding-already-underway/?singlepage=true" add_date="1351541668" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Weather Nerd » Hurricane Sandy Rapidly Intensifies As It Nears South Jersey Landfall; Severe Flooding Already Underway</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://mathewpatience.com/vicinity" add_date="1351202953">vicinty</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.dnssec-tools.org/wiki/index.php/Tutorials" add_date="1351221678">Tutorials - DNSSEC-Tools</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://pandodaily.com/2012/10/24/travis-shrugged/" add_date="1351563180">Travis Shrugged: The creepy, dangerous ideology behind Silicon Valley’s Cult of Disruption | PandoDaily</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.bike2body.ca/ftp/MichaelRichardsonMediabook/PerformanceAnalysis.html" add_date="1351595503">Dartfish - Performance Analysis</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/com200/2012/s121029a.htm" add_date="1351603708" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Speech by Jean-Pierre Blais, October 29, 2012, Ottawa, Ontario</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/10/30/nyregion/hurricane-sandys-aftermath.html" add_date="1351606013" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABMElEQVQ4jaVSQY3DMBCcnu7fMIgZxAwcBjaEMMgySBm0DBIGNYMWggOhCLIM5l614ubSO6kjWZa9s+Pd8R5IEh/g65PkXwVUFSICYwystei6Dvf7HQAgIhCRMoEv6PueAN6uNb5fK0gpwXsPay1UFTFGPB6PHHfOFfzDq4nTNMEYk/e2bZFSQowRXdchhICqqvYFVBVt2+bzPM8YhgEAcDqd/jZRRDDPMy6XS/HSs4oN1oYsy0IAbJqGJOmcIwB67wmAdV1zWZZ9E1NKuew1rLWw1kJEiqo2LayDMUaoKpxzCCEULe62QJJ1Xef/Pp/P+X4YBjZNQ+99wd8IXK/XYmi89+z7Pgvfbrf3AiQ5jiOPx+NmAsdx3HA3c/CEqmKaJqgqqqpCCAHGmA1vV+C/+AFuHUCAf6IufQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">Assessing Damage From Hurricane Sandy - Graphic - NYTimes.com</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.hackfest.ca/en/speakers" add_date="1351606823">Hackfest.ca | Speakers</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57542351-93/eff-tv-networks-use-craven-tactics-against-streaming-service/" add_date="1351611477" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">EFF: TV networks use 'craven' tactics against streaming service | Internet &amp; Media - CNET News</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" add_date="1351612225" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Windows Communication Foundation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/categories/soap" add_date="1351612290" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAABJUlEQVQ4jb2TXU7EMAyEv0E5xKIKsTdbjtKjwI04wL4g1FN0m+HBzg8Vz0Sq5MT21DOTCOBrWW5P8M5pvWybAL6XxedchbfXbft4ArC9VkMFjkhS7bmYaseXe9srQLlflluFqzC2EGAMqAMcGCSwiZRBXO+X5Vaq6mrmxlwa8WFQzyYIYNX1TO3/lz4vz545q1HPIxME7TzIvLKm7L05iMkaXANhxMm/6Smg7FmsXldHY7NSADVhWg6QKQ8MVqisEP+3G8PQ9lf3aaE8+oiGqplNxBXceBssI7uLVfYcU0qn50ubI8VUQ4MGBqY8OkVzdsPE/Y64BoQbr0AqR6cQicHvLzdIGU1jUXZXNJk/Zpja+8M6PUpDqeLUrOG6nVppip2qxgg/pfG7zElBD9kAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">The Ruby Toolbox - SOAP Clients</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/Commuter+rail+city+priority+councillors/7317300/story.html" add_date="1351777615" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Commuter rail not a city priority, say councillors</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/roll/trac/ticket/107" add_date="1351780532" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAArElEQVQ4jaWT3Q3CMAyEP0fMQmdgAFiCB6/mPLAEGYAZYJnjIaQPVdOi5qQof76Lc7JNkhhAGiEDpJzzmABAzhk+tzqOCPjlgU2lnuyILDM2va+yqRARNDEAzs9NsrtXAUCNPF+uiKx55e6kJRkgv+518ftOz2gzwyKiWwdzJh3YVDh1ye6Ab2YAZb2QmkG9fYMk0r/B3biIkCS1eQ/LuNnE3st7SCNkABtt5y8hH4Ej9LsNuQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">#107 (trickle-mcast: should multiple parameter sets be supported) – roll</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://excess.org/article/2012/11/python-container-literals/" add_date="1351797369" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAA+0lEQVQ4jaWTwaqDMBBFb+JTREVUWjR2Yf3/3/A7hGwMEQUXWWRh4lu1VGravte7m8lwuJeZkK7rNnyhH9cDpRSUUgCAtRbW2s8AhBKwiqEsS4RhCADQWkNKCSEEtm17Dbg2V9R1vetFUYS2beH7Pjjne6ePRRzHqKrKlQqMsburQ0Ce5/fcR/I8D2mauiMIISCldAIAwBjjBhhjngbeye33Q+0cFEWBIAj+D8iyDIyxPwF2EcZxdF7c48wwDFjX9dmBUgqcczRNc7jOaZrQ9z2MMRjEgEt9ATn6TEmS4Hw6I4ojEEKgtcY8z1iW5f0p35wopV5GuenrNf4CReteBewQjMIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Python Container Literals - excess.org</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html" add_date="1351797831" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">P of EAA: Single Table Inheritance</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://dvice.com/archives/2012/10/ethiopian-kids.php" add_date="1352817180" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Ethiopian kids hack OLPCs in 5 months with zero instruction | DVICE</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.pch.net/technology/operations.php#3" add_date="1352817180">Packet Clearing House (PCH) - Operations INOC DBA</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardest_Logic_Puzzle_Ever" add_date="1352817180" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAB5klEQVQ4ja2Tv2saYRjHP0lBSqCYhECzNNNZhCJ2CMVB9I6TRIKQk6RdbhMzpOAeOpz5E/w/inJTMvSOZnApoZhrKKTlhdMhNFSveg7SwWCHkLexdSnpA+/wPjzfz/PrfefG1+MJ97D5+4j/D8B1XUzTpLBVwHVdAOpv6xS2CliWhRACAMuyME0TIQRCCCqVCqZpMq/rOolnCdqdtqTuvNwBoFFvABB0AxYeLqCpGoqisBRdAkBTtZsWdl/tEg5CbNsm6AYAGEWDcBDitTx83+fy2yXlvfJU+eW98g1AURQyaga7YeP7PgCqppJMJqkeVnEcBzWjSuHZpzN5l0MslUoAOI7DLdQoGoivgvPP57KtoBtw+uGUxeXFaYCu6ySTSZrNphycqqmkUinCfiiz98M+o58jdF2fBgCk02mcdw5ey5vqtd1pyw2dvD9h7cna7zXeDTx4c4DyVKFhNwi6AV7LI/E8wcryCrZtA9Dr9igaRal5YFWtw7uQYTik9bHF1fcrVh+vsm1sMxgOOD46JhKJMBqN2MhvzK4AIBaL0fvRk29AURSy2SwAtVqNXC43LRhfjyd/nvxmfpLfzE8uvlxI3/7r/Uk8Hv8rdm7Wb3Rdl+ijKOsv1qVPCEGn05HTv7WZgH+xX3yx7irlByjQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">The Hardest Logic Puzzle Ever - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://opensourceecology.org/" add_date="1352821236" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Open Source Ecology</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://people.adams.edu/~cdmiller/posts/Ubuntu-Lucid-server-disable-plymouth/" add_date="1352824863">Disable Plymouth on Ubuntu Lucid server</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://support.google.com/websearch/bin/answer.py?hl=en&amp;answer=139249&amp;expand=%22canvas%22" add_date="1352918910" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Tasks gadget - Web Search Help</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.pythondiary.com/tutorials/django-and-ajax-jquery.html" add_date="1352930544">Python Diary | Django and AJAX: jQuery</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.pythondiary.com/tutorials/tag/ajax.html" add_date="1352930566">AJAX/Python Tutorials</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/blog/2012/11/ciscos-6lab-provides-worldwide-ipv6-statistics-with-interactive-map-daily-updates/" add_date="1352989611" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Cisco’s 6Lab Provides Worldwide IPv6 Statistics With Interactive Map, Daily Updates | Deploy360 Programme</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://ideas.time.com/2012/11/15/how-to-make-blackouts-history/?xid=rss-topstories&amp;utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+time%2Ftopstories+%28TIME%3A+Top+Stories%29&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_source=pulsenews" add_date="1353005389" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAApklEQVQ4jWN8K6Pyn4ECwESJZgYGBgYWGEPo8W2SNL6TVUU1gIGBgeFTUATDv+cv4HyB4wcYGBgYGD5YOsDFmCQlGPjWrcB0wd/HTxj+Pn7C8P/FSwzb/j15Cmf///OH4e/jJ3A+I75AhHkL5lxsgOJAHDWAmikRGTBKiDMwsiCkmGSkGf7/+YM1jWBNB/zH9jMwy8qgiP19/ITho5UjcQaQAigOAwA6KTToK4l9KgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==">How to End Blackouts Forever | TIME.com</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://platinumdogs.me/2010/08/20/migrating-virtual-machines-from-microsoft-hyper-v-vhd-to-vmware/" add_date="1353093480" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Migrating Virtual Machines from Microsoft Hyper-V (VHD) to VMWare | More Soma Please...</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.theandroidsoul.com/cm9-htc-g2-and-desire-z-unofficial/" add_date="1353180344" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Install CM9 on HTC G2 and Desire Z [Unofficial]</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1492461" add_date="1353180401" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAA2klEQVQ4ja2TPQoCMRCFv/wUu9exFMRGsLPwBpbaegk7wcLGYm9gYSfYiGApVl5lt9gYizVLiKvGxVcEZibvTeaREbfryZ4OOwRQHRGwYIHeYIQ+7resFkuSNJL8RJHD3ZRoqTRJCkmqflPAIJVGithnN0AIkO3pFaIEzhPztqYBLjMAQzdTNaGbqRdiGG+cQGddibgLjuwLunwopl0iJMWOIsPip3ldI7+J5wFfPWhqUHvgfyQnFI7jx0VumM7/8Q+sbU+2FvTdlBQ5wGfzQtTL1B+OkUq3XucH8Cxb3zsCXUYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=">[ROM][04-10-12][ICS|CM9] CyanogenMod 9.1.0 - 3.x Kernel - Final [Unofficial] - xda-developers</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://amnesiak.org/NDprotector/" add_date="1353181736" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">NDprotector: an implementation of CGA &amp; SEND for GNU/Linux based on Scapy6</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://code.google.com/p/ipv6-send-cga/" add_date="1353181746" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">ipv6-send-cga - an implementation of SEND protocol in LINUX kernel - Google Project Hosting</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://dnssec-deployment.org/index.php/2012/02/are-you-secure/" add_date="1353187674" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Are You Secure? « DNSSEC Deployment Initiative</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://new.livestream.com/accounts/398160/events/1594566/player_pop_up" add_date="1353189507" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">new.livestream.com/accounts/398160/events/1594566/player_pop_up</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://new.livestream.com/accounts/398160/events/1594566" add_date="1353189622" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">The Spice Kittens on Livestream</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.dnssec-tools.org/wiki/index.php/Authoritative_Zone_Administrator" add_date="1353255927">Authoritative Zone Administrator - DNSSEC-Tools</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.sixxs.net/faq/dns/?faq=dnssec" add_date="1353278605" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">SixXS - IPv6 Deployment &amp; Tunnel Broker :: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.bookfinder.com/" add_date="1353292667" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">BookFinder.com: Search for New &amp; Used Books, Textbooks, Out-of-Print and Rare Books</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://balzerg.blogspot.co.il/2012/09/django-app-reset-with-south.html" add_date="1353438204" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAA3klEQVQ4jWNkgIJ/aUz/GUgATLP+MTIwMDAwkqMZ2RBGcjXDAAuGSEQPA4NFAgMDhwBC7MIGBoYlKQwMXz5gugJDs0MBqmYGBgYGgwAGhow1WF2AaoBFAoK9IAGCf0BtVXFgYJAxIOAFmM1rChgYTixBiCcsQLiEgYGB4ckFuBRqIM74g9WZGCADYS8THmVEAcxYYGCAeGHPFFQxlxwGhpAJBAz48QESDiETMKMMpvkHqjiqAScWQKKRgQERcOjgBKo4qgErSiA0ekKC2XxiAUINFFCclCnPTDAOudkZAEkvQ+XgMBz1AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">me.writelines(): Django app reset (with south)</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.djangopro.com/2011/01/django-database-migration-tool-south-explained/" add_date="1353438221">Django database migration tool: south, explained | DjangoPro</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2012/11/rsc_copyright_reform_memo_derek_khanna_tries_to_get_republican_study_committee.html" add_date="1353516057" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAoklEQVQ4jdWTQRICIQwEO5YP42eT/Ix9GR6AVZestaUn5wg1nUkC5tD4QXcAte8YYdYBR23bRq0V3MeJg4OkPMFRtdRh6sYJCFbIAoiI3SwJBBH97nKCmToISimpccoc2nGIYSPFK83XBGHGLaOqaQxwQhzcR3vvSgHQq6mpr3jfxqoUkFU6U74Fd8L9WflDggUgiYDe/oWHZP7jXzgd4v8AHvzGQ506vbWyAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">RSC copyright reform memo: Derek Khanna tries to get Republican Study Committee to rethink intellectual property. - Slate Magazine</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/455580/json-datetime-between-python-and-javascript" add_date="1353522842" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">JSON datetime between Python and JavaScript - Stack Overflow</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/opening-standards" add_date="1353532704" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAP0lEQVQ4jWNkYWL5z0ABYCJG0Y8/PygzgGIXEDQA5kRcNAxgEx8kXhg1gDLASEpe+PHnBwMHCwd1XUBfL2ADAGf+Gq06wSVNAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">Opening Standards | The MIT Press</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://entertainment.slashdot.org/story/12/11/11/0233244/sony-dvr-useless-after-rovi-stops-tv-guide-onscreen" add_date="1353587426" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Sony DVR Useless After Rovi Stops TV Guide OnScreen - Slashdot</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://dnsviz.net/d/sandelman.ca/dnssec/" add_date="1353602852" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">sandelman.ca | DNSViz</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.bortzmeyer.org/tests-dns.html" add_date="1353602880" icon="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAAiUlEQVQ4jaWTUQ7AIAhD6eL9r9x9TLeKIEtsYmIQHogII2kHaosF2Ee4fDNgBPuiFApM51eVoQKugEwJBG8TtUx1LnrS1Ilmhh9BqvcK5EOI3pTsyxsUMJJCnSqRHeDbMIKdPbrY9wpS1lJ/BO+KBymBRNoPUgYU+/4vkMvoeugMyEr1ENnj9DvfS/xFEnq4h50AAAAASUVORK5CYII=">Blog Stéphane Bortzmeyer: On-line tools to test your DNS setup</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" add_date="1353685260" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">LTE (telecommunication) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://apps1.seagate.com/downloads/request.html" add_date="1353878674" icon="data:image/png;base64,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">Seagate Technology - Download Finder</a> <p> </p></li>
</ul>
</body>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Download PuTTY: release 0.48</title>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/releases/0.48.html">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../sitestyle.css" title="PuTTY Home Page Style">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="putty.ico">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow">
</head>
<body>
<h1 align="center">Download PuTTY: release 0.48</h1>
<div align="center" class="mirrorwarning">
This is a mirror. Follow this link to find <a href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/">the primary PuTTY web site</a>.
</div>
<p align="center"> <a href="../">Home</a> | <a href="../faq.html">FAQ</a> | <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback</a> | <a href="../licence.html">Licence</a> | <a href="../maillist.html">Updates</a> | <a href="../mirrors.html">Mirrors</a> | <a href="../keys.html">Keys</a> | <a href="../links.html">Links</a> | <a href="../team.html">Team</a> <br> Download: <a href="../latest.html">Stable</a> · <a href="../snapshot.html">Snapshot</a> | <a href="../docs.html">Docs</a> | <a href="../changes.html">Changes</a> | <a href="../wishlist/">Wishlist</a> </p>
<p> This page contains download links for PuTTY release 0.48. </p>
<p> 0.48, released on 1999-11-18, is <em>not</em> the latest release. See the <a href="../latest.html">Latest Release page</a> for the most up-to-date release (currently 0.74). </p>
<p> Past releases of PuTTY are versions we thought were reasonably likely to work well, at the time they were released. However, later releases will almost always have fixed bugs and/or added new features. If you have a problem with this release, please try the <a href="../latest.html">latest release</a>, to see if the problem has already been fixed. </p>
<h2 class="securityboxtop">SECURITY WARNING</h2>
<div class="securityboxbottom">
<p class="securityboxbottomfirst"> This release has known security vulnerabilities. Consider using a later release instead, such as the <a href="../latest.html">latest version, 0.74</a>. </p>
<p> The known vulnerabilities in this release are: </p>
<ul class="securityboxbottomlast">
<li><a href="../wishlist/private-key-not-wiped.html">private-key-not-wiped</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/private-key-not-wiped-2.html">private-key-not-wiped-2</a> (fixed in release 0.64) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-agent-fwd-overflow.html">vuln-agent-fwd-overflow</a> (fixed in release 0.68) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-auth-prompt-spoofing.html">vuln-auth-prompt-spoofing</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-bignum-division-by-zero.html">vuln-bignum-division-by-zero</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-indirect-dll-hijack.html">vuln-indirect-dll-hijack</a> (fixed in release 0.68) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-2.html">vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-2</a> (fixed in release 0.69) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-3.html">vuln-indirect-dll-hijack-3</a> (fixed in release 0.70) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-modmul.html">vuln-modmul</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-modpow.html">vuln-modpow</a> (fixed in release 0.55) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-passwd-memdump.html">vuln-passwd-memdump</a> (fixed in release 0.54) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-pscp-sink-sscanf.html">vuln-pscp-sink-sscanf</a> (fixed in release 0.67) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-rng-reuse.html">vuln-rng-reuse</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-sftp-readdir.html">vuln-sftp-readdir</a> (fixed in release 0.57) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-sftp-string.html">vuln-sftp-string</a> (fixed in release 0.57) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-signature-stringlen.html">vuln-signature-stringlen</a> (fixed in release 0.63) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-ssh1-buffer-length-underflow.html">vuln-ssh1-buffer-length-underflow</a> (fixed in release 0.72) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-ssh1-kex.html">vuln-ssh1-kex</a> (fixed in release 0.55) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-ssh1-short-rsa-keys.html">vuln-ssh1-short-rsa-keys</a> (fixed in release 0.72) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-sshredder.html">vuln-sshredder</a> (fixed in release 0.53b) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-terminal-dos-one-column-cjk.html">vuln-terminal-dos-one-column-cjk</a> (fixed in release 0.71) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-win-exclusiveaddruse.html">vuln-win-exclusiveaddruse</a> (fixed in release 0.73) </li>
<li><a href="../wishlist/vuln-win-pageant-client-missing-length-check.html">vuln-win-pageant-client-missing-length-check</a> (fixed in release 0.72) </li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadinsecuretopcolour
">Binary files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadinsecurebotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>putty.exe</code> (the SSH and Telnet client itself)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">x86:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.48/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.48/putty.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Alpha:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.48/putty-alpha.exe"><code>putty-alpha.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.48/putty-alpha.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Win32s:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.48/putty-win32s.exe"><code>putty-win32s.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.48/putty-win32s.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
<code>pscp.exe</code> (an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy)
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">x86:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.48/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.48/pscp.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Alpha:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.48/pscp-alpha.exe"><code>pscp-alpha.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.48/pscp-alpha.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Win32s:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.48/pscp-win32s.exe"><code>pscp-win32s.exe</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.48/pscp-win32s.exe">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadinsecuretopcolour
">Source code</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadinsecurebotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">
Windows source archive
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname"><code>.zip</code>:</span> <span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.48/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span> <span class="downloadftp"> <a href="ftp://ftp.chiark.greenend.org.uk/users/sgtatham/putty-0.48/putty.zip">(or by FTP)</a> </span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">
git repository
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">Clone:</span> <span class="downloadgitlink"><code>https://git.tartarus.org/simon/putty.git</code></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow"> <span class="downloadname">gitweb:</span> <span class="downloadgitlink"><a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git">main</a> | <a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git;a=commit;h=refs/tags/0.48"><code>0.48</code> release tag</a> </span>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<hr> If you want to comment on this web site, see the <a href="../feedback.html">Feedback page</a>.
<br> (last modified on <!--LASTMOD-->Sun Nov 22 22:29:04 2020<!--END-->)
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="CONTENT-TYPE" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="OpenOffice.org 3.3 (Linux)">
<meta name="CREATED" content="0;0">
<meta name="CHANGEDBY" content="David Gesswein">
<meta name="CHANGED" content="20140610;7485300">
<style type="text/css">
<!--
H2.cjk { font-family: "Droid Sans" }
-->
</style>
<title>Rev B &amp; C Board Assembly, testing, and usage</title>
</head>
<body lang="en-US" dir="LTR">
<center>
Revision B &amp; C Board testing and usage
</center>
<p> <a href="../mfm.shtml">Top of MFM project information</a> </p>
<p> If you have any questions, improvements, or corrections email me at the address at the bottom of the page or use the forum. </p>
<p> <a href="https://github.com/dgesswein/mfm/issues">Issue tracker is here.</a> </p>
<p> <a href="../forum.shtml">Forum for discussing this project is here,</a> </p>
<p> I have tested the <a href="http://www.seeed.cc/beaglebone_green/"> BeagleBone Green (BBG)</a> and it works fine for the MFM emulator and is cheaper. The green has some functions removed that are not needed for the MFM board. The micro USB cable it comes with is only 7" long. All references in these pages to BeagleBone Black (BBB) also apply to BBG unless otherwise noted. </p>
<h1>File Information</h1>
<p>The board was created using the <a href="http://www.kicad-pcb.org/display/KICAD/KiCad+EDA+Software+Suite">KiCad software suite</a>. See <a href="../board/mfm_revb_pcb/info/license.html">License file</a> for license of this board and license information and attribution for included files. </p>
<p>The directory <a href="../board/mfm_revb_pcb/pdf">pdf</a> has the board schematic (top.pdf) for the actual PCB layout. </p>
<p>The directory <a href="../board/mfm_revb_pcb/info">info</a> has a spreadsheet of the BeagleBone Black (BBB) pins used, and the board license. </p>
<p>The directory <a href="../board/mfm_revb_pcb/bom">bom</a> has the bill of materials for building the board. </p>
<p>The directory <a href="../board/datasheets">datasheets</a> has datasheets for the chips used. </p>
<h1>Mechanical Information</h1>
<p>The board is laid out such that it matches the normal drive connector locations and orientation when installed with the component side up. The BBB plugs into the bottom solder side of the board. The assembled height should allow installation in a half height 5.25" drive bay. </p>
<p>The mounting holes in the board match the standard 5.25" drive bottom mounting holes. If the drive being emulated was mounted with screws into the bottom of the drive the board can be mounted using standoffs. The board is shorter than a normal drive so the connectors will be further back. </p>
<p>For drives that mounted using screws into the side, mounting blocks for the board will need to be made. Space has been left along the side of the board to allow the board to be screwed to the blocks using #6 screws and then screwed to mounting rails or the drive cage as needed. This is a partially assembled example of the original revision A board with a mounting rail: </p>
<p> <a href="mounting_top.jpg"><img src="mounting_top_small.jpg"></a> <a href="mounting_bottom.jpg"><img src="mounting_bottom_small.jpg"></a> </p>
<p> Richard Muse created 3D printable mounts for his boards. <a href="https://groups.google.com/d/msg/mfm-discuss/SAKyljKaqsw/qpUCfS7rCQAJ"> See his post to the discussion list with picture here</a> </p>
<h1>Assembly Notes</h1> <a href="revb_board_assembly.shtml">See this page</a> if you are assembling the PCB or for some notes on the board design.
<p> You may wish to remove or move P9 caps jumper to drain until you are ready to install the board in a computer to use for MFM emulation. This way the board won't have any voltages on it after you remove power. </p>
<p> <a name="sw_install"></a> </p>
<h1>Reflashing BBB/BBG</h1>
<p> NOTE: BeagleBone normally run from on-board flash unlike some some other boards that always run from SD card. This card image is for loading the on-board flash with the proper image. BB's can run from the micro SD card but my image doesn't support that. </p>
<p>If you got a prebuilt board with BBB you can skip this step since the latest software at time of shipping was installed. You can check your software against the website version to see when updated or subscribe to the forum announcements. I only announce major changes. Minor changes such as adding a new format are not announced. </p>
<p> You may wish to follow the <a href="http://beagleboard.org/static/beaglebone/latest/README.htm">Getting started</a> instructions to first power up and log into the BBB without attaching it to the MFM board to verify you know how to access it before changing its configuration. </p>
<p> The easiest way to get stuff setup is to copy <a href="BBB-mfm-emu_v2.21.img.xz">This prebuilt image BBB-mfm-emu_v2.21.img.xz</a> (last modified Sunday, 18-Oct-2020 21:03:03 EDT ) to a micro SD card and <a href="http://beagleboard.org/getting-started#update">flash your BBB from windows.</a> From Linux use xzcat imagefile.xz | dd of=/dev/sdx where sdx is the device your microSD card was detected at. May also be detected as mmcblkx. Make sure you get the device right or you may wipe out your hard disk. </p>
<p> Note that is it is not securely configured so don't use it if it will be accessible from untrusted machine or the Internet. I think my image will work on all BBB revisions. This image is based on the console version so most of the flash storage is free but doesn't have graphical tools installed. If you wish to do it manually see <a href="software_install.shtml">software installation</a> </p>
<p> Install the microSD card in the BBB and power it on. The lights should switch to one LED on running back and forth after a minute if programming is working. If it doesn't power off the board and power it on while holding down the boot button. The LEDs go out when flashing is done. Wait 10 seconds after lights go out to ensure it's done and then remove the microSD card and then reset the BBB. </p>
<p> I'm not planning to update the image with each software release so you likely will need to update the software. <a name="sw_update"></a> </p>
<h2>MFM software installation/update</h2> You can check your current version with ./mfm_util --version in the mfm directory. If later <a href="../code/"> download latest mfm code .tgz file</a> and copy it to BBB and build. I had some requests so the code is also on github at <a href="https://github.com/dgesswein/mfm">https://github.com/dgesswein/mfm</a>
<p> It is probably easiest to connect the USB cable for installing the software. I use the Ethernet which needs a DHCP server on your network. It allows access to the Internet the way my network is configured. If the Ethernet cable isn't plugged in at boot it may take 20 seconds for the board to activate the Ethernet after the cable is plugged in. </p>
<p> It is also possible to access the board using the USB serial port and move files using a USB stick. The USB stick doesn't automount with my image. Use mount /dev/sda /mnt or mount /dev/sda1 /mnt. For the micro SD card use one of the following. <br> If it was mounted at boot mount /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt or mount /dev/mmcblk0 /mnt <br> If it was inserted after boot mount /dev/mmcblk1p1 /mnt mount /dev/mmcblk1 /mnt </p>
<p> Note that after the MFM daughter card is installed the board will not power up from the USB port. You will need to power the board through the drive power connector J5. </p>
<p> Don't use the barrel jack when the MFM board is installed if the DC/DC converter U12 is also installed on the MFM board. </p>
<p> If you are using windows you will need a scp and ssh program. I use putty and pscp from <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html">here</a>. Login to the BBB is root with no password. ipaddr in the commands below is the IP address of the BBB. The USB IP address is 192.168.7.2. Delete (rm) all except the latest file for the * in the following commands to work. </p>
<p> Make can get confused if the clock is wrong. To check use th date command. If its wrong set with date command. Date command format is [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] and my image the date is in UTC. For January 3 2021 4pm 31 minutes 30 seconds </p>
<pre>date 010316312021.30
</pre>
<pre># If your BeagleBone has Internet access you can download on BBB using wget
# otherwise from machine you downloaded image to. Make clean helps
# prevent issues with make not rebuilding all files but shouldn't be needed.
scp mfm_emu_powerfail*.tgz root@ipaddr:
#On BBB
tar -xzf mfm_emu_powerfail_*.tgz
cd mfm
make clean
make
cd ../emu
make clean
make
cd ../powerfail
make clean
make
exit (or poweroff)
</pre>
<h1>Board Testing with BBB</h1>
<h2>MFM board testing Power functions</h2>
<p>If you bought a pre-assembled board this testing has already been performed. It may be worth running the powerfail command below to test the input 12V power. </p>
<p> Power up board. With the MFM board installed the power must be supplied from the MFM board power connector J5. If U12 isn't installed skip these tests. Ssh into the BBB. </p>
<p> If you installed the holdup capacitors first try the powerfail command. </p>
<pre>echo cape-bone-iio &gt; /sys/devices/bone_capemgr.*/slots
cd ~/powerfail
./powerfail --debug --powercmd true --threshold 0
</pre> It should print after several seconds something like
<pre>Average 12.27V max 12.30V min 12.24V
</pre> Control-c it after it prints the message. Verify the voltage matches the input voltage and min to max difference is reasonable for your supply ripple. For more information see <a href="../code/powerfail/powerfail_doc.html"> the command documentation</a>.
<p> <br> <br> To test the auto power on when power available ssh into the BBB and enter the command: </p>
<pre>poweroff -f
</pre> The board should power down then immediately power back on. This function is to ensure the BB does not get stuck in a powered off state if you turn off for a short time the computer you have it installed in as an emulator using the capacitors and powerfail shutdown.
<p> If you really wish to power off the board you need to remove the 12V either before or during the poweroff. I use halt -f then remove the 12V when I'm shutting down the board. This halts but doesn't power off the board. Someone decided to be "helpful" and do poweroff when you use the halt command unless you specify -f. The -f prevents running the shutdown scripts. </p>
<p> If you don't want this behavior you can either put a short across R27 or short U17 pin 2 or 3 to ground. You could glue down jumper pins or a little switch if you want it selectable. <br> <a name="checkout"></a> </p>
<h2>MFM board testing disk reading</h2> <b>The write jumper P1 should be removed before reading a disk to ensure that it can't be written to.</b> I have seen corruption of disk contents when connected to a drive with jumper installed and hot plugging cables and power cycling beaglbone. I haven't seen it when the jumper is removed. Powering the drive up after the beaglebone is booted and setup_mfm run is advisable.
<p> To test disk reading attach cables from J3 and J4 to a drive <b>Ensure the cables are attached in the proper orientation. Data can be erased if they are plugged in backward.</b> Note that <a href="hard_floppy_cable.jpg">PC hard and floppy cables look similar</a> but are not interchangeable. Verify the drive has a terminating resistor installed. Power up the board and drive. Note that setup_mfm_read only needs to be done once per boot. It will give errors if you run it twice or after setup_emu is run. If you set up automatic starting of the emulator at boot you will need to turn that off. For now you need to reboot the board to switch between reading disks and emulating. If you get the error permission denied verify user has permission (I just use root) and the execute bit is set (chmod +x setup_mfm_read). mfm_read may take a minute to detect the format without visible progress indication so don't give up. </p>
<pre>cd ~/mfm
./setup_mfm_read
./mfm_read --analyze --emulation_file ../emu_file --extracted_data_file filename
or
./mfm_read --emulation_file ../emu_file --cylinders # --heads # --drive #
</pre> If you specify the extracted_data_file the program will retry on read error and report uncorrectable errors. This way you get the best emulation file and know where the errors are. If analyze doesn't understand your drive format use the second command where you will need to specify the number of cylinders, heads, and which drive select your drive is on. <b>For reading important drives</b> you should also use --transitions_file filename to archive the drive since it retains the most information if further work is needed and it least likely to be corrupted by software errors. You may also wish to use the script command to capture the messages from reading the disk and store it with the image so you know what errors the drive had.
<p> If you use --analyze verify that the number of cylinders and heads found match your drive specifications. If they don't and retries weren't needed to recover marginal sectors use the second form of the command to read the entire disk. Otherwise you can use the parameters mfm_read prints out adjusted for your drive to manually read the entire disk. You can use mfm_util to see what errors are in the file read. Sometimes the mismatch is due to the system not using all the cylinders or heads. Others are due to how the controller formats the tracks and limitations in my decoding software. You can contact me if you need help understanding why the mismatch. </p>
<p> If you get "Unable to find drive. If just powered on retry in 30 seconds" it didn't see the drive selected signal come back when it raised any of the drive select lines. If your drive had a light did it come on? If you have test equipment test J4 pin 26, 28, 30, and 32 are being driven low and see if the drive responds by pulling J3 pin 1 low. </p>
<p> If analyze doesn't find the format see <a href="revb/adding_new_formats.shtml">adding new formats</a>. </p>
<p> I have found with some drives that if you are getting read errors reorienting the drive may get rid of them. I normally start with lying flat then try on the sides. Probably best to start with the orientation the drive was originally used. </p>
<p> I have found that with Seagate ST-251 drives if I am getting read errors that if I push on the shaft of the head stepper motor during the retries most of the time it will get a good read. This may work with other drives with external stepper motors. I first do a read without touching anything in case it damages the drive. Then I increase the retries and position the drive so I can touch the shaft. When I hear it retrying I put a little pressure on the shaft and hopefully it will say all sectors recovered. If I press too hard I get seek errors. The program will recover from seek errors. <a href="https://atariage.com/forums/topic/314038-update-on-hard-drive-recovery/">Users results with ST-225</a>. </p>
<p> If getting error free read took multiple retries its possible the emulator file will have errors since the way it puts together the sectors from multiple reads doesn't always work. Use mfm_util to check the emulator file to see if it has more sectors with errors than the original read. If this is an issue I may be able to adjust some parameters to help. </p>
<p> For more information see <a href="../code/mfm/mfm_read_util_doc.html"> the command documentation</a>. </p>
<p> </p>
<h2>MFM board testing disk emulation</h2>
<p> Remove cables for reading a drive before trying to emulate a drive. Set P9 jumper as desired for caps used or disabled. </p>
<p> To test disk emulation attach cables from controller to J1 and J2. Set the P7 jumper to the drive number you wish to emulate. Leave P8 open. RN1 should be installed unless you are trying to use it with another drive that is terminated at the end of the cable. Make sure RN1 is installed with the dot on the resistor at the pin 1 of the socket marked with dot and square pad. Power up board and run the following if you previously read the drive you wish to emulate. Note that setup_emu only needs to be run once per boot. </p>
<pre>cd ~/emu
./setup_emu
./mfm_emu --drive 1 --file ../emu_file
</pre> Then try to boot the computer attached to the drive emulator or access the emulated disk drive. The mfm emulator should print messages like shown in the documentation and the computer should act like it has the disk attached.
<p> If you didn't read a disk to emulate you will need to start with an unformatted drive: </p>
<pre>cd ~/emu
./mfm_emu --drive 1 --file ../emu_file --initialize --cylinders # --heads #
</pre> Replace # with the proper numbers for the drive you wish to emulate (you don't need number of sectors). Then run the low level format command on the computer attached to the drive emulator. The mfm emulator should print messages like shown in the documentation and the format should complete without errors.
<p> If you wish to try emulating two drives connect J6 to your controller and use --drive 1,2 --file file1,file2 on the command line and set P8 to the drive select you want the second drive to be detected as. This will only work if the system uses the same control cable for both drives being emulated. The <a href="../board/mfm_revb_pcb/bom">Bill of materials</a> at the bottom has possible cables for J6 if you don't have a suitable female-female 20 pin cable. </p>
<p> For more information see <a href="../code/emu/mfm_emu_doc.html"> the command documentation</a>. </p>
<p> <b>Note:</b> mfm_emu has a number of internal consistency checks where if they fail the program will dump its state and exit. This is a large amount of hex data. If you see this send me the logfile.txt from the directory you start the program from. <br> </p>
<h1>Board Usage</h1>
<p> See the usage information in <a href="#checkout">Board Testing</a>. <a name="J7expansion"></a> </p>
<p>J7 is for connecting operator controls or status displays. Currently only drive selected LED's are supported. Any I/O must be 3.3V to prevent damage. </p>
<p> The emulator software will drive pin 16 low when the first drive emulated is selected and pin 10 low when the second drive is selected. The LED anode (+) should be connected through a resistor to pin 1 (3.3V). Since only one LED is on at a time both LED's can share the same resistor. The BBB outputs are rated for 6 mA current. The resistors values should be (3.3V - LED Vf) / .006. For Vf (LED forward voltage) of 1.6V that gives 300 ohms rounded up to 5% value or 287 for 1%. Other usage of this connector is expected to be developed by the user community. <a href="../board/mfm_revc_pcb/info">See BBB_Pins</a> for what functions the BBB supports for the expansion connector pins. <a href="../board/mfm_revc_pcb/bom/bom.html">See the bottom of the BOM</a> for possible mates to J7 for making LED cable. </p>
<h2>Starting Emulation on Power On</h2> You should install P9 jumper for rev B or move P9 caps jumper to fill for rev C boards.
<p> Using my prebuilt image the default when enabled is to emulate a single drive from /root/emufile_a. The emulation file will not be backed up on boot. If you want to start the emulator at boot with these options execute the following command </p>
<pre>systemctl enable mfm_emu.service
</pre>
<p> If you wish to change the options edit /etc/mfm_emu.conf. The file has comments describing what the configuration variables do. For example if you wish to emulate two drives set EmuFN2 to the second file name. If your emulated drive has information you wish not to lose you may wish to enable backup. Set the Backup variable to the type of backup. Copy just copies the emulator file. rdiff and xdelta do a binary difference between the files to take less space. If you do something that changes most of the image file such as defragment the binary difference may take long enough for your computer to timeout. The straight copy is quicker but for small changes will take much more space. I didn't find a clear winner between rdiff and xdelta. </p>
<p> It seems to take about 12 seconds from power on until the mfm emulator is running if no backup is performed. </p>
<p> To stop automatic starting of the emulator </p>
<pre>systemctl disable mfm_emu.service
</pre>
<h2>Debugging</h2> If the emulator fails to start see /var/log/syslog, /var/log/daemon.log and /root/emu/logfile.txt. If they don't show anything useful try changing StandardOutput=null to StandardOutput=journal+console in /etc/systemd/system/mfm_emu.service then execute:
<pre>systemctl --system daemon-reload
systemctl restart mfm_emu.service
</pre> To see output of mfm_emu started by systemd change /etc/mfm_emu.conf NoLineBuffer to yes, restart as above, then run:
<pre>reptyr -s `ps -C mfm_emu -o pid=`
</pre> Without setting NoLineBuffer the output will be delayed by output buffering.
<p> </p>
<h2>Editing Files</h2> I used vi for editing files. If you haven't used vi there are manuals online. <a href="http://www.cs.fsu.edu/general/vimanual.html">Here is one</a>.
<p>You may use any editor. <a href="http://www.nano-editor.org/dist/v2.1/nano.html">The nano editor</a> may be easier to use if you are not familiar with vi. </p>
<p> You can also copy off the file to another system to edit and copy back. You may need an editor under windows that can handle Unix line ending conventions. <br> </p>
<p> </p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>Feel free to contact me, David Gesswein <a href="mailto:djg@pdp8online.com">djg@pdp8online.com</a> with any questions, comments on the web site, or if you have related equipment, documentation, software etc. you are willing to part with.&nbsp; I am interested in anything PDP-8 related, computers, peripherals used with them, DEC or third party, or documentation.&nbsp;
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<title>Greece &amp; Rome to 30 BC by Sanderson Beck</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3><a href="index.html">BECK index</a></h3>
<p><img src="graphics/EC4-cover.jpg" alt="" width="867" height="605" border="0"></p>
<p><strong><em>GREECE &amp; ROME to 30 BC</em></strong> has been published. For ordering information <a href="http://1worldpeace.org/OrderForm.html#EC4">please click here.</a></p>
<h3><strong><a href="#p4">Preface</a></strong></h3>
<h3><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html">Greek Culture to 500 BC</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#1">Crete, Mycenae and Dorians<br> </a><i><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#2">Iliad<br> </a><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#3">Odyssey<br> </a></i><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#4">Hesiod and Homeric Hymns<br> </a><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#5">Aristocrats, Tyrants, and Poets<br> </a><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#6">Spartan Military Laws<br> </a><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#7">Athenian Political Laws<br> </a><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#8">Aesop's <i>Fables<br> </i></a><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#9">Pythagoras and Early Philosophy</a></h4>
</blockquote>
<h3><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html">Greek Politics and Wars 500-360 BC</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html#1">Persian Invasions<br> </a><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html#2">Athenian Empire 479-431 BC<br> </a><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html#3">Peloponnesian War 431-404 BC<br> </a><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html#4">Spartan Hegemony 404-371 BC<br> </a><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html#5">Theban Hegemony 371-360 BC<br> </a><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html#6">Syracusan Tyranny of Dionysius 405-367 BC</a></h4>
</blockquote>
<h3><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html">Greek Theatre</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#1">Aeschylus</a></h4>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#2"><i>The Persians<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#3">The Suppliant Maidens<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#4">Seven Against Thebes<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#5">Prometheus Bound<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#6">Agamemnon</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#7">Libation Bearers<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#8">The Eumenides</a></i></h4>
</blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#9">Sophocles</a></h4>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#10"><i>Ajax<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#11">Antigone<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#12">Oedipus the Tyrant<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#13">The Women of Trachis<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#14">Electra<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#15">Philoctetes<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#16">Oedipus at Colonus</a></i></h4>
</blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#17">Euripides</a></h4>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#18"><i>Rhesus<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#19">Alcestis<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#20">Medea<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#21">Hippolytus<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#22">Heracleidae<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#23">Andromache<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#24">Hecuba<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#25">The Cyclops</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#26">Heracles<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#27">The Suppliant Women<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#28">The Trojan Women<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#29">Electra<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#30">Helen<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#31">Iphigenia in Tauris<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#32">Ion<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#33">The Phoenician Women</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#34">Orestes<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#35">Iphigenia in Aulis<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#36">The Bacchae</a></i></h4>
</blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#37">Aristophanes</a></h4>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#38"><i>The Acharnians<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#39">The Knights<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#40">The Clouds</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#41">The Wasps</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#42">Peace<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#43">The Birds<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#44">Lysistrata<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#45">The Thesmophoriazusae</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#46">The Frogs</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#47">The Ecclesiazusae</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#48">Plutus</a></i></h4>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h3><a href="EC21-Socrates.html">Socrates, Xenophon, and Plato</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#1">Empedocles<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#2">Socrates<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#3">Xenophon's Socrates</a></h4>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#4"><i>Defense of Socrates<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#5">Memoirs of Socrates<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#6">Symposium<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#7">Oikonomikos</a></i></h4>
</blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#8">Xenophon</a></h4>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#9"><i>Cyropaedia<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#10">Hiero<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#11">Ways and Means</a></i></h4>
</blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#12">Plato's Socrates</a></h4>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#13"><i>Alcibiades<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#14">Charmides<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#15">Protagoras<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#16">Laches<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#17">Lysis<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#18">Menexenus<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#19">Hippias<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#20">Euthydemus<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#21">Meno<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#22">Gorgias<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#23">Phaedrus<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#24">Symposium<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#25">Euthyphro<br> </a></i><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#26">Defense of Socrates<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#27">Crito<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#28">Phaedo</a></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#29">Plato's <i>Republic<br> </i></a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#30">Plato's Later Work</a></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#31"><i>Seventh Letter<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#32">Timaeus<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#33">Critias<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#34">Theaetetus<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#35">Sophist<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#36">Politician<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#37">Philebus<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#38">Laws</a></i></h4>
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</blockquote>
<h3><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html">Isocrates, Aristotle, and Diogenes</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#1">Hippocrates<br> </a><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#2">Isocrates<br> </a><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#3">Aristotle<br> </a><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#4">Aristotle's <i>Rhetoric<br> </i></a><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#5">Aristotle's Ethics<br> </a><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#6">Aristotle's <i>Politics<br> </i></a><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#7">Diogenes</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC22-Alexander.html">Philip, Demosthenes, and Alexander</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC22-Alexander.html#1">Dionysius II, Dion, and Timoleon in Sicily<br> </a><a href="EC22-Alexander.html#2">Wars and Macedonian Expansion under Philip<br> </a><a href="EC22-Alexander.html#3">Demosthenes and Aeschines<br> </a><a href="EC22-Alexander.html#4">Alexander's Conquest of the Persian Empire</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html">Hellenistic Era</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#1">Battles of Alexander's Successors<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#2">Egypt Under the Ptolemies<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#3">Alexandrian Poetry<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#4">Seleucid Empire<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#5">Judea in the Hellenistic Era<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#6">Antigonid Macedonia and Greece<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#7">Xenocrates, Pyrrho, and Theophrastus<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#8">Menander's New Comedy<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#9">Epicurus and the Hedonists<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#10">Zeno and the Stoics</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC24-RomanExpansion.html">Roman Expansion to 133 BC</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC24-RomanExpansion.html#1">Roman and Etruscan Kings<br> </a><a href="EC24-RomanExpansion.html#2">Republic of Rome 509-343 BC<br> </a><a href="EC24-RomanExpansion.html#3">Rome's Conquest of Italy 343-264 BC<br> </a><a href="EC24-RomanExpansion.html#4">Rome at War with Carthage 264-201 BC<br> </a><a href="EC24-RomanExpansion.html#5">Republican Rome's Imperialism 201-133 BC</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC25-RomanRevolution.html">Roman Revolution and Civil Wars</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC25-RomanRevolution.html#1">Reforms of the Gracchi Brothers<br> </a><a href="EC25-RomanRevolution.html#2">Marius and Sulla<br> </a><a href="EC25-RomanRevolution.html#3">Pompey, Crassus, Caesar, and Cato<br> </a><a href="EC25-RomanRevolution.html#4">Julius Caesar Dictator<br> </a><a href="EC25-RomanRevolution.html#5">Brutus, Octavian, Antony and Cleopatra</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC26-Cicero.html">Plautus, Terence, and Cicero</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#1">Plautus</a></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#2"><i>The</i> <i>Menaechmi<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#3">The Asses<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#4">The Merchant<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#5">The Swaggering Soldier<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#6">Stichus<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#7">The Pot of Gold<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#8">Curculio<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#9">Epidicus<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#10">The Captives<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#11">The Rope<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#12">Trinummus<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#13">Mostelleria<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#14">Pseudolus<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#15">The Two Bacchides<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#16">Amphitryo<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#17">Casina<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#18">The Persian<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#19">Truculentus</a></i></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#20">Terence</a></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#21"><i>The Woman of Andros<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#22">The Mother-In-Law<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#23">The Self-Tormentor<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#24">The Eunuch<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#25">Phormio<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#26">The Brothers</a></i></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#27">Lucretius<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#28">Catullus<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#33">Virgil</a><br> <a href="EC26-Cicero.html#29">Cicero<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#30">Cicero on Oratory<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#31">Cicero's <i>Republic</i> and <i>Laws<br> </i></a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#32">Cicero on Ethics</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="4-11-Summary.html">Summary and Evaluation</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="4-11-Summary.html#1">Greece<br> </a><a href="4-11-Summary.html#2">Rome<br> </a><a href="4-11-Summary.html#3">Evaluating Greece and Rome</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="4-Bibliography.html">Bibliography</a></h3>
<h3><a href="Chronology-Europe.html">Chronology of Europe to 1400</a><br> <a href="EC-Chronology.html">World Chronology to 30 BC</a><br> <a href="EC-index.html">ETHICS OF CIVILIZATION Index</a> </h3>
<h2 align="center"><strong><a name="p4" id="p4"></a>Preface</strong></h2>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Powerful foundations for western civilization were laid by the ancient Greeks and Romans. The Greeks developed the mind with great depth, and in many ways their philosophy and literature are still unsurpassed. From the epic poetry of Homer to the dramatic tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides and the hilarious comedies of Aristophanes to the brilliant Socratic dialogs of Plato, and the comprehensive lectures of Aristotle that founded many academic disciplines, the classics of ancient Greece are still being studied and appreciated. Yet the aggressive Greeks and Romans fought almost continuous wars. Although the Athenians pioneered democracy and defended themselves against invasions by the Persian empire, they developed their own imperialism that brought them into a devastating conflict with their more militaristic neighbors in Sparta. Alexander got revenge by conquering the Persian empire; but eventually the Romans with their Senate and ability to govern other peoples enabled them to overcome the Greeks. Yet their republic was divided by social conflicts and the ambitions of powerful generals, causing a series of civil wars involving Julius Caesar and his heir Octavian that ended the republic and began the powerful Roman empire.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Many of the current trends in western civilization are based on the experiences and ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans, and we can learn much from understanding their history, literature, and philosophical ideas. The Chronological Index and Alphabetical Index make this a useful reference book for looking things up. For readers wanting to begin by getting an overall picture of this era, I recommend that you read first the last chapter, the <a href="4-11-Summary.html">Summary and Evaluation</a>. Reading this entire book will give one a basic understanding of the main events and contributions of the ancient Greeks and Romans. With that overall background, one will then be able to choose which original works to read to gain further knowledge and wisdom. I hope that we can learn important lessons from the ethics of the Greeks and Romans so that we can save our own civilization, which is currently in great danger of self-destruction. <a href="4-Bibliography.html"><br> </a></p>
<h3><a href="index.html">BECK index</a></h3>
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<td width="96%" background="a_papyrus_background.jpg" height="97"> <p align="center"><font color="#800000"><b> <a href="http://www.thenazareneway.com">The Nazarene Way of Essenic Studies</a></b></font></p><p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> <font color="#800000"><b> <font size="1"><br> </font><font color="#800000" size="7">~ Gabriel's Gift ~</font></b></font><br> <b> <i><font size="4" color="#800000">The Message and Mysteries in Luke and Acts</font></i></b></p><p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"> <i>by</i></p><p align="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><i> Gott</i></p></td>
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<p align="center"><i><font size="4">Luke's surprise gift to the world has finally arrived after a long and arduous journey. </font></i> </p>
<p align="center"><i><font size="4">And, as a special bonus, "Luke's" real identity is revealed for the first time.</font></i></p>
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<p align="justify" style="margin: 0 125px"><font size="4">Gabriel's Gift was neatly wrapped in a package nearly two thousand years ago by a man known to biblical history as "Luke." On the wrapping, in plain sight, Luke placed thinly veiled clues that a gift of immense value was inside. He used Pythagorean and Platonic sacred numbers to prove beyond any doubt that a secret message was awaiting discovery. Numbers easily solved in each chapter prove Luke's knowledge of&nbsp; the sizes of the earth, moon, and sun; the speed of light; DNA/RNA behaviors, and other scientific knowledge rediscovered only within the last century. </font></p>
<p align="justify" style="margin: 0 125px">&nbsp;</p>
<p align="justify" style="margin: 0 125px"><font size="4">With that hook set, a never-before-told story unfolds as Luke's coded messages reveal the buried truth about Jesus, his disciples, and the role played by the Apostle Paul during the formation of Christianity.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center"> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><b>Sample Chapter</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center"><b> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt">WITH HELP FROM PYTHAGORAS AND PLATO</span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="margin: 0 135px">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font size="4">Among the items found at Nag Hammadi in 1945, in addition to ancient Jewish texts and texts with Gnostic undertones, was a short excerpt from <i>Plato’s Republic.</i> This item is, in my opinion, far more important than has been previously acknowledged. This puts Greek philosophy into the hands of the people of Jesus’ time and location and strengthens the argument for his knowledge of, and probable indoctrination into, the ancient <i>Secret Schools</i> that taught the Pythagorean philosophy that “<i>Number is All</i>.”</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">In case there are still doubts, perhaps one final proof that the numbers aren’t merely coincidental can be found by looking at Luke’s chapter nine. There are fifteen numbers greater than one in chapter nine, and I almost felt foolish multiplying them all together. But I was compelled to do so anyway. The fifteen numbers are: </font></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">12, 2, 12, 5, 2, 5000, 50, 5, 2, 12, 3, 8, 2, 2, 3.</font></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">Multiplying them one at a time:</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">12 x 2 = 24</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">24 x 12 = 288</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">288 x 5 = 1440</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">1440 x 2 = 2880</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">2880 x 5000 = 14 400 000</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">14 400 000 x 50 = 720 000 000</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">720 000 000 x 5 = 3 600 000 000</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">3 600 000 000 x 2 = 7 200 000 000</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">7 200 000 000 x 12 = 86 400 000 000</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">86 400 000 000 x 3 = 259 200 000 000</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">259 200 000 000 x 8 = 2 073 600 000 000</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">2 073 600 000 000 x 2 = 4 147 200 000 000</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">4 147 200 000 000 x 2 = 8 294 400 000 000</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">8 294 400 000 000 x 3 = <b>24 883 2</b>00 000 000</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">For convenience Plato frequently used 22/7 as <i>pi</i>. But another value and slightly more accurate <i>pi</i> which he also used is 864/275. It takes a little more work to manually calculate the circumference of a sphere using this larger number, but sometimes it was necessary in order to reveal the “coded messages.” Using the mean diameter of the earth, 7920 miles, and this slightly more accurate value for <i>pi</i>, the results are truly amazing:</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">7920 miles x 864/275:</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">7920 times 864 = 6 842 880</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">6 842 880 divided by 275 = <b>24,883.2</b> miles.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">That’s the very number reached after multiplying all fifteen numbers in Luke’s chapter nine after the zeros are dropped from the end.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">Every chapter in Luke’s Gospel contains similarly hidden numbers. Why would Luke go to such lengths to leave “Sacred Numbers” in his gospel?</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">The answer is quite simple: Regardless of the language spoken by readers, they will have the same understanding of numbers and the various functions applied to numbers. Numbers are the </font><i><font size="4">One Universal Language. </font></i></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">It seems that a Pythagorean Master Teacher inserted the numbers into Luke’s Gospel to attract attention. But why? </font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">There is just one logical answer: to send a numeric message—using the <i>One Universal Language</i>—that there is a coded, <i> written</i> message. That’s the real story. And that’s where Philo’s <i> Rules for Allegory</i> are needed. </font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">Perhaps the most important of Philo’s guidelines is to watch for something unusual in the text. The first obviously “unusual” occurrence in Luke’s gospel is the appearance of the Angel, Gabriel:</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">Luke 1:19: “The angel replied, ‘I am <b>Gabriel</b>.&nbsp; I stand in the presence of God, and <b><i>I have been sent to speak to you</i></b> and to bring you this good news.’“</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">The angel Gabriel is named only four times in the Bible—twice in the book of Daniel, twice in Luke’s gospel.</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">Gabriel’s first appearance is at Daniel 8:16, and what he says seems pertinent to this story:</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">“And I heard a human voice . . . calling, ‘Gabriel, help this man understand the vision.’“</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">The numbers indicate Luke is sending a coded message; Gabriel says he has been “sent to speak,” Daniel adds that Gabriel is to “help this man understand . . .,” and the Book of Revelation ends with these words from Jesus: “‘I Jesus have <b><i>sent mine angel </i></b>to testify unto you these things…”</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Could it be any clearer that Gabriel and Daniel have been assigned to “help Theophilus” understand the “allegorical messages” and why “Sacred Numbers” have been imbedded in Luke’s gospel?</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">The obvious message in the <i>Book of Daniel</i> gets rather tedious after the first five or so verses, so the most important words in each verse are underlined:</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Daniel 1:20: “</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="4">In every matter of <u>wisdom and understanding</u> concerning which the king inquired of them, he found them ten times better than all the magicians and enchanters in his whole kingdom . . .”</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Daniel 2:19: </font></span> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">“Then <u>the mystery was revealed</u> to Daniel in a vision of the night, and Daniel blessed the God of heaven.”</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Daniel 2:22: “‘He <u>reveals deep and hidden things</u>; he knows what is in the darkness, and light dwells with him’“</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Daniel 2:27: </font></span> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">“Daniel answered the king, ‘No wise men, enchanters, magicians, or diviners can show to the king <u>the mystery</u> that the king is asking, . . .’"</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"><font size="4"> Daniel 2:28: “. . . but there is a God in heaven who <u>reveals mysteries </u>. . .”</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">Daniel 2:29: “‘To you, O king, as you lay in bed, came thoughts of what would be hereafter, and the <u>revealer of mysteries</u> disclosed to you what is to be.’“ </font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">Daniel 2:30: “But as for me, <u>this mystery</u> has not been revealed to me because of any wisdom that I have more than any other living being, but in order that the <u>interpretation may be known</u> to the king and <u>that you may understand</u> the thoughts of your mind.” </font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">Daniel 2:47: “The king said to Daniel, ‘Truly, your God is God of gods and Lord of kings and a <u>revealer of mysteries</u>, for you have been able to <u>reveal this mystery</u>!’“</font></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <font size="4">Daniel 5:12: “. . . because an excellent spirit, knowledge, and understanding to interpret dreams, <u>explain riddles</u>, and <u>solve problems</u> </font><span style="color: black"><font size="4">were found in this Daniel,&nbsp; whom the king named Belteshazzar. Now let Daniel be called, and <u>he will give the interpretation.</u>”</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Daniel 5:17: “Then Daniel answered in the presence of the king, ‘Let your gifts be for yourself, or give your rewards to someone else! Nevertheless I will read the writing to the king and let him <u>know the interpretation</u>.’“ </font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Daniel 9:22: “He (Gabriel) came and said to me, ‘Daniel, <u>I have now come out to give you wisdom and understanding</u>.’“ </font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Daniel 12:9: “He (Gabriel) said, ‘Go your way, Daniel, for <u>the words are to remain secret and sealed until the time of the end</u>.’“ </font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Daniel 12:10: “. . . but the wicked shall continue to act wickedly. None of the wicked shall understand, but <u>those who are wise shall understand</u>.”</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Did you get that message??</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Gabriel and Daniel report that the wicked will not understand but the wise will understand! What are “The Wise” to understand?</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">The message is that there is some great mystery, puzzle, or riddle that “The Wise Theophilus” is to solve and interpret. But, what??</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">In addition to describing a great detective who is able to solve mysteries, riddles, and puzzles, the <i>Book of Daniel</i> reveals more about Daniel that pertains to Luke’s story:</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Daniel 1:8: “But <i><u>Daniel resolved that he would not defile himself with</u></i> the royal rations of <i><u>food and wine</u></i>; so he asked the palace master to allow him not to defile himself.”</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Daniel 1:12: “‘. . . Let us be given <i><u>vegetables</u></i> to eat and <i><u>water</u></i> to drink.’“</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Daniel 1:16: “So the guard continued to withdraw their royal rations and the wine they were to drink, and gave them</font><i><font size="4"> <u>vegetables</u>.”</font></i></span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">It seems clear that Daniel is a vegetarian who does not drink wine. But what does that reveal that might pertain to Luke’s coded message?</font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0 135px" align="justify"> <span style="color: black"><font size="4">Pythagoreans were vegetarians; they drank no wine or strong drink; they did not cut their hair; they wore white robes; they abhorred slavery; they considered men and women to be equal. (Leonardo da Vinci was also a vegetarian.)</font></span></p>
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T3500 2BF8LK1 (BOB)
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07-Nov-2010
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Installed Windows 7 on top of RAID-1 disk.
Configured network to static IPs, req'd ARP clear. Much wrestling, network is flaky displaying other systems!
Installed 57 updates!
Installed 2 more updates
Connect USB octopus, enables Logitech wireless mouse
Installed IATA89ENU Intel Matrix Storage Manager. Now reports RAID status on login.
Installed Windows Grep so I can look at the archdisk index files
Installed VB6 and VB6 SP6 update, ignoring the compatibility warnings. Right-click VB6.exe, Properties, run in XP compat and always as admin.
Installed Dart PowerTCP WebServer for ActiveX and licensed/activated successfully.
Installed Dart PowerTCP Server for ActiveX (for FTP) and licensed/activated. This stuff is on Archive 41.
Installed Agent for Windows 7 (KB969168 - 64bit) which is a stand-alone Windows Update
Installed ASCOM Platform 5.1b with developer options
Installed ASCOM Platform 5.5 update
Installed Kepler 1.0.1
Installed NOVAS 2.1.1
INstalled Dome Simulator 5.0.8a update
Installed POTH update 5.0.5
Registered PointCalc.dll for ACP development (no MaxPoint installed yet). It is in the ACP dev area under MaxPoint stuff.
Installed the SOAP Development Toolkit 3.0 (os-components)
Registered the DC-3 Registration Component (DC3Reg.dll) from the development area (release)
Installed Tortoise SVN 1.6.11.20210
Required reboot, system came up very slowly and eventually the screen went black. Hard reboot, RAID reports volume #0 errors, and Matrix Storage reports it failed. I doubt it. but now's the time for a system backup so...
Install Acronis TrueImage 2009. FAIL!!! No good on Win7/64
Purchase and Install TrueImage 2011.
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Back up C drive twice (Merops and Calaeno)
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Restart Acronis and let it update online - FAILED!
Login to Acronis site, register my 2011, then download the update from there.
Install PuTTY and the DC-3 keypairs. COnfigure for SSH to the A2 sites. Test with Tortoise, OK!
Install Chrome standard (not the bleeding edge one!).
*NOTE* Other nodes in the net back to not showing. WHY?
Installed Updated Acronis TrueImage 2011
Installed FocusMax 3.2.1 then 3.4.40
Installed MaxIm DL 5.12 and installed license.
Setup MaxIm cameras and filter wheel. Calibrate guider. Disable sounds.
Run FocusMax Simulator V-curves (2). FocusMax will now focus.
Install ACP 6.0 alpha, set up for Red Mountain. Runs OK.
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BACK UP C Drive (Calaeno, replace one of above)
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Install Targus BT dongle and WIDCOM 6 software. Looks OK.
NOTE: Device Manager shows WD SES device n/g (ugh)
Device Manager shows Acronis Backup Explorer n/g but TrueImage Backup Explorer OK
Changed workgroup to DENNY and added DNS suffix, naming computer to bob.dc3.com, rebooted for that. Now other systems show in Network after about 30 sec.
Installed RocketDock and started on icons.
Ported over all of the FileZilla sites and settings.
Installed Stacks Docklet for RocketDock and configure astro and misc dev stacks.
Installed HyperSnap 6 and its license.
Installed Office 2007 Enterprise (partial, not all progs/features but including script debugger)
Installed Dreamweaver CS5 and activated. Set up window layout, saved. Found the old window layouts from CS4 work great. Bob's Best is exactly what I wanted.
Installed PrimalScript 2009 and its license. Imported settings from XP, OK. No help documents though.
Spent an hour looping through the HP web trying to find drivers for the HP2100 LaserJet. FAIL! I got both universal PCL5 and PCL6 drivers but neither work when trying to add a networked 2100 served by my XP system SERVER. There are a bunch of .inf files in the folders but which one????? They have cryptic names. Their misnamed install.exe just opens the add new printer wizard and you end up looking in the same place. OH!!! Google search revealed you add a LOCAL printer, then use the share name for a new LOCAL port (if net share) and TCP port if ethernet printer (like our all in one 7600). Holy Shit, I did it. I let the printer wiz go to Windows Update for the big list and the 2100 was there. For the L7600 I chose a LOCAL printer again, TCP port, then that failed. I selected Custom and typed in the IP address for the TCP port. It failed to contact the printer but then showed the big list. Hand chose it and it installed and ran.
08-Nov-10
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Replaced the failed 500Gb drive with brand new one. Rebuilt all.
Installed HTML Workshop, checks OK.
Installed Inno Setup and Pack.
Added a bunch of exclusion patterns to Tortoise SVN, now dev trees don't show any more unversioned files.
Moved Unix folder into place and added bin and local\wbin to path.
Long wrestle with the BT dongle and WIDCOMM drivers. Finally got it all working as I want. Some opperator error with the headset :-).
Installed Bria 2, configured as extension 104, working OK
Moved Prog86 Utilities folder into place, added to path. Includes OLEVIEW, a separate checklist item.
Installed Paint.NET 3.5.5, checked out, added RocketDock icon.
Installed ACDSee Photo Manager 12, purchased upgrade.
Installed TeamViewer 5.1, added to RocketDock.
Installed VMWare 7 and checked out with a couple of VMs. OK.
Moved CwRss and CwSvr over to Program Files. Not tested.
Installed Araxis Merge 2010, added external commands to Tortoise SVN to use Araxis for diff and merge.
Moved the entire My Documents folder over from old system. Large copy.
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BACKUP TO MEROPE
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Oops, copy of My Documents stopped at My Music. Complete move of the files.
Removed old Web Video Editing and Publishing. I have new recipe now with Vegas 9 and YouTube, with the Sony encoder.
Purchased and installed Araxis support/upgrades thrpough 2011. New license.
Installed SecureCRT and set up SSH logins to all of the A2 host sites, including public key auth. Install on RocketDock. All check out OK.
Installed TakeCommand 12, and set up alias and startup shell scripts. Install on RocketDock.
Worked on RocketDock some more.
Installed Dreamweaver CS5. Using old XP/64 VM, exported then imported 22 site projects and spot tested them. Migrated window layouts from CS4 and now using Bob's Best. NOTE that some things didn't install (like AIR).
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BACKUP TO MEROPE
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09-Nov-10
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Installed WinRAR 3.90 and license.
Installed Office 2007 Enterprise (not all components, but script editor included)
Installed Visio 2007
Installed 20 Microsoft updates, including those for Office
Installed Microsoft Security Essentials (one of the updates). Hopefully this will be faster than ZoneAlarm, etc.
Installed 21 more Microsoft updates, 20 for Office 2007 and a new Security Essentials database
Installed Microsoft Network Monitor 3.4
Installed CleanMyPC Registry Cleaner and license. Ran and fixed 280 problems.
Installed Dreamweaver CS3 starter templates (extension)
Installed XTND.US Dreamweaver JQuery extension
Installed MySQL ODBC COnnector 5.1.8 (needed for TrackStar)
Installed MySQL Workbench 5.2.29. Configured for A2 Forums. Can't figure out how to do scheduled backup. ALso cannot get the Health displays to activate.
Installed MySQL Gui Tools 5.0 (obsolete) for the MySQL Administrator
NOTE: MySQL Administrator used for daily forum backups! I had to use the XP/64 VM to find where /how those backups were scheduled. DOH!
Set up Forum Backup project in MySQL Admin and scheduled it daily. Backups go to D:\web\commctr-backup (obviously). Tested and confirmed.
In XP/64 VM, export all settings from VS2005, VS2008, VS2010. Noted that some things were installed as add-ons!!
Installed Caps-Lock registry hack and saved in Arch55
Gemini backups stopped, due to inbound file sharing being disabled! Turned on sharing for C and D drives, full contgrol for only Robert B. Denny. Tested Gemini backup, OK now. Tested access from other systems, OK now.
Installed the SMTP control
Tested TrackStar for Comm Center remote MySQL access (read/write) and ability to send emails. OK! Trackstar can now run.
Installed GoldWave 5.58.
Create System Restore checkpoint.
Fun: Windows 7 doesn't have the "Stereo Mix" recording input option, apparently. It was working on this same system under Windows XP, so it's not a hardware limitation. I see it's listed in Device Manager as "High Definition Audio Device". I suspect I need real drivers. Went to Dell support, my system, found Analog Devices driver 6.10.2.7250 and installed it. It came up on reboot with those drivers. Wallah! I have it now. Open the Sound control panel, in the Recording tab, click Stereo Mix, then click the Set Default button. That will change it from Currently Unavailable to Default Device, and it will be ready to go!
Tested Windows Media with MP4(!) and GoldWave recording, working OK. Can record sound output now.
Installed uTorrent 10
Installed Quicken 2009, let it update to R7
Move Quicken live files to DC3SERVER\c\QUICKEN on drive Q, allowing her to use the data without needing an account on this system.
Map Quicken backup folder on old server at \\SERVER\C\QCKNBU to drive R.
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BACKUP TO MEROPE
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Install VS2005 Pro from 2xCD distribution (11/2010)
Install VS2005 SP1 KB 926601 as required (arch 34)
Install VS2005 SP1 Update KB 932232 as required (arch 55)
Install VS2005 MSDN doc set from Team Edition DVD
Imported VS2005 settings saved from old system. IOE looks just like it used to!
PROBLEM: Scheduler is looking for Jet Replication Objects) for compacting the database. It is part of ActiveX Data Objects. Now to look at what comes with Windows 7...etc... The DLL is there C:\Progx86\Common\System\ado\msjro.dll and it registers. However it does not show in COM references, and cannot be added via Browse...
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BACKUP TO CALAENO
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Installed Visual Studio 2008 Pro from DVD
Installed VS2008 MSDN Documentation from DVD
Installed VS2008 SP1 Update KB 945140 as required (arch 55)
Installed NUnit 2.5.8
Installed Visual NUnit for VS2008 1.0.3. Check out on Morse Tools project in VS2008, OK.
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BACKUP TO MEROPE
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10-Nov-2010
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Installed 18 Windows updates, including some huge ones for VS2008
Installed Sizer 3.32
Installed FileZilla 3.3.4.1
Installed and licensed PrimalSQL 1.1.3
Installed Fiddler 2.3.0.6
Installed and licensed Camtasia Studio 7.0
Installed Camtasia Studio update 7.1, runs OK. Tested Camtasia Recorder too, it's OK.
Tried installing Vegas 9.0e, got error on VC++ 2005 and 2008 SP1 (x64) redistributables, failed to install them. I believe they are already there because I have both development systems installed. This is gonna take some snooping.
Installed Process Monitor 2.93, required for Win7/64. Will use to see what's going on with the Vegas 9 installer.
OK, I solved it. When the installer gets to the error message popup. let it sit there. Now go into C:\Users\YourName\AppData\Local\Temp\SonyInstall_1. You will find all of the bits. Hand install vcredist_x86 (the VS2005 redist), and for 64-bit install vcredist2_x64 (the VS2008 SP1 (x64) redist). Then just run the Vegas90.msi installer that is in that same folder. That will start the main Vegas 9 installer. Vegas is installed and licensed now!
Installed Lagarith Lossless Video Encoder 1.3.20 (needed for video editing)
Installed many fonts from XP/64 that did not exist in the new OS
Activated Quicken, then set it to do automatic updates each night. Ran an update, successful. Backed up.
Installed and licensed TheSky X Pro.
Installed TheSky X Pro 10.0.9 update.
Installed VisualSVN 2.0.3. Damn it, the license for 1.x isn't valid.
Upgraded to V2.0 (50%0ff, $24.50).
VisualSVN 2.0 licensed, integrated, and tested with VS2005 and VS2008.
Installed CwCOM
Installed MorseMail
Installed Morse Code Tools 1.6
Installed Western Digital SES drivers for Passport drives. Needed even if virtual CD is disabled in the drive.
Installed WinAmp 5.581 and licensed for Pro.
Initial organization of the Start menu, enough for now! Moved all of the folders into Program Data\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs and sub folders. This is the "all users" area.
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BACKUP TO MEROPE
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Installed HyffyYUV video encoder, used by older video projects.
FocusMax went into MSI Hell, had to let it see the 3.2.1 installer on the desktop. Something to do with shortcuts during start menu cleanup.
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<meta name="keywords" content="philosophy science epistemology metaphysics analytic
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<h1>The Department of Philosophy<br> at <a target="_top" href="http://www.brandeis.edu">Brandeis University</a></h1>
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<font size="6">Philosophy in Preparation for Law School</font>
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<p> <font size="+1"> Many Brandeis graduates who have pursued careers in law had some exposure to philosophy while they were undergraduates at Brandeis. This is not surprising. Every philosophy course taught at Brandeis helps students to develop analytical skills that are invaluable in the practice of law and this is true of every course currently taught by the Department, whether the course is one directly related to law, such as Philosophy of Law, or whether its focus is elsewhere, say on Amercian Pragmatism or on the Philosophy of Religion. <br></font></p>
<p><font size="+1"> Below you will find a list of courses taught in the Philosophy Department that may be of special interest to students who are contemplating a career in law, but it should be borne in mind that any course in philosophy can introduce you to the basic skills essential to the study and practice of law, to help you to improve upon your ability to make and evaluate arguments, to anticipate and respond to objections, and to uncover principles that may help to explain conflicting judgments of similar cases. <br></font></p>
<p><font size="+1"> The Department welcomes students with an interest in law, and is eager to help each student find the right mix of courses that will suit his or her specific needs. Majors in other fields, in Politics, Economics, or History, for example, who wish to pursue legal careers need not become Philosophy Majors to benefit from the courses the Department has to offer. The pre-law student who takes one or two courses in Philosophy in addition to fulfilling his or her course requirements in another Field will be far better prepared to enter law school than a pre-law candidate who has had no exposure to philosophy at all. <br> </font></p>
<p><font size="+1"> A recent comprehensive study of college students' scores on major tests used for admission to graduate and professional schools shows that students majoring in Philosophy received scores substantially higher than the average on each of the tests studied. <br></font></p>
<p><font size="+1"> The performance of Philosophy Majors on all three tests was remarkable: Philosophy Majors received higher scores on the LSAT, for instance, than students in all other humanities areas, and higher scores than all social and natural science majors except economics and mathematics, and higher scores than all applied majors.<br></font></p>
<p><font size="+1"> Moreover, the differences in most cases were substantial: <br></font></p>
<p><font size="+1"> Philosophy Majors scored 10% better than political science majors on the LSAT. Philosophy Majors outperformed business majors by a margin of 15% on the GMAT and outperformed every other undergraduate major except mathematics. And Philosophy Majors' scores on the verbal portion of the GRE were higher than in any other major even English; and although several science majors showed higher averages in the quantitative portion of the test, Philosophy Majors scored substantially higher than all other humanities majors and were alone among humanities majors in scoring above the overall average.<br></font></p>
<p><font size="+1"> The study compared the scores of 550,000 college students who took the LSAT, GMAT, and the verbal and quantitative portions of the GRE with data collected over the previous eighteen years and was conducted by the National Institute of Education and reported in THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION.<br></font></p>
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<h2><font size="+1">Courses of Special Interest for Students<br>Preparing for a Career in Law</font></h2>
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<hr noshade><font size="+1"> <font size="+1"> <p> <b></b></p><p><b><a name="PHIL-5a">PHIL 5a</a> Introduction to Logic </b></p> <p>A study of the most basic forms of reasoning and their linguistic expression. Provides an introduction to the traditional theory of syllogism relations, contemporary symbolic logic, and the nature of scientific reasoning. Usually offered every fourth year. Last offered in the fall of 1994.</p> <p>Mr. Hirsch</p>
<hr> <b></b><p><b><a name="PHIL-17a">PHIL 17a</a> Introduction to Ethics </b></p> <p>Explores the basic concepts and theories of ethical philosophy. What makes a life good? What are our moral obligations to other people? Applications of ethical philosophy to various concrete questions will be considered. Usually offered every year.</p> <p>Mr. Wong</p>
<hr> <b></b><p><b><a name="PHIL-19a">PHIL 19a</a> <a href="http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~teuber/hr.html">Human Rights</a></b></p> <i><p>Enrollment limited to 100.</p> </i><p>Examines international human rights policies and the moral and political issues to which they give rise. Includes civilians' wartime rights, the role of human rights in foreign policy, and the responsibility of individuals and states to alleviate world hunger and famine. Usually offered in even years.</p> <p>Mr. Teuber</p>
<hr> <b></b><p><b><a name="PHIL-20a">PHIL 20a</a> Social and Political Philosophy: Democracy and Disobedience </b></p> <p>Investigates some central questions of social and political philosophy. Topics include the origins of legitimate political authority, the duties owed by citizens to governments, and by governments to citizens; the right to rebellion, individual rights, the limits of legitimate political authority, the relationship between citizenship and individual freedom, and the ends which political institutions ought to pursue. Usually offered in odd years.</p> <p>Ms. Chaplin</p>
<hr> <b></b><p><b><a name="PHIL-22b">PHIL 22b</a> Philosophy of Law</b></p> <p>Examines the nature of criminal responsibility, causation in the law, negligence and liability, omission and the duty to rescue, and the nature and limits of law. Also, is the law more or less like chess or poker, cooking recipes, or the Ten Commandments? Usually offered in even years.</p> <p>Mr. Teuber</p>
<hr> <b><p><a name="PHIL-23b">PHIL 23b</a> Biomedical Ethics </p> </b> <i></i><p><i>Enrollment limited to 50</i>.</p> <p>An examination of ethical issues that arise in a biomedical context, such as the issues of abortion, euthanasia, eugenics, lying to patients, and the right to health care. The relevance of ethical theory to such issues will be considered. Usually offered in even years.</p> <p>Mr. Hirsch </p>
<hr> <b><p><a name="PHIL-112b">PHIL 112b</a> Philosophy and Public Policy</p> </b> <p>The course examines the case that can be made for and against distributing certain goods and services on an open market as the result of free exchange, or through public mechanisms of planning and control. For examples, the arguments for and against public funding of the arts, fire departments, patents, zoning laws, and national health care. Usually offered in even years.</p> <p>Mr. Teuber</p>
<hr> <b><p><a name="PHIL-114b">PHIL 114b</a> Topics in Ethical Theory</p> </b> <p>Is morality something we have reasons to obey regardless of our interests and desires, or do the reasons grow out of our interests and desires? Is the moral life always a personally satisfying life? Is morality a social invention or is it more deeply rooted in the nature of things? The course will address such questions. Usually offered in odd years.</p> <p>Mr. Wong</p>
<hr> <b><p><a name="PHIL-116a">PHIL 116a</a> Seminar in Political Philosophy: Privacy</p> </b> <p>Privacy has assumed an increasingly central role in contemporary social and political thought, but there is still no clear agreement on what it is, or if indeed it exists independently at all. We consider such questions as to whether or not there is a right to privacy, its derivation and value and its relationship to other values such as freedom and autonomy. Usually offered in even years.</p> <p>Ms. Chaplin</p>
<hr> <b><p><a name="PHIL-121a">PHIL 121a</a> Politics, Philosophy, and the Legal Regulation of Sexuality</p> </b> <p>Treating the sexual exchange as a proper subject for politics, we will read traditional philosophers like Tocqueville and Mill, as well as laws and court opinions in an effort to understand how sex is regulated in America as a political matter. Usually offered in even years.</p> <p>Ms. Hirshman</p> </font>
<hr><p> <font size="5"></font></p><p align="CENTER"><font size="5">Department of Philosophy<br> Brandeis University<br> Rabb 305/MS 055<br> South Street<br> Waltham, MA 02254<br> (781) 736-2788<br> </font> <br> </p><p><b><font face="Arial narrow"><font color="#000000"><font size="-1"></font></font></font></b></p>
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<hr> <font size="-2">April 15, 1999 <p>URL: http://www.brandeis.edu/departments/philosophy/philosophy.html <br><a href="http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~teuber/">Comments and Inquiries to webmaster@brandeis.edu</a> </p></font></font></font></font></b>
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<body> <span class="authora_QeUUJc2XXAbjoY6z"> <span class="removed">Relearn 2017</span> </span>
<br> <span class="authora_QeUUJc2XXAbjoY6z">To support the array of tools we wanted to have at Relearn this year, we've set up a local network and a local server to allow for outside internet connections but ensure some tools to function properly while on local networks.</span>
<br> <span class="authora_QeUUJc2XXAbjoY6z">By the front door is a server called complex.local</span>
<br>
<br>
<br> <span class="authora_uOBhFxZIokEoJlQe">First form groups of three.</span>
<br> <span class="authora_uOBhFxZIokEoJlQe">One person login as the user <strong>relearn</strong> </span>
<br>
<br>
<ul class="indent">
<li> <span class="authora_uOBhFxZIokEoJlQe">$ ssh relearn@complex.local</span> </li>
<li> <span class="authora_uOBhFxZIokEoJlQe">passw is entrepot</span> </li>
<li> <br> </li>
</ul> <span class="authora_uOBhFxZIokEoJlQe">Then that person makes extra user accounts for the each of the three:</span>
<br>
<ul class="indent">
<li> <span class="authora_XmcO47pJGYHG9bLn">$ sudo adduser <em>username</em> </span> </li>
</ul>
<br> <span class="authora_uOBhFxZIokEoJlQe">It will first ask you to give the password for the user relearn, its entrepot&nbsp;</span>
<br>
<br> <span class="authora_uOBhFxZIokEoJlQe">Then it will ask you to choose and confirm a password for the new user you made.</span>
<br>
<br> <span class="authora_uOBhFxZIokEoJlQe">Then each user we add to the permission group <strong>'relearn'</strong> </span>
<br>
<br>
<ul class="indent">
<li> <span class="authora_uOBhFxZIokEoJlQe">$ sudo usermod -a -G relearn $user</span> </li>
<li> <br> </li>
<li> <span class="authora_uOBhFxZIokEoJlQe">where $user is the username you just made.</span> </li>
<li> <br> </li>
</ul> <span class="authora_uOBhFxZIokEoJlQe">Once everyone has a their own user account, you can log in to complex.local with it!</span>
<br>
<br>
<ul>
<ul class="indent">
<li> <span class="authora_uOBhFxZIokEoJlQe">$ssh username@complex.local</span> </li>
</ul>
</ul>
<br>
<br> <span class="authora_uOBhFxZIokEoJlQe">On windows we need to install PuTTY in order to get unix shell</span> <span class="authora_3I6MSeGZBSI6yqJY">&nbsp; download it from --&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <a href="https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html"> <span class="authora_3I6MSeGZBSI6yqJY">https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html</span> </a>
<br> <span class="authora_3I6MSeGZBSI6yqJY">once you install it enter in the Configuration box --&gt; Host:&nbsp; 192.168.73.188&nbsp;&nbsp; . Done!</span>
<br>
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