diff --git a/packages/backend/src/misc/get-note-summary.ts b/packages/backend/src/misc/get-note-summary.ts
index ddcfade42..96267400a 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/misc/get-note-summary.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/misc/get-note-summary.ts
@@ -9,10 +9,6 @@ export const getNoteSummary = (note: Packed<'Note'>): string => {
 		return `(❌⛔)`;
 	}
 
-	if (note.isHidden) {
-		return `(⛔)`;
-	}
-
 	let summary = '';
 
 	// 本文
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/models/repositories/note-favorite.ts b/packages/backend/src/models/repositories/note-favorite.ts
index 9bd97f988..1d5702053 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/models/repositories/note-favorite.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/models/repositories/note-favorite.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ export const NoteFavoriteRepository = db.getRepository(NoteFavorite).extend({
 			id: favorite.id,
 			createdAt: favorite.createdAt.toISOString(),
 			noteId: favorite.noteId,
+			// may throw error
 			note: await Notes.pack(favorite.note || favorite.noteId, me),
 		};
 	},
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ export const NoteFavoriteRepository = db.getRepository(NoteFavorite).extend({
 		favorites: any[],
 		me: { id: User['id'] }
 	) {
-		return Promise.all(favorites.map(x => this.pack(x, me)));
+		return Promise.allSettled(favorites.map(x => this.pack(x, me)))
+		.then(promises => promises.flatMap(result => result.status === 'fulfilled' ? [result.value] : []));
 	},
 });
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/models/repositories/note-reaction.ts b/packages/backend/src/models/repositories/note-reaction.ts
index 4deae51c9..46084a9a1 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/models/repositories/note-reaction.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/models/repositories/note-reaction.ts
@@ -25,8 +25,22 @@ export const NoteReactionRepository = db.getRepository(NoteReaction).extend({
 			user: await Users.pack(reaction.user ?? reaction.userId, me),
 			type: convertLegacyReaction(reaction.reaction),
 			...(opts.withNote ? {
+				// may throw error
 				note: await Notes.pack(reaction.note ?? reaction.noteId, me),
 			} : {}),
 		};
 	},
+
+	async packMany(
+		src: NoteReaction[],
+		me?: { id: User['id'] } | null | undefined,
+		options?: {
+			withNote: booleam;
+		},
+	): Promise<Packed<'NoteReaction'>[]> {
+		const reactions = await Promise.allSettled(src.map(reaction => this.pack(reaction, me, options)));
+
+		// filter out rejected promises, only keep fulfilled values
+		return reactions.flatMap(result => result.status === 'fulfilled' ? [result.value] : []);
+	}
 });
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/models/repositories/note.ts b/packages/backend/src/models/repositories/note.ts
index 3fefab031..e697b4cea 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/models/repositories/note.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/models/repositories/note.ts
@@ -10,66 +10,7 @@ import { convertLegacyReaction, convertLegacyReactions, decodeReaction } from '@
 import { NoteReaction } from '@/models/entities/note-reaction.js';
 import { aggregateNoteEmojis, populateEmojis, prefetchEmojis } from '@/misc/populate-emojis.js';
 import { db } from '@/db/postgre.js';
-
-async function hideNote(packedNote: Packed<'Note'>, meId: User['id'] | null) {
-	// TODO: isVisibleForMe を使うようにしても良さそう(型違うけど)
-	let hide = false;
-
-	// visibility が specified かつ自分が指定されていなかったら非表示
-	if (packedNote.visibility === 'specified') {
-		if (meId == null) {
-			hide = true;
-		} else if (meId === packedNote.userId) {
-			hide = false;
-		} else {
-			// 指定されているかどうか
-			const specified = packedNote.visibleUserIds!.some((id: any) => meId === id);
-
-			if (specified) {
-				hide = false;
-			} else {
-				hide = true;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// visibility が followers かつ自分が投稿者のフォロワーでなかったら非表示
-	if (packedNote.visibility === 'followers') {
-		if (meId == null) {
-			hide = true;
-		} else if (meId === packedNote.userId) {
-			hide = false;
-		} else if (packedNote.reply && (meId === packedNote.reply.userId)) {
-			// 自分の投稿に対するリプライ
-			hide = false;
-		} else if (packedNote.mentions && packedNote.mentions.some(id => meId === id)) {
-			// 自分へのメンション
-			hide = false;
-		} else {
-			// フォロワーかどうか
-			const following = await Followings.findOneBy({
-				followeeId: packedNote.userId,
-				followerId: meId,
-			});
-
-			if (following == null) {
-				hide = true;
-			} else {
-				hide = false;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (hide) {
-		packedNote.visibleUserIds = undefined;
-		packedNote.fileIds = [];
-		packedNote.files = [];
-		packedNote.text = null;
-		packedNote.poll = undefined;
-		packedNote.cw = null;
-		packedNote.isHidden = true;
-	}
-}
+import { IdentifiableError } from '@/misc/identifiable-error.js';
 
 async function populatePoll(note: Note, meId: User['id'] | null) {
 	const poll = await Polls.findOneByOrFail({ noteId: note.id });
@@ -193,7 +134,6 @@ export const NoteRepository = db.getRepository(Note).extend({
 		me?: { id: User['id'] } | null | undefined,
 		options?: {
 			detail?: boolean;
-			skipHide?: boolean;
 			_hint_?: {
 				myReactions: Map<Note['id'], NoteReaction | null>;
 			};
@@ -201,13 +141,16 @@ export const NoteRepository = db.getRepository(Note).extend({
 	): Promise<Packed<'Note'>> {
 		const opts = Object.assign({
 			detail: true,
-			skipHide: false,
 		}, options);
 
 		const meId = me ? me.id : null;
 		const note = typeof src === 'object' ? src : await this.findOneByOrFail({ id: src });
 		const host = note.userHost;
 
+		if (!await this.isVisibleForMe(note, meId)) {
+			throw new IdentifiableError('9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24', 'No such note.');
+		}
+
 		let text = note.text;
 
 		if (note.name && (note.url ?? note.uri)) {
@@ -282,10 +225,6 @@ export const NoteRepository = db.getRepository(Note).extend({
 			packed.text = mfm.toString(tokens);
 		}
 
-		if (!opts.skipHide) {
-			await hideNote(packed, meId);
-		}
-
 		return packed;
 	},
 
@@ -294,7 +233,6 @@ export const NoteRepository = db.getRepository(Note).extend({
 		me?: { id: User['id'] } | null | undefined,
 		options?: {
 			detail?: boolean;
-			skipHide?: boolean;
 		}
 	) {
 		if (notes.length === 0) return [];
@@ -316,11 +254,14 @@ export const NoteRepository = db.getRepository(Note).extend({
 
 		await prefetchEmojis(aggregateNoteEmojis(notes));
 
-		return await Promise.all(notes.map(n => this.pack(n, me, {
+		const promises = await Promise.allSettled(notes.map(n => this.pack(n, me, {
 			...options,
 			_hint_: {
 				myReactions: myReactionsMap,
 			},
 		})));
+
+		// filter out rejected promises, only keep fulfilled values
+		return promises.flatMap(result => result.status === 'fulfilled' ? [result.value] : []);
 	},
 });
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/models/schema/note.ts b/packages/backend/src/models/schema/note.ts
index cdf4b9a54..292bbb82f 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/models/schema/note.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/models/schema/note.ts
@@ -52,10 +52,6 @@ export const packedNoteSchema = {
 			optional: true, nullable: true,
 			ref: 'Note',
 		},
-		isHidden: {
-			type: 'boolean',
-			optional: true, nullable: false,
-		},
 		visibility: {
 			type: 'string',
 			optional: false, nullable: false,
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/common/getters.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/common/getters.ts
index 783ea9ef7..c5a1e765e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/common/getters.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/common/getters.ts
@@ -2,12 +2,20 @@ import { IdentifiableError } from '@/misc/identifiable-error.js';
 import { User } from '@/models/entities/user.js';
 import { Note } from '@/models/entities/note.js';
 import { Notes, Users } from '@/models/index.js';
+import { generateVisibilityQuery } from './generate-visibility-query.js';
 
 /**
- * Get note for API processing
+ * Get note for API processing, taking into account visibility.
  */
-export async function getNote(noteId: Note['id']) {
-	const note = await Notes.findOneBy({ id: noteId });
+export async function getNote(noteId: Note['id'], me: { id: User['id'] } | null) {
+	const query = Notes.createQueryBuilder('note')
+		.where("note.id = :id", {
+			id: noteId,
+		});
+
+	generateVisibilityQuery(query, me);
+
+	const note = await query.getOne();
 
 	if (note == null) {
 		throw new IdentifiableError('9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24', 'No such note.');
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/admin/promo/create.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/admin/promo/create.ts
index 68a17867b..b5142fcf0 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/admin/promo/create.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/admin/promo/create.ts
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	const exist = await PromoNotes.findOneBy({ noteId: note.id });
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/clips/add-note.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/clips/add-note.ts
index 5d72f5c1b..91baa8eb7 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/clips/add-note.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/clips/add-note.ts
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
 		throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchClip);
 	}
 
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	const exist = await ClipNotes.findOneBy({
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/clips.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/clips.ts
index 5a4420a68..514386d73 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/clips.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/clips.ts
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, me) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, me).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	const clipNotes = await ClipNotes.findBy({
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/conversation.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/conversation.ts
index 28613962a..fa9b58848 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/conversation.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/conversation.ts
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	const conversation: Note[] = [];
@@ -51,7 +51,11 @@ export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
 
 	async function get(id: any) {
 		i++;
-		const p = await Notes.findOneBy({ id });
+		const p = await getNote(id, user).catch(e => {
+			if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') return null;
+			throw e;
+		});
+
 		if (p == null) return;
 
 		if (i > ps.offset!) {
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/create.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/create.ts
index a13329416..d8954ec73 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/create.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/create.ts
@@ -7,9 +7,11 @@ import { DriveFile } from '@/models/entities/drive-file.js';
 import { Note } from '@/models/entities/note.js';
 import { Channel } from '@/models/entities/channel.js';
 import { MAX_NOTE_TEXT_LENGTH } from '@/const.js';
+import { HOUR } from '@/const.js';
 import { noteVisibilities } from '../../../../types.js';
 import { ApiError } from '../../error.js';
 import define from '../../define.js';
+import { getNote } from '../../common/getters.js';
 
 export const meta = {
 	tags: ['notes'],
@@ -185,11 +187,12 @@ export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
 	let renote: Note | null = null;
 	if (ps.renoteId != null) {
 		// Fetch renote to note
-		renote = await Notes.findOneBy({ id: ps.renoteId });
+		renote = await getNote(ps.renoteId, user).catch(e => {
+			if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchRenoteTarget);
+			throw e;
+		});
 
-		if (renote == null) {
-			throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchRenoteTarget);
-		} else if (renote.renoteId && !renote.text && !renote.fileIds && !renote.hasPoll) {
+		if (renote.renoteId && !renote.text && !renote.fileIds && !renote.hasPoll) {
 			throw new ApiError(meta.errors.cannotReRenote);
 		}
 
@@ -208,11 +211,12 @@ export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
 	let reply: Note | null = null;
 	if (ps.replyId != null) {
 		// Fetch reply
-		reply = await Notes.findOneBy({ id: ps.replyId });
+		reply = await getNote(ps.replyId, user).catch(e => {
+			if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchReplyTarget);
+			throw e;
+		});
 
-		if (reply == null) {
-			throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchReplyTarget);
-		} else if (reply.renoteId && !reply.text && !reply.fileIds && !reply.hasPoll) {
+		if (reply.renoteId && !reply.text && !reply.fileIds && !reply.hasPoll) {
 			throw new ApiError(meta.errors.cannotReplyToPureRenote);
 		}
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/delete.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/delete.ts
index c23ceeb5b..3169db43c 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/delete.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/delete.ts
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	if ((!user.isAdmin && !user.isModerator) && (note.userId !== user.id)) {
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/favorites/create.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/favorites/create.ts
index 097371a42..b5dd88a4e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/favorites/create.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/favorites/create.ts
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
 	// Get favoritee
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	// if already favorited
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/favorites/delete.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/favorites/delete.ts
index 82ef4fa19..3f4d39254 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/favorites/delete.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/favorites/delete.ts
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
 	// Get favoritee
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	// if already favorited
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/polls/vote.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/polls/vote.ts
index 45a832cbd..6dd5ddf9e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/polls/vote.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/polls/vote.ts
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
 	const createdAt = new Date();
 
 	// Get votee
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	if (!note.hasPoll) {
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/reactions.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/reactions.ts
index be2846d25..00a89b3f2 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/reactions.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/reactions.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { NoteReactions } from '@/models/index.js';
 import { NoteReaction } from '@/models/entities/note-reaction.js';
 import define from '../../define.js';
 import { ApiError } from '../../error.js';
+import { getNote } from '../../common/getters.js';
 
 export const meta = {
 	tags: ['notes', 'reactions'],
@@ -47,6 +48,12 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
+	// check note visibility
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
+	});
+
 	const query = {
 		noteId: ps.noteId,
 	} as FindOptionsWhere<NoteReaction>;
@@ -69,5 +76,5 @@ export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
 		relations: ['user', 'user.avatar', 'user.banner', 'note'],
 	});
 
-	return await Promise.all(reactions.map(reaction => NoteReactions.pack(reaction, user)));
+	return await NoteReactions.packMany(reactions, user);
 });
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/reactions/create.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/reactions/create.ts
index 07e52a926..b5c0c9d17 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/reactions/create.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/reactions/create.ts
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 	await createReaction(user, note, ps.reaction).catch(e => {
 		if (e.id === '51c42bb4-931a-456b-bff7-e5a8a70dd298') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.alreadyReacted);
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/reactions/delete.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/reactions/delete.ts
index c13cafa21..b8e234bb4 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/reactions/delete.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/reactions/delete.ts
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 	await deleteReaction(user, note).catch(e => {
 		if (e.id === '60527ec9-b4cb-4a88-a6bd-32d3ad26817d') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.notReacted);
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/renotes.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/renotes.ts
index 4d0cd8fc6..2f662f355 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/renotes.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/renotes.ts
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	const query = makePaginationQuery(Notes.createQueryBuilder('note'), ps.sinceId, ps.untilId)
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/show.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/show.ts
index 470791b1b..83a39a855 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/show.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/show.ts
@@ -34,12 +34,16 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	return await Notes.pack(note, user, {
+		// FIXME: packing with detail may throw an error if the reply or renote is not visible (#8774)
 		detail: true,
+	}).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 });
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/state.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/state.ts
index 01afa5add..67579b2a6 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/state.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/state.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { NoteFavorites, Notes, NoteThreadMutings, NoteWatchings } from '@/models/index.js';
+import { getNote } from '../../common/getters.js';
 import define from '../../define.js';
 
 export const meta = {
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await Notes.findOneByOrFail({ id: ps.noteId });
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user);
 
 	const [favorite, watching, threadMuting] = await Promise.all([
 		NoteFavorites.count({
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/thread-muting/create.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/thread-muting/create.ts
index cf360526d..4154b5dc5 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/thread-muting/create.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/thread-muting/create.ts
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	const mutedNotes = await Notes.find({
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/thread-muting/delete.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/thread-muting/delete.ts
index ac310d0fe..cbc0e5ce5 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/thread-muting/delete.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/thread-muting/delete.ts
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	await NoteThreadMutings.delete({
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/translate.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/translate.ts
index ba6e262d6..a01dcfa48 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/translate.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/translate.ts
@@ -39,15 +39,11 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
-	if (!(await Notes.isVisibleForMe(note, user ? user.id : null))) {
-		return 204; // TODO: 良い感じのエラー返す
-	}
-
 	if (note.text == null) {
 		return 204;
 	}
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/unrenote.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/unrenote.ts
index 3fba0efe0..400eefb70 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/unrenote.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/unrenote.ts
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	const renotes = await Notes.findBy({
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/watching/create.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/watching/create.ts
index 7d482b073..6025799fa 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/watching/create.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/watching/create.ts
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	await watch(user.id, note);
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/watching/delete.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/watching/delete.ts
index 2c1a2e5fb..7021c7970 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/watching/delete.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/notes/watching/delete.ts
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	await unwatch(user.id, note);
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/promo/read.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/promo/read.ts
index c6a940c65..7c37fcbf7 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/promo/read.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/promo/read.ts
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ export const paramDef = {
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, user) => {
-	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId).catch(e => {
-		if (e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
-		throw e;
+	const note = await getNote(ps.noteId, user).catch(err => {
+		if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') throw new ApiError(meta.errors.noSuchNote);
+		throw err;
 	});
 
 	const exist = await PromoReads.findOneBy({
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/users/reactions.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/users/reactions.ts
index 79cf58a41..144326958 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/users/reactions.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/users/reactions.ts
@@ -63,5 +63,5 @@ export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, me) => {
 		.take(ps.limit)
 		.getMany();
 
-	return await Promise.all(reactions.map(reaction => NoteReactions.pack(reaction, me, { withNote: true })));
+	return await NoteReactions.packMany(reactions, me, { withNote: true });
 });
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channel.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channel.ts
index d2cc5122d..c9cffd2d3 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channel.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channel.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 import Connection from '.';
+import { Note } from '@/models/entities/note.js';
+import { Notes } from '@/models/index.js';
+import { Packed } from '@/misc/schema.js';
+import { IdentifiableError } from '@/misc/identifiable-error.js';
 
 /**
  * Stream channel
@@ -54,6 +58,32 @@ export default abstract class Channel {
 		});
 	}
 
+	protected withPackedNote(callback: (note: Packed<'Note'>) => void): (Note) => void {
+		return async (note: Note) => {
+			try {
+				// because `note` was previously JSON.stringify'ed, the fields that
+				// were objects before are now strings and have to be restored or
+				// removed from the object
+				note.createdAt = new Date(note.createdAt);
+				delete note.reply;
+				delete note.renote;
+				delete note.user;
+				delete note.channel;
+
+				const packed = await Notes.pack(note, this.user, { detail: true });
+
+				callback(packed);
+			} catch (err) {
+				if (err instanceof IdentifiableError && err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') {
+					// skip: note not visible to user
+					return;
+				} else {
+					throw err;
+				}
+			}
+		};
+	}
+
 	public abstract init(params: any): void;
 	public dispose?(): void;
 	public onMessage?(type: string, body: any): void;
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/antenna.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/antenna.ts
index d28320d92..a9a98e904 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/antenna.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/antenna.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import Channel from '../channel.js';
 import { Notes } from '@/models/index.js';
 import { isUserRelated } from '@/misc/is-user-related.js';
 import { StreamMessages } from '../types.js';
+import { IdentifiableError } from '@/misc/identifiable-error.js';
 
 export default class extends Channel {
 	public readonly chName = 'antenna';
@@ -23,16 +24,25 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 
 	private async onEvent(data: StreamMessages['antenna']['payload']) {
 		if (data.type === 'note') {
-			const note = await Notes.pack(data.body.id, this.user, { detail: true });
+			try {
+				const note = await Notes.pack(data.body.id, this.user, { detail: true });
 
-			// 流れてきたNoteがミュートしているユーザーが関わるものだったら無視する
-			if (isUserRelated(note, this.muting)) return;
-			// 流れてきたNoteがブロックされているユーザーが関わるものだったら無視する
-			if (isUserRelated(note, this.blocking)) return;
+				// 流れてきたNoteがミュートしているユーザーが関わるものだったら無視する
+				if (isUserRelated(note, this.muting)) return;
+				// 流れてきたNoteがブロックされているユーザーが関わるものだったら無視する
+				if (isUserRelated(note, this.blocking)) return;
 
-			this.connection.cacheNote(note);
+				this.connection.cacheNote(note);
 
-			this.send('note', note);
+				this.send('note', note);
+			} catch (e) {
+				if (e instanceof IdentifiableError && e.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') {
+					// skip: note not visible to user
+					return;
+				} else {
+					throw e;
+				}
+			}
 		} else {
 			this.send(data.type, data.body);
 		}
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/channel.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/channel.ts
index 3cdd89a8b..7ed47c389 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/channel.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/channel.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import Channel from '../channel.js';
-import { Notes, Users } from '@/models/index.js';
+import { Users } from '@/models/index.js';
 import { isUserRelated } from '@/misc/is-user-related.js';
 import { User } from '@/models/entities/user.js';
 import { StreamMessages } from '../types.js';
@@ -31,19 +31,6 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 	private async onNote(note: Packed<'Note'>) {
 		if (note.channelId !== this.channelId) return;
 
-		// リプライなら再pack
-		if (note.replyId != null) {
-			note.reply = await Notes.pack(note.replyId, this.user, {
-				detail: true,
-			});
-		}
-		// Renoteなら再pack
-		if (note.renoteId != null) {
-			note.renote = await Notes.pack(note.renoteId, this.user, {
-				detail: true,
-			});
-		}
-
 		// 流れてきたNoteがミュートしているユーザーが関わるものだったら無視する
 		if (isUserRelated(note, this.muting)) return;
 		// 流れてきたNoteがブロックされているユーザーが関わるものだったら無視する
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/global-timeline.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/global-timeline.ts
index 5b4ae850e..391851ecd 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/global-timeline.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/global-timeline.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import Channel from '../channel.js';
 import { fetchMeta } from '@/misc/fetch-meta.js';
-import { Notes } from '@/models/index.js';
 import { checkWordMute } from '@/misc/check-word-mute.js';
 import { isInstanceMuted } from '@/misc/is-instance-muted.js';
 import { isUserRelated } from '@/misc/is-user-related.js';
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 
 	constructor(id: string, connection: Channel['connection']) {
 		super(id, connection);
-		this.onNote = this.onNote.bind(this);
+		this.onNote = this.withPackedNote(this.onNote.bind(this));
 	}
 
 	public async init(params: any) {
@@ -30,19 +29,6 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 		if (note.visibility !== 'public') return;
 		if (note.channelId != null) return;
 
-		// リプライなら再pack
-		if (note.replyId != null) {
-			note.reply = await Notes.pack(note.replyId, this.user, {
-				detail: true,
-			});
-		}
-		// Renoteなら再pack
-		if (note.renoteId != null) {
-			note.renote = await Notes.pack(note.renoteId, this.user, {
-				detail: true,
-			});
-		}
-
 		// 関係ない返信は除外
 		if (note.reply && !this.user!.showTimelineReplies) {
 			const reply = note.reply;
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/hashtag.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/hashtag.ts
index 741db447e..f9f7ae410 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/hashtag.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/hashtag.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import Channel from '../channel.js';
-import { Notes } from '@/models/index.js';
 import { normalizeForSearch } from '@/misc/normalize-for-search.js';
 import { isUserRelated } from '@/misc/is-user-related.js';
 import { Packed } from '@/misc/schema.js';
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 
 	constructor(id: string, connection: Channel['connection']) {
 		super(id, connection);
-		this.onNote = this.onNote.bind(this);
+		this.onNote = this.withPackedNote(this.onNote.bind(this));
 	}
 
 	public async init(params: any) {
@@ -29,13 +28,6 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 		const matched = this.q.some(tags => tags.every(tag => noteTags.includes(normalizeForSearch(tag))));
 		if (!matched) return;
 
-		// Renoteなら再pack
-		if (note.renoteId != null) {
-			note.renote = await Notes.pack(note.renoteId, this.user, {
-				detail: true,
-			});
-		}
-
 		// 流れてきたNoteがミュートしているユーザーが関わるものだったら無視する
 		if (isUserRelated(note, this.muting)) return;
 		// 流れてきたNoteがブロックされているユーザーが関わるものだったら無視する
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/home-timeline.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/home-timeline.ts
index 075a242ef..9f5188547 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/home-timeline.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/home-timeline.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import Channel from '../channel.js';
-import { Notes } from '@/models/index.js';
 import { checkWordMute } from '@/misc/check-word-mute.js';
 import { isUserRelated } from '@/misc/is-user-related.js';
 import { isInstanceMuted } from '@/misc/is-instance-muted.js';
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 
 	constructor(id: string, connection: Channel['connection']) {
 		super(id, connection);
-		this.onNote = this.onNote.bind(this);
+		this.onNote = this.withPackedNote(this.onNote.bind(this));
 	}
 
 	public async init(params: any) {
@@ -31,29 +30,6 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 		// Ignore notes from instances the user has muted
 		if (isInstanceMuted(note, new Set<string>(this.userProfile?.mutedInstances ?? []))) return;
 
-		if (['followers', 'specified'].includes(note.visibility)) {
-			note = await Notes.pack(note.id, this.user!, {
-				detail: true,
-			});
-
-			if (note.isHidden) {
-				return;
-			}
-		} else {
-			// リプライなら再pack
-			if (note.replyId != null) {
-				note.reply = await Notes.pack(note.replyId, this.user!, {
-					detail: true,
-				});
-			}
-			// Renoteなら再pack
-			if (note.renoteId != null) {
-				note.renote = await Notes.pack(note.renoteId, this.user!, {
-					detail: true,
-				});
-			}
-		}
-
 		// 関係ない返信は除外
 		if (note.reply && !this.user!.showTimelineReplies) {
 			const reply = note.reply;
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/hybrid-timeline.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/hybrid-timeline.ts
index f5dedf77c..e73136b8e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/hybrid-timeline.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/hybrid-timeline.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import Channel from '../channel.js';
 import { fetchMeta } from '@/misc/fetch-meta.js';
-import { Notes } from '@/models/index.js';
 import { checkWordMute } from '@/misc/check-word-mute.js';
 import { isUserRelated } from '@/misc/is-user-related.js';
 import { isInstanceMuted } from '@/misc/is-instance-muted.js';
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 
 	constructor(id: string, connection: Channel['connection']) {
 		super(id, connection);
-		this.onNote = this.onNote.bind(this);
+		this.onNote = this.withPackedNote(this.onNote.bind(this));
 	}
 
 	public async init(params: any) {
@@ -36,29 +35,6 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 			(note.channelId != null && this.followingChannels.has(note.channelId))
 		)) return;
 
-		if (['followers', 'specified'].includes(note.visibility)) {
-			note = await Notes.pack(note.id, this.user!, {
-				detail: true,
-			});
-
-			if (note.isHidden) {
-				return;
-			}
-		} else {
-			// リプライなら再pack
-			if (note.replyId != null) {
-				note.reply = await Notes.pack(note.replyId, this.user!, {
-					detail: true,
-				});
-			}
-			// Renoteなら再pack
-			if (note.renoteId != null) {
-				note.renote = await Notes.pack(note.renoteId, this.user!, {
-					detail: true,
-				});
-			}
-		}
-
 		// Ignore notes from instances the user has muted
 		if (isInstanceMuted(note, new Set<string>(this.userProfile?.mutedInstances ?? []))) return;
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/local-timeline.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/local-timeline.ts
index f01f47723..729de6d4a 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/local-timeline.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/local-timeline.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import Channel from '../channel.js';
 import { fetchMeta } from '@/misc/fetch-meta.js';
-import { Notes } from '@/models/index.js';
 import { checkWordMute } from '@/misc/check-word-mute.js';
 import { isUserRelated } from '@/misc/is-user-related.js';
 import { Packed } from '@/misc/schema.js';
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 
 	constructor(id: string, connection: Channel['connection']) {
 		super(id, connection);
-		this.onNote = this.onNote.bind(this);
+		this.onNote = this.withPackedNote(this.onNote.bind(this));
 	}
 
 	public async init(params: any) {
@@ -30,19 +29,6 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 		if (note.visibility !== 'public') return;
 		if (note.channelId != null && !this.followingChannels.has(note.channelId)) return;
 
-		// リプライなら再pack
-		if (note.replyId != null) {
-			note.reply = await Notes.pack(note.replyId, this.user, {
-				detail: true,
-			});
-		}
-		// Renoteなら再pack
-		if (note.renoteId != null) {
-			note.renote = await Notes.pack(note.renoteId, this.user, {
-				detail: true,
-			});
-		}
-
 		// 関係ない返信は除外
 		if (note.reply && !this.user!.showTimelineReplies) {
 			const reply = note.reply;
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/main.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/main.ts
index 9cfea0bfc..7f42263db 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/main.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/main.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import Channel from '../channel.js';
-import { Notes } from '@/models/index.js';
 import { isInstanceMuted, isUserFromMutedInstance } from '@/misc/is-instance-muted.js';
 
 export default class extends Channel {
@@ -16,26 +15,12 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 					if (isUserFromMutedInstance(data.body, new Set<string>(this.userProfile?.mutedInstances ?? []))) return;
 					if (data.body.userId && this.muting.has(data.body.userId)) return;
 
-					if (data.body.note && data.body.note.isHidden) {
-						const note = await Notes.pack(data.body.note.id, this.user, {
-							detail: true,
-						});
-						this.connection.cacheNote(note);
-						data.body.note = note;
-					}
 					break;
 				}
 				case 'mention': {
 					if (isInstanceMuted(data.body, new Set<string>(this.userProfile?.mutedInstances ?? []))) return;
 
 					if (this.muting.has(data.body.userId)) return;
-					if (data.body.isHidden) {
-						const note = await Notes.pack(data.body.id, this.user, {
-							detail: true,
-						});
-						this.connection.cacheNote(note);
-						data.body = note;
-					}
 					break;
 				}
 			}
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/user-list.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/user-list.ts
index 97ad2983c..9b2476148 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/user-list.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/channels/user-list.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import Channel from '../channel.js';
-import { Notes, UserListJoinings, UserLists } from '@/models/index.js';
+import { UserListJoinings, UserLists } from '@/models/index.js';
 import { User } from '@/models/entities/user.js';
 import { isUserRelated } from '@/misc/is-user-related.js';
 import { Packed } from '@/misc/schema.js';
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 	constructor(id: string, connection: Channel['connection']) {
 		super(id, connection);
 		this.updateListUsers = this.updateListUsers.bind(this);
-		this.onNote = this.onNote.bind(this);
+		this.onNote = this.withPackedNote(this.onNote.bind(this));
 	}
 
 	public async init(params: any) {
@@ -51,29 +51,6 @@ export default class extends Channel {
 	private async onNote(note: Packed<'Note'>) {
 		if (!this.listUsers.includes(note.userId)) return;
 
-		if (['followers', 'specified'].includes(note.visibility)) {
-			note = await Notes.pack(note.id, this.user, {
-				detail: true,
-			});
-
-			if (note.isHidden) {
-				return;
-			}
-		} else {
-			// リプライなら再pack
-			if (note.replyId != null) {
-				note.reply = await Notes.pack(note.replyId, this.user, {
-					detail: true,
-				});
-			}
-			// Renoteなら再pack
-			if (note.renoteId != null) {
-				note.renote = await Notes.pack(note.renoteId, this.user, {
-					detail: true,
-				});
-			}
-		}
-
 		// 流れてきたNoteがミュートしているユーザーが関わるものだったら無視する
 		if (isUserRelated(note, this.muting)) return;
 		// 流れてきたNoteがブロックされているユーザーが関わるものだったら無視する
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/types.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/types.ts
index 3b0a75d79..8050d8a1d 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/types.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/stream/types.ts
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ export type StreamMessages = {
 	};
 	notes: {
 		name: 'notesStream';
-		payload: Packed<'Note'>;
+		payload: Note;
 	};
 };
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/web/index.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/web/index.ts
index f26a5ee71..dab80814f 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/web/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/web/index.ts
@@ -344,24 +344,32 @@ router.get('/notes/:note', async (ctx, next) => {
 	});
 
 	if (note) {
-		const _note = await Notes.pack(note);
-		const profile = await UserProfiles.findOneByOrFail({ userId: note.userId });
-		const meta = await fetchMeta();
-		await ctx.render('note', {
-			note: _note,
-			profile,
-			avatarUrl: await Users.getAvatarUrl(await Users.findOneByOrFail({ id: note.userId })),
-			// TODO: Let locale changeable by instance setting
-			summary: getNoteSummary(_note),
-			instanceName: meta.name || 'Calckey',
-			icon: meta.iconUrl,
-			privateMode: meta.privateMode,
-			themeColor: meta.themeColor,
-		});
+		try {
+			// FIXME: packing with detail may throw an error if the reply or renote is not visible (#8774)
+			const _note = await Notes.pack(note);
+			const profile = await UserProfiles.findOneByOrFail({ userId: note.userId });
+			const meta = await fetchMeta();
+			await ctx.render('note', {
+				note: _note,
+				profile,
+				avatarUrl: await Users.getAvatarUrl(await Users.findOneByOrFail({ id: note.userId })),
+				// TODO: Let locale changeable by instance setting
+				summary: getNoteSummary(_note),
+				instanceName: meta.name || 'Misskey',
+				icon: meta.iconUrl,
+				themeColor: meta.themeColor,
+			});
 
-		ctx.set('Cache-Control', 'public, max-age=15');
+			ctx.set('Cache-Control', 'public, max-age=15');
 
-		return;
+			return;
+		} catch (err) {
+			if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') {
+				// note not visible to user
+			} else {
+				throw err;
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
 	await next();
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/note/create.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/note/create.ts
index e2bf9d5b5..3d5b308f3 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/note/create.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/note/create.ts
@@ -345,19 +345,15 @@ export default async (user: { id: User['id']; username: User['username']; host:
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Pack the note
-		const noteObj = await Notes.pack(note);
+		publishNotesStream(note);
 
-		publishNotesStream(noteObj);
+		const webhooks = await getActiveWebhooks().then(webhooks => webhooks.filter(x => x.userId === user.id && x.on.includes('note')));
 
-		getActiveWebhooks().then(webhooks => {
-			webhooks = webhooks.filter(x => x.userId === user.id && x.on.includes('note'));
-			for (const webhook of webhooks) {
-				webhookDeliver(webhook, 'note', {
-					note: noteObj,
-				});
-			}
-		});
+		for (const webhook of webhooks) {
+			webhookDeliver(webhook, 'note', {
+				note: await Notes.pack(note, user),
+			});
+		}
 
 		const nm = new NotificationManager(user, note);
 		const nmRelatedPromises = [];
@@ -378,12 +374,14 @@ export default async (user: { id: User['id']; username: User['username']; host:
 
 				if (!threadMuted) {
 					nm.push(data.reply.userId, 'reply');
-					publishMainStream(data.reply.userId, 'reply', noteObj);
+
+					const packedReply = await Notes.pack(note, { id: data.reply.userId });
+					publishMainStream(data.reply.userId, 'reply', packedReply);
 
 					const webhooks = (await getActiveWebhooks()).filter(x => x.userId === data.reply!.userId && x.on.includes('reply'));
 					for (const webhook of webhooks) {
 						webhookDeliver(webhook, 'reply', {
-							note: noteObj,
+							note: packedReply,
 						});
 					}
 				}
@@ -404,12 +402,13 @@ export default async (user: { id: User['id']; username: User['username']; host:
 
 			// Publish event
 			if ((user.id !== data.renote.userId) && data.renote.userHost === null) {
-				publishMainStream(data.renote.userId, 'renote', noteObj);
+				const packedRenote = await Notes.pack(note, { id: data.renote.userId });
+				publishMainStream(data.renote.userId, 'renote', packedRenote);
 
 				const webhooks = (await getActiveWebhooks()).filter(x => x.userId === data.renote!.userId && x.on.includes('renote'));
 				for (const webhook of webhooks) {
 					webhookDeliver(webhook, 'renote', {
-						note: noteObj,
+						note: packedRenote,
 					});
 				}
 			}
@@ -642,17 +641,23 @@ async function createMentionedEvents(mentionedUsers: MinimumUser[], note: Note,
 			continue;
 		}
 
-		const detailPackedNote = await Notes.pack(note, u, {
-			detail: true,
-		});
-
-		publishMainStream(u.id, 'mention', detailPackedNote);
-
-		const webhooks = (await getActiveWebhooks()).filter(x => x.userId === u.id && x.on.includes('mention'));
-		for (const webhook of webhooks) {
-			webhookDeliver(webhook, 'mention', {
-				note: detailPackedNote,
+		// note with "specified" visibility might not be visible to mentioned users
+		try {
+			const detailPackedNote = await Notes.pack(note, u, {
+				detail: true,
 			});
+
+			publishMainStream(u.id, 'mention', detailPackedNote);
+
+			const webhooks = (await getActiveWebhooks()).filter(x => x.userId === u.id && x.on.includes('mention'));
+			for (const webhook of webhooks) {
+				webhookDeliver(webhook, 'mention', {
+					note: detailPackedNote,
+				});
+			}
+		} catch (err) {
+			if (err.id === '9725d0ce-ba28-4dde-95a7-2cbb2c15de24') continue;
+			throw err;
 		}
 
 		// Create notification
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/stream.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/stream.ts
index 9fa2b9713..4895bbace 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/stream.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/stream.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import {
 	UserListStreamTypes,
 	UserStreamTypes,
 } from '@/server/api/stream/types.js';
-import { Packed } from '@/misc/schema.js';
 
 class Publisher {
 	private publish = (channel: StreamChannels, type: string | null, value?: any): void => {
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ class Publisher {
 		this.publish(`messagingIndexStream:${userId}`, type, typeof value === 'undefined' ? null : value);
 	};
 
-	public publishNotesStream = (note: Packed<'Note'>): void => {
+	public publishNotesStream = (note: Note): void => {
 		this.publish('notesStream', null, note);
 	};
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/test/api-visibility.ts b/packages/backend/test/api-visibility.ts
index b155549f9..cde3cd2d0 100644
--- a/packages/backend/test/api-visibility.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/test/api-visibility.ts
@@ -154,18 +154,18 @@ describe('API visibility', () => {
 
 		it('[show] followers-postを非フォロワーが見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(fol.id, other);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		it('[show] followers-postを未認証が見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(fol.id, null);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		// specified
 		it('[show] specified-postを自分が見れる', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(spe.id, alice);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.text, 'x');
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		it('[show] specified-postを指定ユーザーが見れる', async(async () => {
@@ -175,17 +175,17 @@ describe('API visibility', () => {
 
 		it('[show] specified-postをフォロワーが見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(spe.id, follower);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		it('[show] specified-postを非フォロワーが見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(spe.id, other);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		it('[show] specified-postを未認証が見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(spe.id, null);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 		//#endregion
 
@@ -260,12 +260,12 @@ describe('API visibility', () => {
 
 		it('[show] followers-replyを非フォロワーが見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(folR.id, other);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		it('[show] followers-replyを未認証が見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(folR.id, null);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		// specified
@@ -286,17 +286,17 @@ describe('API visibility', () => {
 
 		it('[show] specified-replyをフォロワーが見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(speR.id, follower);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		it('[show] specified-replyを非フォロワーが見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(speR.id, other);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		it('[show] specified-replyを未認証が見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(speR.id, null);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 		//#endregion
 
@@ -371,12 +371,12 @@ describe('API visibility', () => {
 
 		it('[show] followers-mentionを非フォロワーが見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(folM.id, other);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		it('[show] followers-mentionを未認証が見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(folM.id, null);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		// specified
@@ -392,22 +392,22 @@ describe('API visibility', () => {
 
 		it('[show] specified-mentionをされた人が指定されてなかったら見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(speM.id, target2);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		it('[show] specified-mentionをフォロワーが見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(speM.id, follower);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		it('[show] specified-mentionを非フォロワーが見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(speM.id, other);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 
 		it('[show] specified-mentionを未認証が見れない', async(async () => {
 			const res = await show(speM.id, null);
-			assert.strictEqual(res.body.isHidden, true);
+			assert.strictEqual(res.status, 404);
 		}));
 		//#endregion
 
diff --git a/packages/client/src/components/note-detailed.vue b/packages/client/src/components/note-detailed.vue
index 650e130ed..025c7abdd 100644
--- a/packages/client/src/components/note-detailed.vue
+++ b/packages/client/src/components/note-detailed.vue
@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@
 				</p>
 				<div v-show="appearNote.cw == null || showContent" class="content">
 					<div class="text">
-						<span v-if="appearNote.isHidden" style="opacity: 0.5">({{ i18n.ts.private }})</span>
 						<MkA v-if="appearNote.replyId" class="reply" :to="`/notes/${appearNote.replyId}`"><i class="fas fa-reply"></i></MkA>
 						<Mfm v-if="appearNote.text" :text="appearNote.text" :author="appearNote.user" :i="$i" :custom-emojis="appearNote.emojis"/>
 						<a v-if="appearNote.renote != null" class="rp">RN:</a>
diff --git a/packages/client/src/components/note.vue b/packages/client/src/components/note.vue
index 3c9d36170..cab5c8258 100644
--- a/packages/client/src/components/note.vue
+++ b/packages/client/src/components/note.vue
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@
 				</p>
 				<div v-show="appearNote.cw == null || showContent" class="content" :class="{ collapsed }">
 					<div class="text">
-						<span v-if="appearNote.isHidden" style="opacity: 0.5">({{ i18n.ts.private }})</span>
 						<MkA v-if="appearNote.replyId" class="reply" :to="`/notes/${appearNote.replyId}`"><i class="fas fa-reply"></i></MkA>
 						<Mfm v-if="appearNote.text" :text="appearNote.text" :author="appearNote.user" :i="$i" :custom-emojis="appearNote.emojis"/>
 						<a v-if="appearNote.renote != null" class="rp">RN:</a>
diff --git a/packages/client/src/components/sub-note-content.vue b/packages/client/src/components/sub-note-content.vue
index 25ab883f4..9ee180345 100644
--- a/packages/client/src/components/sub-note-content.vue
+++ b/packages/client/src/components/sub-note-content.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 <template>
 <div class="wrmlmaau" :class="{ collapsed }">
 	<div class="body">
-		<span v-if="note.isHidden" style="opacity: 0.5">({{ i18n.ts.private }})</span>
 		<span v-if="note.deletedAt" style="opacity: 0.5">({{ i18n.ts.deleted }})</span>
 		<MkA v-if="note.replyId" class="reply" :to="`/notes/${note.replyId}`"><i class="fas fa-reply"></i></MkA>
 		<Mfm v-if="note.text" :text="note.text" :author="note.user" :i="$i" :custom-emojis="note.emojis"/>
diff --git a/packages/client/src/scripts/get-note-summary.ts b/packages/client/src/scripts/get-note-summary.ts
index d57e1c302..348351206 100644
--- a/packages/client/src/scripts/get-note-summary.ts
+++ b/packages/client/src/scripts/get-note-summary.ts
@@ -10,10 +10,6 @@ export const getNoteSummary = (note: misskey.entities.Note): string => {
 		return `(${i18n.ts.deletedNote})`;
 	}
 
-	if (note.isHidden) {
-		return `(${i18n.ts.invisibleNote})`;
-	}
-
 	let summary = '';
 
 	// 本文