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<a href="/plato-myth" hreflang="und">33. Plato on Myth</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-life-works" hreflang="und">34. Aristotle's Life and Works</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-logic" hreflang="und">35. Aristotle's Logic</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-epistemology" hreflang="und">36. Aristotle's Epistemology</a>
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<a href="/benson-aristotle" hreflang="und">37. Hugh Benson on Aristotle</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-substance" hreflang="und">38. Aristotle on Substance</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-four-causes" hreflang="und">39. Aristotle's Four Causes</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-physics" hreflang="und">40. Aristotle's Physics</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-sorabji" hreflang="und">41. Sorabji on Aristotle</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-soul" hreflang="und">42. Aristotle on Soul</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-biology" hreflang="und">43. Aristotle's Biology</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-ethics" hreflang="und">44. Aristotle's Ethics 1</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-friendship" hreflang="und">45. Aristotle's Ethics 2</a>
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<a href="/scott-aristotle-ethics" hreflang="und">46. Scott on Aristotle</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-mind-god" hreflang="und">47. Aristotle on Mind and God</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-politics" hreflang="und">48. Political Philosophy</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-rhetoric-poetics" hreflang="und">49. Rhetoric, Poetics</a>
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<a href="/aristotle-plato" hreflang="und">50. Aristotle on Plato</a>
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<a href="/plato-aristotle-successors" hreflang="und">51. Successors</a>
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<a href="/hellenistic-schools" hreflang="und">52. Hellenistic Schools</a>
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<a href="/cynics" hreflang="und">53. The Cynics</a>
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<a href="/cyrenaics" hreflang="und">54. The Cyrenaics</a>
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<a href="/epicurus-principles" hreflang="und">55. Epicurus' Principles</a>
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<a href="/epicurus-ethics" hreflang="und">56. Epicurean Ethics</a>
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<a href="/epicurus-gods-death" hreflang="und">57. Epicurean Therapy</a>
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<a href="/lucretius" hreflang="und">58. Lucretius</a>
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<a href="/warren-epicurus" hreflang="und">59. Warren on Epicurus</a>
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<a href="/stoics-principles" hreflang="und">60. Stoic Logic</a>
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<a href="/stoics-epistemology" hreflang="und">61. Stoic Epistemology</a>
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<a href="/stoics-physics" hreflang="und">62. Stoic Physics</a>
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<a href="/stoics-ethics" hreflang="und">63. Stoic Ethics</a>
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<a href="/stoics-sedley" hreflang="und">64. Sedley on Stoicism</a>
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<a href="/seneca" hreflang="und">65. Seneca</a>
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<a href="/epictetus" hreflang="und">66. Epictetus</a>
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<a href="/marcus-aurelius" hreflang="und">67. Marcus Aurelius</a>
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<a href="/sellars-stoics" hreflang="und">68. Sellars on Roman Stoics</a>
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<a href="/pyrrho" hreflang="und">69. Pyrrho</a>
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<a href="/skeptics-academy" hreflang="und">70. New Academy</a>
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<a href="/cicero" hreflang="und">71. Cicero</a>
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<a href="/cicero-woolf" hreflang="und">72. Woolf on Cicero</a>
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<a href="/sextus" hreflang="und">73. Sextus Empiricius</a>
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<a href="/hellenistic-long" hreflang="und">74. Long on the Self</a>
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<a href="/ancient-medicine" hreflang="und">75. Ancient Medicine</a>
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<a href="/galen-hankinson" hreflang="und">76. Hankinson on Galen</a>
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<a href="/late-antiquity-introduction" hreflang="und">77. Introduction</a>
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<a href="/middle-platonists" hreflang="und">78. Middle Platonism</a>
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<a href="/philo-alexandria" hreflang="und">79. Philo of Alexandria</a>
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<a href="/plutarch" hreflang="und">80. Plutarch</a>
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<a href="/platonism-opsomer" hreflang="und">81. Opsomer on Platonism</a>
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<a href="/aristotelianism" hreflang="und">82. Aristotelianism </a>
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<a href="/alexander-aphrodisias" hreflang="und">83. Alexander of Aphrodisias</a>
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<a href="/rhetoric" hreflang="und">84. Rhetoric and Philosophy</a>
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<a href="/astronomy-astrology" hreflang="und">85. Astronomy and Astrology</a>
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<a href="/mathematics-cuomo" hreflang="und">86. Cuomo on Mathematics</a>
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<a href="/plotinus-life" hreflang="und">87. Plotinus Life and Works</a>
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<a href="/plotinus-one-intellect" hreflang="und">88. Plotinus on the One</a>
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<a href="/plotinus-soul" hreflang="und">89. Plotinus on the Soul</a>
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<a href="/plotinus-matter-evil" hreflang="und">90. Plotinus on Matter &amp; Evil</a>
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<a href="/plotinus-wilberding" hreflang="und">91. Wilberding on Plotinus</a>
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<a href="/92-king-animals-porphyry" hreflang="und">92. Porphyry</a>
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<a href="/iamblichus" hreflang="und">93. Iamblichus</a>
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<a href="/proclus" hreflang="und">94. Proclus</a>
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<a href="/aesthetics-sheppard" hreflang="und">95. Sheppard on Aesthetics</a>
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<a href="/neoplatonism-omeara" hreflang="und">96. O'Meara on Neoplatonism</a>
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<a href="/last-pagans" hreflang="und">97. The Last Pagans</a>
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<a href="/philoponus" hreflang="und">98. Philoponus</a>
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<a href="/commentators-sorabji" hreflang="und">99. Sorabji - the Commentators</a>
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<a href="/trapp-humfress" hreflang="und">100. Ancient Culture</a>
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<a href="/antique-christianity-introduction" hreflang="und">101. Introduction</a>
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<a href="/greek-fathers" hreflang="und">102. Greek Church Fathers</a>
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<a href="/origen" hreflang="und">103. Origen</a>
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<a href="/cappadocians" hreflang="und">104. Cappadocians</a>
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<a href="/pseudo-dionysius" hreflang="und">105. Pseudo-Dionysius</a>
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<a href="/maximus-confessor" hreflang="und">106. Maximus the Confessor</a>
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<a href="/asceticism" hreflang="und">107. Asceticism</a>
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<a href="/fathers-boys-stones" hreflang="und">108. Boys-Stones - Patristics</a>
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<a href="/latin-fathers" hreflang="und">109. Latin Church Fathers</a>
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<a href="/augustine-confessions" hreflang="und">110. Augustine's Confessions</a>
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<a href="/augustine-language" hreflang="und">111. Augustine on Language</a>
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<a href="/augustine-freedom" hreflang="und">112. Augustine on Freedom</a>
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<a href="/augustine-city-of-god" hreflang="und">113. Augustine City of God</a>
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<a href="/augustine-byers" hreflang="und">114. Byers on Augustine</a>
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<a href="/augustine-mind" hreflang="und">115. Augustine on Mind</a>
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<a href="/augustine-brittain" hreflang="und">116. Brittain on Augustine</a>
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<a href="/latin-platonism" hreflang="und">117. Latin Platonism</a>
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<a href="/boethius" hreflang="und">118. Boethius</a>
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<a href="/119-john-marenbon-boethius" hreflang="und">119. Marenbon on Boethius</a>
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<li class="menu-item"> <a href="/series/islamic-world" title="Islamic World" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/116">Islamic World</a>
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<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/islamic-world/formative-period">Formative Period</a></h2>
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<a href="/intro-islamic-world" hreflang="und">120. Philosophy and Islam</a>
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<a href="/mutazilites" hreflang="und">121. Mu'tazilites</a>
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<a href="/translation-movement" hreflang="und">122. Translation Movement</a>
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<a href="/al-kindi" hreflang="und">123. Al-Kindī</a>
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<a href="/judaism-philosophy" hreflang="und">124. Judaism and Philosophy</a>
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<a href="/saadia" hreflang="und">125. Saadia Gaon</a>
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<a href="/al-razi" hreflang="und">126. Al-Rāzī</a>
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<a href="/medicine-pormann" hreflang="und">127. Pormann on Medicine</a>
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<a href="/baghdad-school" hreflang="und">128. The Baghdad School</a>
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<a href="/al-farabi" hreflang="und">129. Al-Fārābī</a>
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<a href="/al-farabi-political" hreflang="und">130. Al-Fārābī Political</a>
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<a href="/al-farabi-black" hreflang="und">131. Black on al-Fārābī</a>
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<a href="/vision" hreflang="und">132. Vision</a>
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<a href="/music" hreflang="und">133. Music and Philosophy</a>
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<a href="/arabic-ethics" hreflang="und">134. Arabic Ethics</a>
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<a href="/buyids" hreflang="und">135. The Būyid Age</a>
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<a href="/ismailis-daftary" hreflang="und">136. Daftary on Ismā'īlism</a>
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<a href="/asharites" hreflang="und">137. Ash'arites</a>
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<a href="/avicenna-life-works" hreflang="und">138. Avicenna's Life</a>
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<a href="/avicenna-metaphysics" hreflang="und">139. Avicenna on Existence</a>
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<a href="/avicenna-god" hreflang="und">140. Avicenna on God</a>
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<a href="/avicenna-soul" hreflang="und">141. Avicenna on Soul</a>
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<a href="/avicenna-gutas" hreflang="und">142. Gutas on Avicenna</a>
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<a href="/al-ghazali" hreflang="und">143. Al-Ghazālī</a>
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<a href="/al-ghazali-incoherence" hreflang="und">144. Al-Ghazālī "Incoherence"</a>
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<a href="/al-ghazali-griffel" hreflang="und">145. Griffel on al-Ghazālī</a>
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<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/islamic-world/andalusia">Andalusia</a></h2>
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<a href="/andalusia-introduction" hreflang="und">146. Introduction</a>
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<a href="/fiqh" hreflang="und">147. Islamic Law</a>
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<a href="/ibn-tufayl" hreflang="und">148. Ibn Ṭufayl</a>
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<a href="/averroes-reason-religion" hreflang="und">149. Averroes</a>
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<a href="/translations-burnett-hasse" hreflang="und">150. Arabic into Latin</a>
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<a href="/averroes-intellect" hreflang="und">151. Averroes on Intellect</a>
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<a href="/averroes-taylor" hreflang="und">152. Taylor on Averroes</a>
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<a href="/ibn-arabi-sufism" hreflang="und">153. Ibn 'Arabī's mysticism</a>
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<a href="/ibn-khaldun" hreflang="und">154. Ibn Khaldūn</a>
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<a href="/ibn-gabirol" hreflang="und">155. Ibn Gabirol</a>
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<a href="/jewish-neoplatonism-pessin" hreflang="und">156. Pessin Jewish Platonism</a>
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<a href="/judah-hallevi" hreflang="und">157. Judah Hallevi</a>
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<a href="/freedom-astrology-jewish" hreflang="und">158. Freedom and Astrology</a>
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<a href="/ethics-jewish" hreflang="und">159. Ethics and Judaism</a>
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<a href="/maimonides" hreflang="und">160. Maimonides</a>
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<a href="/maimonides-eternity" hreflang="und">161. Maimonides on eternity</a>
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<a href="/maimonides-stroumsa" hreflang="und">162. Stroumsa on Maimonides</a>
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<a href="/maimonides-controversy" hreflang="und">163. Maimonides Controversy</a>
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<a href="/gersonides" hreflang="und">164. Gersonides</a>
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<a href="/crescas" hreflang="und">165. Crescas</a>
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<a href="/gersonides-crescas-rudavsky" hreflang="und">166. Rudavsky Interview</a>
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<a href="/suffering-jewish" hreflang="und">167. Book of Job</a>
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<a href="/kabbalah" hreflang="und">168. Kabbalah</a>
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<a href="/albo-abravanel" hreflang="und">169. Albo and Abravanel</a>
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<a href="/jewish-philosophy-freudenthal" hreflang="und">170. Freudenthal Interview</a>
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<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/islamic-world/eastern-traditions">Eastern Traditions</a></h2>
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<a href="/eastern-traditions-introduction" hreflang="und">171. Introduction</a>
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<a href="/baghdadi" hreflang="und">172. Al-Baghdādī</a>
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<a href="/fakhr-al-din-al-razi" hreflang="und">173. Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī</a>
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<a href="/suhraward%C4%AB" hreflang="und">174. Suhrawardī</a>
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<a href="/illuminationism" hreflang="und">175. Illuminationism</a>
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<a href="/al-tusi" hreflang="und">176. Al-Ṭūsī</a>
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<a href="/later-metaphysics" hreflang="und">177. Existence Debate</a>
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<a href="/rumi-sufism" hreflang="und">178. Rūmī and Sufism</a>
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<a href="/sufism-rustom" hreflang="und">179. Rustom on Sufism</a>
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<a href="/later-logic" hreflang="und">180. Logical Tradition</a>
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<a href="/ibn-taymiyya" hreflang="und">181. Ibn Taymiyya</a>
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<a href="/mongols" hreflang="und">182. Mongol Era</a>
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<a href="/shiraz" hreflang="und">183. Shiraz</a>
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<a href="/commentary-wisnovsky" hreflang="und">184. Wisnovsky Commentaries</a>
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<a href="/safavid" hreflang="und">185. Safavids</a>
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<a href="/mulla-sadra-existence" hreflang="und">186. Mullā Ṣadrā on Existence</a>
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<a href="/mulla-sadra-motion" hreflang="und">187. Mullā Ṣadrā on Motion</a>
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<a href="/mulla-sadra-rizvi" hreflang="und">188. Rizvi on Mullā Ṣadrā</a>
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<a href="/mughal" hreflang="und">189. Islamic India</a>
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<a href="/ottoman" hreflang="und">190. Ottoman Empire</a>
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<a href="/european-encounters" hreflang="und">191. European Encounters</a>
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<a href="/women-islam" hreflang="und">192. Women and Islam</a>
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<a href="/iqbal-abduh" hreflang="und">193. 'Abduh and Iqbāl</a>
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<a href="/after-sadra" hreflang="und">194. After Ṣadrā</a>
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<a href="/contemporary-islam-von-kugelgen" hreflang="und">195. von Kügelgen Interview</a>
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</div> </li>
<li class="menu-item"> <a href="/series/medieval-philosophy" title="Medieval Philosophy" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/118">Medieval Philosophy</a>
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<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/medieval/early-medieval-philosophy">Early Medieval</a></h2>
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<a href="/introduction-medieval" hreflang="und">196. Introduction</a>
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<a href="/alcuin-carolingian" hreflang="und">197. Carolingian Renaissance</a>
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<a href="/eriugena-predestination" hreflang="und">198. Eriugena on Freedom</a>
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<a href="/eriugena-periphyseon" hreflang="und">199. Eriugena's Periphyseon</a>
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<a href="/medieval-marenbon-kraye" hreflang="und">200. Kraye and Marenbon</a>
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<a href="/medieval-platonism-gersh" hreflang="und">201. Gersh on Platonism</a>
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<a href="/scholasticism" hreflang="und">202. Roots of Scholasticism</a>
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<a href="/peter-damian" hreflang="und">203. Can God Change the Past?</a>
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<a href="/anselm" hreflang="und">204. Anselm's Life and Works</a>
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<a href="/anselm-ontological-argument" hreflang="und">205. The Ontological Argument</a>
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<a href="/anselm-sweeney" hreflang="und">206. Sweeney on Anselm</a>
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<a href="/problem-universals" hreflang="und">207. Problem of Universals</a>
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<a href="/heloise-abelard" hreflang="und">208. Heloise and Abelard</a>
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<a href="/abelard-ethics" hreflang="und">209. Abelards Ethics</a>
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<a href="/abelard-marenbon" hreflang="und">210. Marenbon on Abelard</a>
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<a href="/victorines" hreflang="und">211. The Victorines</a>
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<a href="/debating-trinity" hreflang="und">212. Debating the Trinity</a>
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<a href="/chartres" hreflang="und">213. Philosophy at Chartres</a>
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<a href="/philosophy-nature" hreflang="und">214. Philosophy of Nature</a>
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<a href="/medieval-podcasters" hreflang="und">215. Medieval Podcasters</a>
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<a href="/gilbert-poitiers-individuation" hreflang="und">216. Individuation</a>
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<a href="/mereology-arlig" hreflang="und">217. Arlig on Mereology</a>
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<a href="/medieval-early-political" hreflang="und">218. Early Political</a>
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<a href="/lombard-gratian" hreflang="und">219. Gratian and Lombard</a>
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<a href="/humfress-law" hreflang="und">220. Humfress on Law</a>
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<a href="/hildegard-bingen" hreflang="und">221. Hildegard of Bingen</a>
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<a href="/latin-translations" hreflang="und">222. Translations into Latin</a>
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<a href="/medieval-universities" hreflang="und">223. Rise of the Universities</a>
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<a href="/emery-institutions" hreflang="und">224. Emery on Institutions</a>
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<div class="block">
<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/medieval/thirteenth-century-philosophy">Thirteenth Century</a></h2>
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<a href="/thirteenth-century-logic" hreflang="und">225. 13th Century Logic</a>
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<a href="/thirteenth-century-physics" hreflang="und">226. 13th Century Physics</a>
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<a href="/thirteenth-century-psychology" hreflang="und">227. 13th Century Psychology</a>
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<a href="/transcendentals" hreflang="und">228. The Transcendentals</a>
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<a href="/thirteenth-century-ethics" hreflang="und">229. 13th Century Ethics</a>
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<a href="/grosseteste" hreflang="und">230. Robert Grosseteste</a>
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<a href="/roger-bacon" hreflang="und">231. Roger Bacon</a>
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<a href="/magic-burnett" hreflang="und">232. Burnett on Magic</a>
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<a href="/bonaventure" hreflang="und">233. Bonaventure</a>
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<a href="/olivi" hreflang="und">234. Peter Olivi</a>
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<a href="/animals-toivanen" hreflang="und">235. Toivanen on Animals</a>
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<a href="/poverty" hreflang="und">236. Franciscan Poverty</a>
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<a href="/beguine-mystics" hreflang="und">237. Hadewijch and Mechthild</a>
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<a href="/kilwardby" hreflang="und">238. Robert Kilwardby</a>
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<a href="/logic-dutilh-novaes" hreflang="und">239. Dutilh Novaes on Logic</a>
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<a href="/albert-nature" hreflang="und">240. Albert on Nature</a>
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<a href="/albert-metaphysics" hreflang="und">241. Albert's Metaphysics</a>
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<a href="/self-awareness-cory" hreflang="und">242. Cory on Self-Awareness</a>
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<a href="/aquinas" hreflang="und">243. Thomas Aquinas</a>
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<a href="/aquinas-soul-knowledge" hreflang="und">244. Aquinas Soul Knowledge</a>
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<a href="/albert-aquinas-ethics" hreflang="und">245. Ethics in Albert, Aquinas</a>
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<a href="/natural-law" hreflang="und">246. The Rule of Law</a>
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<a href="/just-war" hreflang="und">247. Just War Theory</a>
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<a href="/aquinas-macdonald" hreflang="und">248. MacDonald on Aquinas</a>
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<a href="/condemnations" hreflang="und">249. The Condemnations</a>
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<a href="/q-and-a" hreflang="und">250. Q&amp;A</a>
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<a href="/latin-averroism" hreflang="und">251. "Latin Averroism"</a>
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<a href="/medieval-eternity" hreflang="und">252. Eternity of the World</a>
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<a href="/speculative-grammar" hreflang="und">253. Speculative Grammar</a>
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<a href="/romance-rose" hreflang="und">254. Romance of the Rose</a>
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<a href="/medieval-aesthetics-speer" hreflang="und">255. Speer Medieval Aesthetics</a>
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<a href="/henry-ghent" hreflang="und">256. Henry of Ghent</a>
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<a href="/henry-ghent-pickave" hreflang="und">257. Pickavé on Henry of Ghent</a>
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<a href="/trinity-eucharist" hreflang="und">258. Trinity Eucharist</a>
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<a href="/trinity-cross" hreflang="und">259. Cross on the Trinity</a>
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<a href="/scotus-being" hreflang="und">260. Scotus on Being</a>
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<a href="/scotus-freedom" hreflang="und">261. Scotus on Freedom</a>
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<a href="/scotus-ethics" hreflang="und">262. Scotus on Ethics</a>
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<a href="/scotus-universals" hreflang="und">263. Scotus on Universals</a>
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<a href="/scotus-pini" hreflang="und">264. Pini on Scotus</a>
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<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/medieval/fourteenth-century-philosophy">Fourteenth Century</a></h2>
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<a href="/fourteenth-century-introduction" hreflang="und">265. Introduction to 14th c.</a>
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<a href="/will-pink" hreflang="und">266. Pink on the Will</a>
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<a href="/marguerite-porete" hreflang="und">267. Marguerite Porete</a>
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<a href="/dante" hreflang="und">268. Dante Alighieri</a>
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<a href="/church-state" hreflang="und">269. Church and State</a>
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<a href="/marsilius-padua" hreflang="und">270. Marsilius of Padua</a>
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<a href="/ockham-ethics-politics" hreflang="und">271. Ockham Ethics Politics</a>
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<a href="/ockham-nominalism" hreflang="und">272. Ockhams Nominalism</a>
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<a href="/ockham-mental-language" hreflang="und">273. Ockham on Mental Language</a>
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<a href="/ockham-brower-toland" hreflang="und">274. Brower-Toland on Ockham</a>
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<a href="/realism" hreflang="und">275. Responses to Ockham</a>
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<a href="/foreknowledge-predestination" hreflang="und">276. Foreknowledge</a>
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<a href="/fourteenth-century-logic" hreflang="und">277. 14th Century Logic</a>
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<a href="/obligations-uckelman" hreflang="und">278. Uckelman on Obligations</a>
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<a href="/oxford-calculators" hreflang="und">279. Oxford Calculators</a>
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<a href="/fourteenth-century-physics" hreflang="und">280. 14th Century Physics</a>
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<a href="/medieval-medicine-green" hreflang="und">281. Green on Medicine</a>
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<a href="/buridan" hreflang="und">282. John Buridan</a>
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<a href="/buridan-zupko" hreflang="und">283. Zupko on Buridan</a>
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<a href="/autrecourt-skepticism" hreflang="und">284. Autrecourt's Skepticism</a>
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<a href="/skepticism-perler" hreflang="und">285. Perler on Skepticism</a>
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<a href="/medieval-economics" hreflang="und">286. Medieval Economic Theory</a>
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<a href="/meister-eckhart" hreflang="und">287. Meister Eckhart</a>
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<a href="/german-dominicans" hreflang="und">288. German Dominicans</a>
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<a href="/angels" hreflang="und">289. Angels</a>
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<a href="/emotions-pickave" hreflang="und">290. Pickavé on Emotions</a>
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<a href="/english-mysticism" hreflang="und">291. English Mysticism</a>
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<a href="/chaucer-langland" hreflang="und">292. Chaucer and Langland</a>
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<a href="/medieval-gender-sexuality" hreflang="und">293. Gender and Sexuality</a>
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<a href="/chaucer-davis" hreflang="und">294. Davis on Chaucer</a>
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<a href="/jean-gerson" hreflang="und">295. Jean Gerson</a>
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<a href="/wyclif" hreflang="und">296. John Wyclif</a>
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<a href="/scholasticism-across-europe" hreflang="und">297. Scholasticism in Europe</a>
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<a href="/llull-petrarch" hreflang="und">298. Ramon Llull and Petrarch</a>
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<a href="/substance-pasnau" hreflang="und">299. Pasnau on Substance</a>
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<a href="/relevance-ancient" hreflang="und">300a. Ancient Philosophy Today</a>
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<a href="/relevance-medieval" hreflang="und">300b Medieval Philosophy Today</a>
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<li class="menu-item"> <a href="/series/byzantine-philosophy" title="Byzantine Philosophy" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/108">Byzantine</a>
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<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/series/byzantine-philosophy">Byzantine</a></h2>
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<a href="/byzantium-introduction" hreflang="und">301. Introduction</a>
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<a href="/syriac-armenian" hreflang="und">302. Syriac and Armenian</a>
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<a href="/iconoclasm" hreflang="und">303. Iconoclasm</a>
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<a href="/john-damascus" hreflang="und">304. John of Damascus</a>
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<a href="/john-damascus-louth" hreflang="und">305. Louth on John of Damascus</a>
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<a href="/photius-compilations" hreflang="und">306. Photius</a>
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<a href="/psellos" hreflang="und">307. Michael Psellos</a>
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<a href="/psellos-omeara" hreflang="und">308. O'Meara on Psellos</a>
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<a href="/italos" hreflang="und">309. John Italos</a>
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<a href="/byzantine-political" hreflang="und">310. Political Philosophy</a>
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<a href="/byzantine-rhetoric" hreflang="und">311. Rhetoric in Byzantium</a>
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<a href="/byzantine-historiography" hreflang="und">312. Byzantine Historiography</a>
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<a href="/anna-komnene" hreflang="und">313. Anna Komnene</a>
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<a href="/byzantine-commentaries-ierodiakonou" hreflang="und">314. Ierodiakonou Commentaries</a>
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<a href="/gender-byzantium" hreflang="und">315. Gender in Byzantium</a>
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<a href="/law-money-war-byzantium" hreflang="und">316. Law, Money, and War</a>
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<a href="/byzantine-manuscripts" hreflang="und">317. Manuscripts</a>
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<a href="/manuscripts-primavesi" hreflang="und">318. Primavesi on Manuscripts</a>
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<a href="/petritsi-proclus-revival" hreflang="und">319. The Proclus Revival</a>
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<a href="/byzantium-islam" hreflang="und">320. Byzantium and Islam</a>
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<a href="/byzantium-islam-herrin" hreflang="und">321. Herrin Byzantium &amp; Islam</a>
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<a href="/science-palaiologan-renaissance" hreflang="und">322. Palaiologan Science</a>
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<a href="/palamas-hesychasm" hreflang="und">323. Palamas and Hesychasm</a>
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<a href="/latin-byzantium" hreflang="und">324. Latin in Byzantium</a>
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<a href="/gemistos-plethon" hreflang="und">325. Gemistos Plethon</a>
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<a href="/later-orthodox" hreflang="und">326. Later Orthodox</a>
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<a href="/trizio-byzantine-latin-medieval" hreflang="und">327. Trizio on East and West</a>
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<li class="menu-item"> <a href="/renaissance/italian-renaissance-philosophy" title="Renaissance" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/113">Renaissance</a>
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<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/renaissance/italian-renaissance-philosophy">Italian Renaissance</a></h2>
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<a href="/renaissance-introduction" hreflang="und">328. Introduction</a>
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<a href="/bessarion-trebizond" hreflang="und">329. Greek Scholars in Italy</a>
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<a href="/italian-humanism" hreflang="und">330. Italian Humanism</a>
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<a href="/valla" hreflang="und">331. Lorenzo Valla</a>
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<a href="/humanism-kraye" hreflang="und">332. Kraye on Humanism</a>
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<a href="/humanist-ethics" hreflang="und">333. Humanist Ethics</a>
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<a href="/reviving-hellenistic" hreflang="und">334. Reviving Hellenistic</a>
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<a href="/emotions-ebbersmeyer" hreflang="und">335. Ebbersmeyer on Emotions</a>
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<a href="/christine-de-pizan" hreflang="und">336. Christine de Pizan</a>
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<a href="/italian-women-humanists" hreflang="und">337. Italian Women Humanists</a>
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<a href="/fonte-marinella" hreflang="und">338. Defense of Women</a>
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<a href="/florentine-platonism" hreflang="und">339. Florentine Platonism</a>
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<a href="/ficino" hreflang="und">340. Marsilio Ficino</a>
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<a href="/renaissance-love" hreflang="und">341. Theories of Love</a>
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<a href="/plato-renaissance-robichaud" hreflang="und">342. Robichaud on Plato </a>
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<a href="/jewish-philosophy-renaissance" hreflang="und">343. Jewish Philosophy</a>
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<a href="/pico-della-mirandola" hreflang="und">344. Pico della Mirandola</a>
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<a href="/manetti-pico-dignity" hreflang="und">345. Human Nature</a>
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<a href="/renaissance-animals-muratori" hreflang="und">346. Muratori on Animals</a>
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<a href="/savonarola" hreflang="und">347. Savonarola</a>
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<a href="/republicanism-civic-humanism" hreflang="und">348. Civic Humanism</a>
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<a href="/machiavelli" hreflang="und">349. Machiavelli</a>
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<a href="/machiavelli-republicanism" hreflang="und">350. Machiavelli Republicanism</a>
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<a href="/machiavelli-skinner" hreflang="und">351. Skinner on Machiavelli</a>
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<a href="/renaissance-history" hreflang="und">352. Renaissance Histories</a>
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<a href="/italian-utopias" hreflang="und">353. Italian Utopias</a>
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<a href="/economics-italian-renaissance" hreflang="und">354. Renaissance Economics</a>
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<a href="/italian-universities" hreflang="und">355. Italian Universities </a>
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<a href="/reception-aristotle-renaissance" hreflang="und">356. Aristotle Reception</a>
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<a href="/ethics-lines" hreflang="und">357. Lines on Aristotle</a>
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<a href="/pomponazzi-nifo" hreflang="und">358. Pomponazzi and Nifo</a>
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<a href="/zabarella-scientific-method" hreflang="und">359. Zabarella</a>
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<a href="/arabic-learning-hasse" hreflang="en">360. Hasse on Arabic Learning </a>
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<a href="/renaissance-mathematics-art" hreflang="und">361. Mathematics and Art</a>
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<a href="/renaissance-medicine" hreflang="en">362. Renaissance Medicine</a>
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<a href="/cardano" hreflang="en">363. Cardano</a>
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<a href="/renaissance-medicine-giglioni" hreflang="en">364. Giglioni on Medicine</a>
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<a href="/telesio-campanella" hreflang="en">365. Telesio and Campanella</a>
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<a href="/renaissance-magic-astrology" hreflang="en">366. Magic and Astrology</a>
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<a href="/magic-copenhaver" hreflang="en">367. Copenhaver on Magic</a>
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<a href="/giordano-bruno" hreflang="en">368. Giordano Bruno</a>
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<a href="/galileo-renaissance" hreflang="en">369. Galileo and Renaissance</a>
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<a href="/rome/renaissance/rowland" hreflang="en">370. Rowland on Rome</a>
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</div>
</div> </li>
<li class="menu-item"> <a href="/series/classical-indian-philosophy" title="India" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/68">India</a>
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<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/india/origins">Origins</a></h2>
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<a href="/introduction-indian-philosophy" hreflang="und">1. Introduction</a>
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<a href="/india-overview" hreflang="und">2. Historical Overview</a>
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<a href="/vedic" hreflang="und">3. The Vedic Period</a>
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<a href="/upanisads" hreflang="und">4. The Upanisads</a>
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<a href="/upanisads-self" hreflang="und">5. The Self in the Upanisads</a>
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<a href="/karma" hreflang="und">6. Karma</a>
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<a href="/upanisads-black" hreflang="und">7. Black on the Upanisads</a>
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<a href="/panini-grammar" hreflang="und">8. Panini's Grammar</a>
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<a href="/buddha" hreflang="und">9. The Buddha</a>
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<a href="/buddha-teaching" hreflang="und">10. The Buddhas Teaching</a>
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<a href="/kautilya-asoka" hreflang="und">11. Kautilya and Ashoka</a>
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<a href="/buddhism-gethin" hreflang="und">12. Gethin on Buddhism</a>
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<a href="/mahabharata" hreflang="und">13. The Mahabharata</a>
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<a href="/bhagavad-gita" hreflang="und">14. The Bhagavad-Gita</a>
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<a href="/non-violence" hreflang="und">15. Non-Violence</a>
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<a href="/women-india" hreflang="und">16. Women in Ancient India</a>
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<a href="/hinduism-frazier" hreflang="und">17. Frazier on Hinduism</a>
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</div>
<div class="block">
<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/india/age-sutra">Age of the Sutra</a></h2>
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<a href="/introduction-age-sutra" hreflang="und">18. Age of the Sutra</a>
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<a href="/rise-skepticism" hreflang="und">19. Rise of Skepticism</a>
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<a href="/jaimini-mimamsa" hreflang="und">20. Mimamsa-Sutra</a>
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<a href="/mimamsa-knowledge-language" hreflang="und">21. Mimamsa on Knowledge</a>
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<a href="/mimamsa-freschi" hreflang="und">22. Freschi on Mimamsa</a>
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<a href="/vedanta-sutra" hreflang="und">23. Vedanta-Sutra</a>
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<a href="/advaita-vedanta" hreflang="und">24. Advaita Vedanta</a>
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<a href="/bhartrihari" hreflang="und">25. Bhartrihari on Language</a>
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<a href="/vedanta-clooney" hreflang="und">26. Clooney on Vedanta</a>
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<a href="/samkhya" hreflang="und">27. Samkhya</a>
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<a href="/ayurveda-medicine" hreflang="und">28. Ayurvedic Medicine</a>
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<a href="/yoga" hreflang="und">29. Yoga-Sutra</a>
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<a href="/yoga-maas" hreflang="und">30. Maas on Yoga</a>
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<a href="/nyaya-sutra" hreflang="und">31. Nyaya-Sutra</a>
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<a href="/nyaya-perception" hreflang="und">32. Nyaya on Perception</a>
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<a href="/nyaya-reasoning" hreflang="und">33. Nyaya on Reasoning</a>
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<a href="/nyaya-mind" hreflang="und">34. Nyaya on the Mind</a>
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<a href="/nyaya-jah" hreflang="und">35. Jha and Jha on Nyaya</a>
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<a href="/vaisesika-sutra" hreflang="und">36. Vaisesika-Sutra</a>
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<a href="/vaisesika-complexity-causation" hreflang="und">37. Vaisesika on Complexity</a>
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<a href="/india-time" hreflang="und">38. Theories of Time</a>
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<a href="/carvaka-naturalism" hreflang="und">39. Naturalism</a>
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<a href="/indian-materialism" hreflang="und">40. Materialism</a>
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<a href="/mind-chadha" hreflang="und">41. Chadha on Mind</a>
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<a href="/aesthetics-rasa" hreflang="und">42. Aesthetics of Rasa</a>
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</div>
<div class="block">
<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/india/buddhists-jains">Buddhists and Jains</a></h2>
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<a href="/buddhism-jainism-introduction" hreflang="und">43. Buddhists and Jains</a>
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<a href="/nagarjuna-emptiness" hreflang="und">44. Nagarjuna on Emptiness</a>
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<a href="/nagarjuna-change" hreflang="und">45. Nagarjuna on Change</a>
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<a href="/nagarjuna-tetralemma" hreflang="und">46. Nagarjunas Tetralemma</a>
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<a href="/nagarjuna-westerhoff" hreflang="und">47. Westerhoff on Nagarjuna</a>
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<a href="/jain-standpoints" hreflang="und">48. Jain Theory of Standpoints</a>
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<a href="/jains-truth" hreflang="und">49. Jains on Truth</a>
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<a href="/jains-gorisse" hreflang="und">50. Gorisse Jain Epistemology</a>
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<a href="/vasubandhu-yogacara" hreflang="und">51. Vasubandhu and Yogacara</a>
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<a href="/dignaga-perception-language" hreflang="und">52. Dignaga on Perception</a>
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<a href="/dignaga-logic" hreflang="und">53. Dignaga's Logic</a>
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<a href="/logic-buddhism-priest" hreflang="und">54. Graham Priest on Buddhism</a>
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<a href="/dignaga-consciousness" hreflang="und">55. Dignaga on Consciousness</a>
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<a href="/buddhaghosa" hreflang="und">56. Buddhaghosa</a>
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<a href="/tantra" hreflang="und">57. Tantra</a>
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<a href="/animals-carpenter" hreflang="und">58. Carpenter on Animals</a>
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<a href="/india-greece" hreflang="und">59. Indian Influence on Greece</a>
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<a href="/india-islam-europe" hreflang="und">60. Influence on Islam, Europe</a>
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<a href="/after-dignaga" hreflang="und">61. Later Indian Philosophy</a>
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<a href="/india-history-patrick" hreflang="und">62. Kit Patrick</a>
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</div> </li>
<li class="menu-item"> <a href="/series/africana-philosophy" title="Africana Philosophy" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/106">Africana</a>
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<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/africana/precolonial-african-philosophy">Precolonial</a></h2>
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<a href="/africana-introduction" hreflang="und">1. Introduction</a>
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<a href="/prehistoric-africa" hreflang="und">2. Prehistoric Africa</a>
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<a href="/babylonia" hreflang="und">3. Ancient Mesopotamia</a>
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<a href="/egypt" hreflang="und">4. Ancient Egypt</a>
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<a href="/egypt-instruction" hreflang="und">5. Egyptian Instructions</a>
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<a href="/egyptian-narratives-dialogues" hreflang="und">6. Egyptian Narratives</a>
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<a href="/egypt-parkinson" hreflang="und">7. Parkinson on Egypt</a>
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<a href="/early-ethiopia" hreflang="und">8. Early Ethiopian Philosophy</a>
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<a href="/zera-yacob" hreflang="und">9. Zera Yacob</a>
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<a href="/walda-heywat" hreflang="und">10. Walda Heywat</a>
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<a href="/ethiopia-kiros" hreflang="und">11. Kiros on Ethiopia</a>
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<a href="/subsaharan-islam" hreflang="und">12. Subsaharan Islam</a>
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<a href="/sokoto-caliphate" hreflang="und">13. Sokoto Caliphate</a>
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<a href="/diagne-islam-africa" hreflang="und">14. Diagne on Islam in Africa</a>
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<a href="/oral-philosophy-africa" hreflang="und">15. Oral Philosophy in Africa</a>
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<a href="/oral-traditions-imbo" hreflang="und">16. Imbo on Okot p'Bitek</a>
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<a href="/african-time" hreflang="und">17. Philosophy of Time</a>
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<a href="/african-god" hreflang="und">18. God in African Philosophy</a>
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<a href="/african-person" hreflang="und">19. Philosophy of the Person</a>
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<a href="/communalism" hreflang="und">20. Communalism</a>
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<a href="/africa-divination-witchcraft" hreflang="und">21. Divination and Witchcraft</a>
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<a href="/gender-african-tradition" hreflang="und">22. Gender in Africa</a>
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<a href="/gender-nzegwu" hreflang="und">23. Nzegwu on Gender</a>
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<a href="/professional-school" hreflang="und">24. Professional School</a>
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<a href="/sage-philosophy" hreflang="und">25. Sage Philosophy</a>
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<a href="/anthropology-philosophy-kresse" hreflang="und">26. Kresse on Anthropology</a>
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<a href="/continuing-relevance-precolonial" hreflang="und">27. Beyond the Reaction</a>
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<a href="/jeffers-precolonial" hreflang="und">28. Jeffers African Philosophy</a>
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<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/africana/slavery-diasporic-african-philosophy">Slavery / Diaspora</a></h2>
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<a href="/slavery-diaspora" hreflang="und">29. Introduction</a>
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<a href="/anton-wilhelm-amo" hreflang="und">30. Anton Wilhelm Amo</a>
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<a href="/amo-smith" hreflang="und">31. Smith on Amo</a>
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<a href="/early-africana-english" hreflang="und">32. Early Writing in English</a>
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<a href="/phillis-wheatley" hreflang="und">33. Phillis Wheatley</a>
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<a href="/lemuel-haynes" hreflang="und">34. Lemuel Haynes</a>
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<a href="/sancho-banneker" hreflang="und">35. Sancho and Banneker</a>
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<a href="/cugoano-equiano" hreflang="und">36. Cugoano and Equiano</a>
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<a href="/haitian-revolution" hreflang="und">37. Haitian Revolution</a>
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<a href="/baron-de-vastey" hreflang="und">38. Baron de Vastey</a>
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<a href="/haiti-garraway" hreflang="und">39. Garraway on Haiti</a>
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<a href="/early-black-institutions" hreflang="und">40. Early Black Institutions</a>
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<a href="/colonization-controversy" hreflang="und">41. Colonization Controversy</a>
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<a href="/african-identity-sidbury" hreflang="und">42. Sidbury African Identity</a>
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<a href="/walker-appeal" hreflang="und">43. David Walker</a>
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<a href="/maria-stewart" hreflang="und">44. Maria W. Stewart</a>
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<a href="/hosea-easton" hreflang="und">45. Hosea Easton</a>
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<a href="/politics-rogers" hreflang="und">46. Rogers Political Thought</a>
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<a href="/douglass-life" hreflang="und">47. Frederick Douglass</a>
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<a href="/douglass-speeches" hreflang="und">48. Douglass Speeches</a>
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<a href="/henry-highland-garnet" hreflang="und">49. Henry Highland Garnet</a>
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<a href="/martin-delany" hreflang="und">50. Martin Delany</a>
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<a href="/truth-harper" hreflang="und">51. Truth and Harper</a>
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<a href="/shadd-ward" hreflang="und">52. Emigration to Canada</a>
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<a href="/alexander-crummell" hreflang="und">53. Alexander Crummell</a>
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<a href="/black-nationalism-moses" hreflang="und">54. Moses on Nationalism</a>
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<a href="/africanus-horton" hreflang="und">55. Africanus Horton</a>
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<a href="/blyden" hreflang="und">56. Edward Blyden</a>
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<a href="/fortune" hreflang="und">57. T. Thomas Fortune</a>
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<a href="/firmin" hreflang="und">58. Anténor Firmin</a>
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<a href="/thomas-durham" hreflang="und">59. Thomas and Durham</a>
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<a href="/abolitionism-brazil" hreflang="und">60. Abolitionism in Brazil</a>
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<a href="/anna-julia-cooper" hreflang="en">61. Anna Julia Cooper</a>
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<a href="/ida-wells" hreflang="en">62. Ida B. Wells</a>
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<a href="/black-women-activists-cooper" hreflang="en">63. Cooper on Women Activists</a>
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<a href="/henry-mcneal-turner" hreflang="en">64. Henry McNeal Turner</a>
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<a href="/booker-t-washington" hreflang="en">65. Booker T. Washington</a>
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<a href="/introducing-du-bois" hreflang="en">66. Introducing Du Bois</a>
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<a href="/jeffers-diaspora-philosophy" hreflang="en">67. Jeffers on Part Two</a>
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<h2 class="block-title"><a href="/africana/twentieth-century">Africana 20th Century</a></h2>
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<a href="/introduction-20th-century" hreflang="en">68. Introduction</a>
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<a href="/american-negro-academy" hreflang="en">69. American Negro Academy</a>
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<a href="/curry-20th-century" hreflang="en">70. Curry on Early 20th C.</a>
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<a href="/west-african-intellectuals" hreflang="en">71. West African Intellectuals</a>
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<a href="/african-american-socialism" hreflang="en">72. African American Socialism</a>
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<a href="/africana-marxism-wills" hreflang="en">73. Wills on Marxism</a>
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<li><a href="/timeline-classical-greek">Classical Greek</a></li>
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<li><a href="/timeline-byzantium">Byzantium</a></li>
<li><a href="/timeline-renaissance">Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="/timeline-africana">Africana</a></li>
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<p>The first thinkers of antiquity are referred to as the "Pre-Socratics", even though some of these thinkers were in fact contemporaries of Socrates. The first podcasts in the series look at the beginnings of Greek philosophy in the 6th century BC in the city of Miletus, on the coast of Asia Minor (modern day Turkey). There, Thales and his successors Anaximander and Anaximines developed theories sometimes referred to as "material monism," deriving the entire visible cosmos from a single stuff or principle (water, the infinite, air). The following episodes look at the critique of Homer and Hesiod at the hands of Xenophanes and the more ambitious philosophical reflections of Heraclitus and Parmenides (though Peter casts some doubt on the simple opposition often drawn between these two). Further installments look at the reactions to Parmenides' monism in the 5th century BC, and cultural developments around the time of Socrates -- Hippocratic medicine and the sophists. Also look out for interview episodes with MM McCabe and Malcolm Schofield.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199674534.do">book version of these podcasts</a> is available from Oxford University Press.</p>
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Further Reading
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<p>J. Barnes, <em>The Presocratic Philosophers</em> (1982).</p>
<p>J. Burnet, <em>Early Greek Philosophy</em> (London: 1958).</p>
<p>V. Caston and D.W. Graham (eds), <em>Presocratic Philosophy: Essays in Honour of Alexander Mourelatos</em> (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002).</p>
<p>P. Curd and D.W. Graham (eds), <em>The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy</em> (Oxford: 2008).</p>
<p>D.J. Furley, <em>Cosmic Problems</em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).</p>
<p>D.J. Furley and R.E. Allen (eds), <em>Studies in Presocratic Philosophy</em>, 2 vols (1970, 1975).</p>
<p>G.S. Kirk, J.E. Raven and M. Schofield (eds), <em>The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts</em> (1983).</p>
<p>A. Laks and G. Most, <em>Early Greek Philosophy</em>, 9 vols (Cambridge MA: 2016).</p>
<p>A.A. Long (ed.), <em>The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy</em> (1999).</p>
<p>R.D. McKirahan, <em>Philosophy Before Socrates</em> (Indianapolis: 2010).</p>
<p>A. Mourelatos, <em>The Pre-Socratics</em> (Garden City: Anchor, 1974).</p>
<p>O. Primavesi and J. Mansfeld, &nbsp;<em>Die Vorsokratiker: griechisch - deutsch </em>(Stuttgart: 2011).</p>
<p>J. Warren, <em>The Presocratics</em> (Stocksfield: 2007).</p>
<p><a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/presocratics/">Stanford encyclopedia: Presocratics</a></p>
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<h2>Episodes 1 - 14: <a href="/classical/presocratic-philosophy">The Presocratics</a></h2>
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<div class="left"> <a href="/thales" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/historyofphilosophy.net/files/styles/medium/public/images/podcast_image/western/001%20Thales.jpg" width="160" height="160" alt="" loading="lazy" typeof="Image" class="img-responsive"> </a>
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<div class="right"> <a href="/thales" hreflang="und">1 - Everything is Full of Gods: Thales </a>
<p>Posted on 21 December 2010</p>
<p>In this episode, Peter Adamson of King's College London introduces the podcast as a whole, and the thought of the early Greek philosophers called the Presocratics. He also discusses the first Presocratic philosopher, Thales of Miletus.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> 83 comments
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<div class="left"> <a href="/anaximander-anaximenes" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/historyofphilosophy.net/files/styles/medium/public/images/podcast_image/western/002%20Anaximander.jpg" width="160" height="160" alt="" loading="lazy" typeof="Image" class="img-responsive"> </a>
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<div class="right"> <a href="/anaximander-anaximenes" hreflang="und">2 - Infinity and Beyond: Anaximander and Anaximenes</a>
<p>Posted on 23 December 2010</p>
<p>Peter discusses two very early Greek philosophers, both from Miletus: Anaximander and Anaximenes.</p> 20 comments
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<div class="left"> <a href="/xenophanes" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/historyofphilosophy.net/files/styles/medium/public/images/podcast_image/western/003%20Xenophanes.jpg" width="160" height="160" alt="" loading="lazy" typeof="Image" class="img-responsive"> </a>
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<div class="right"> <a href="/xenophanes" hreflang="und">3 - Created In Our Image: Xenophanes Against Greek Religion</a>
<p>Posted on 27 December 2010</p>
<p>In this episode, Peter talks about the Greek gods in Homer and Hesiod, and the criticism of the poets by the Presocratic philosopher Xenophanes.</p> 21 comments
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<div class="right"> <a href="/pythagoras" hreflang="und">4 - The Man With The Golden Thigh: Pythagoras</a>
<p>Posted on 27 December 2010</p>
<p>Peter discusses the Pre-Socratic philosopher Pythagoras, as well as Pythagoreanism and the role of mathematics in ancient philosophy.</p> 24 comments
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<div class="left"> <a href="/heraclitus" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/historyofphilosophy.net/files/styles/medium/public/images/podcast_image/western/005%20Heraclitus.jpg" width="160" height="160" alt="" loading="lazy" typeof="Image" class="img-responsive"> </a>
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<div class="right"> <a href="/heraclitus" hreflang="und">5 - Old Man River: Heraclitus</a>
<p>Posted on 28 December 2010</p>
<p>Peter discusses the Pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus, and tries to discover whether it's possible to step into the same river twice.</p> 33 comments
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<div class="left"> <a href="/mccabe-on-heraclitus" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/historyofphilosophy.net/files/styles/medium/public/images/podcast_image/western/006%20Mccabe.jpg" width="160" height="160" alt="" loading="lazy" typeof="Image" class="img-responsive"> </a>
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<div class="right"> <a href="/mccabe-on-heraclitus" hreflang="und">6 - MM McCabe on Heraclitus</a>
<p>Posted on 30 December 2010</p>
<p>Peter's colleague Professor MM McCabe joins him in the first interview of the series of podcasts, to talk about Heraclitus.</p> 22 comments
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<div class="left"> <a href="/parmenides" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/historyofphilosophy.net/files/styles/medium/public/images/podcast_image/western/007%20Parmenides.jpg" width="160" height="160" alt="" loading="lazy" typeof="Image" class="img-responsive"> </a>
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<div class="right"> <a href="/parmenides" hreflang="und">7 - The Road Less Traveled: Parmenides</a>
<p>Posted on 16 January 2011</p>
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<p>Peter&nbsp; discusses the "father of metaphysics," Parmenides, and his argument that all being is one.</p>
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<div class="left"> <a href="/zeno_melissus" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/historyofphilosophy.net/files/styles/medium/public/images/podcast_image/western/008%20Zeno.jpg" width="160" height="160" alt="" loading="lazy" typeof="Image" class="img-responsive"> </a>
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<div class="right"> <a href="/zeno_melissus" hreflang="und">8 - You Can't Get There From Here: Zeno and Melissus</a>
<p>Posted on 16 January 2011</p>
<p>The paradoxes of Zeno and the arguments of Melissus develop the ideas of Parmenides and defend his Eleatic monism.</p> 52 comments
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<div class="right"> <a href="/democritus-and-leucippus" hreflang="und">9 - The Final Cut: Democritus and Leucippus</a>
<p>Posted on 16 January 2011</p>
<p>In this episode Peter discusses the Atomists Democritus and Leucippus, and how they were responding to the ideas of Parmenides and his followers.</p> 28 comments
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<div class="right"> <a href="/anaxagoras" hreflang="und">10 - Mind Over Mixture: Anaxagoras</a>
<p>Posted on 16 January 2011</p>
<p>Peter discusses Anaxagoras, focusing on his theory of universal mixture ("everything is in everything") and the role played by mind in Anaxagoras' cosmos.</p> 11 comments
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<div class="right"> <a href="/empedocles" hreflang="und">11 - All You Need is Love, and Five Other Things: Empedocles</a>
<p>Posted on 16 January 2011</p>
<p>Peter discusses the Presocratic philosopher Empedocles and his principles: Love, Strife, and the four “roots,” or elements.</p> 8 comments
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<div class="right"> <a href="/malcolm-schofield-on-the-presocratics" hreflang="und">12 - Malcolm Schofield on the Presocratics</a>
<p>Posted on 16 January 2011</p>
<p>World-leading expert Malcolm Schofield of Cambridge University speaks to Peter about the development of Presocratic philosophy, from the Milesians to Parmenides and the reactions he provoked.</p> 3 comments
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<div class="right"> <a href="/hippocrates" hreflang="und">13 - Good Humor Men: the Hippocratics</a>
<p>Posted on 16 January 2011</p>
<p>Early Greek medicine up until Hippocrates, and its relation to Pre-Socratic philosophers like Empedocles.</p> 2 comments
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<div class="right"> <a href="/sophists" hreflang="und">14 - Making the Weaker Argument the Stronger: the Sophists</a>
<p>Posted on 16 January 2011</p>
<p>In this episode, Peter Adamson discusses the sophists, teachers of rhetoric in ancient Athens, looking especially at the contributions of Protagoras and Gorgias.</p> 19 comments
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<h2>Episodes 1 - 14: <a href="/classical/presocratic-philosophy">The Presocratics</a></h2>
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