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<title>HISTORY OF ETHICS To 30 BC by Sanderson Beck CONTENTS</title>
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<h3><a href="index.html">BECK index</a></h3>
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<center>
HISTORY OF ETHICS
<br> Volume 1 - To 30 BC
<br> Ancient Wisdom and Folly
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<h2>
<center>
by Sanderson Beck
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<center>
This book has now been published.
<br> <a href="http://1worldpeace.org/OrderForm.html">For information on ordering click here.</a>
<br>
<br> CONTENTS
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<table width="627" border="1" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" height="281">
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<td width="52%" height="81" bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="TOP"> <h4>Contents<a href="EC-Intro.html"><br> Introduction<br> </a><a href="EC1-Ethics.html">Ethics</a><br> <a href="EC2-Prehistoric.html">Prehistoric Cultures<br> </a><a href="EC27-Summary.html">Summary and Evaluation</a><br> <a href="EC-Chronology.html">Chronological Index</a><br> <a href="EC-Bib.html">Bibliography</a></h4> </td>
<td width="48%" valign="TOP" bgcolor="#ffffcc"> <h4><a href="#3">CHINA To 30 BC</a><br> <a href="EC13-Chou.html">Shang, Chou and the Classics<br> </a><a href="EC14-Confucian.html">Confucius, Mencius and Hsun-tzu<br> </a><a href="EC15-Taoism.html">Taoism and Mo-tzu<br> </a><a href="EC16-Legalism.html">Legalism, Ch'in Empire and Han Dynasty</a></h4> </td>
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<td height="94" bgcolor="#ff997f" valign="TOP"> <h4><a href="#1">NEAR EAST To 323 BC</a><br> <a href="EC3-Sumer.html">Sumer, Babylon, and Hittites</a><br> <a href="EC4-Egypt.html">Egypt<br> </a><a href="EC5-Israel.html">Israel</a><br> <a href="EC6-Assyria.html">Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Empires</a></h4> </td>
<td valign="TOP" bgcolor="#7fffcc"> <h4><a href="#4">GREECE To 323 BC</a><br> <a href="EC18-Greekto500.html">Greek Culture to 500 BC<br> </a><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html">Greek Politics and Wars 500-360 BC<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html">Greek Theatre<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html">Socrates, Xenophon, and Plato<br> </a><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html">Isocrates, Aristotle, and Diogenes<br> </a><a href="EC22-Alexander.html">Philip, Demosthenes, and Alexander</a></h4> </td>
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<td height="95" bgcolor="#ffcccc"> <h4><a href="#2">INDIA To 30 BC</a><br> <a href="EC7-Vedas.html">Vedas and Upanishads</a><br> <a href="EC8-Mahavira.html">Mahavira and Jainism<br> </a><a href="EC9-Buddha.html">Buddha and Buddhism<br> </a><a href="EC10-Social.html">Political and Social Ethics of India<br> </a><a href="EC11-Hindu.html">Hindu Philosophy<br> </a><a href="EC12-Literature.html">Literature of India</a></h4> </td>
<td valign="TOP" bgcolor="#7fe6ff"> <h4><a href="#5">HELLENISTIC ERA And ROME To 30 BC</a><br> <a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html">Hellenistic Era</a><br> <a href="EC24-RomanExpansion.html">Roman Expansion to 133 BC</a><br> <a href="EC25-RomanRevolution.html">Roman Revolution and Civil Wars</a><br> <a href="EC26-Cicero.html">Plautus, Terence, and Cicero</a></h4> </td>
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<h3><a href="EC-Intro.html">Introduction</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC-Intro.html#1">Purposes and Motives</a><br> <a href="EC-Intro.html#2">Philosophical Premises and Methods</a><br> <a href="EC-Intro.html#3">Limitations</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC1-Ethics.html">Ethics</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC1-Ethics.html#1">Metaphysical Foundation</a><br> <a href="EC1-Ethics.html#2">Universal Values</a><br> <a href="EC1-Ethics.html#3">Applying Universal Values</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC2-Prehistoric.html">Prehistoric Cultures</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC2-Prehistoric.html#1">Evolution of Life</a><br> <a href="EC2-Prehistoric.html#2">Human Evolution</a><br> <a href="EC2-Prehistoric.html#3">Lemuria and Atlantis</a><br> <a href="EC2-Prehistoric.html#4">Europe<br> </a><a href="EC2-Prehistoric.html#5">Africa<br> </a><a href="EC2-Prehistoric.html#6">America</a></h4>
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<h2><a name="1"></a>NEAR EAST To 323 BC</h2>
<h3><a href="EC3-Sumer.html">Sumer, Babylon, and Hittites</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC3-Sumer.html#1">Sumer</a><br> <a href="EC3-Sumer.html#2">Sargon the Akkadian<br> </a><a href="EC3-Sumer.html#3">Sumerian Revival<br> </a><a href="EC3-Sumer.html#4">Sumerian Literature<br> </a><i><a href="EC3-Sumer.html#5">Epic of Gilgamesh<br> </a></i><a href="EC3-Sumer.html#6">Isin, Larsa, Eshnunna, Mari, Assur, and Babylon<br> </a><a href="EC3-Sumer.html#7">Hammurabi's Babylon<br> </a><a href="EC3-Sumer.html#8">Kassites, Hurrians, and Assyria<br> </a><a href="EC3-Sumer.html#9">Babylonian Literature<br> </a><a href="EC3-Sumer.html#10">Hittites</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC4-Egypt.html">Egypt</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC4-Egypt.html#1">Old Kingdom</a><br> <a href="EC4-Egypt.html#2">Middle Kingdom</a><br> <a href="EC4-Egypt.html#3">Hyksos Shepherd Kings</a><br> <a href="EC4-Egypt.html#4">New Kingdom Empire<br> </a><a href="EC4-Egypt.html#5">Egypt 1085-323 BC</a><br> <a href="EC4-Egypt.html#6">Early Egyptian Literature</a><br> <i><a href="EC4-Egypt.html#7">Book of the Dead<br> </a></i><a href="EC4-Egypt.html#8">Later Egyptian Literature</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC5-Israel.html">Israel</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC5-Israel.html#1"><i>Genesis<br> </i></a><a href="EC5-Israel.html#2">Moses<br> </a><a href="EC5-Israel.html#3">Conquest of Canaan<br> </a><a href="EC5-Israel.html#4">David and the <i>Psalms<br> </i></a><a href="EC5-Israel.html#5">Solomon and the Wisdom Books<br> </a><a href="EC5-Israel.html#6">Israel and Judah Divided<br> </a><a href="EC5-Israel.html#7">Amos, Hosea, Isaiah and Micah<br> </a><a href="EC5-Israel.html#8">Judah's Fall and Jeremiah<br> </a><a href="EC5-Israel.html#9">Ezekiel and Babylonian Isaiah<br> </a><a href="EC5-Israel.html#10">Jews in the Persian Empire</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC6-Assyria.html">Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Empires</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC6-Assyria.html#1">Assyrian Empire<br> </a><a href="EC6-Assyria.html#2">Babylonian Empire<br> </a><a href="EC6-Assyria.html#3">Zarathushtra<br> </a><a href="EC6-Assyria.html#4">Persian Empire to 500 BC<br> </a><a href="EC6-Assyria.html#5">Persian-Greek Wars</a></h4>
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<h2><a name="2"></a>INDIA To 30 BC</h2>
<h3><a href="EC7-Vedas.html">Vedas and Upanishads</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC7-Vedas.html#1">Harappan Civilization</a><br> <i><a href="EC7-Vedas.html#2">Rig Veda</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC7-Vedas.html#3">Sama Veda</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC7-Vedas.html#4">Yajur Veda</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC7-Vedas.html#5">Atharva Veda</a></i><br> <a href="EC7-Vedas.html#6">Brahmanas<br> </a><a href="EC7-Vedas.html#7">Aranyakas</a><br> <a href="EC7-Vedas.html#8">Early <i>Upanishads</i></a><br> <a href="EC7-Vedas.html#9"><i>Kena, Katha, Isha</i>, and <i>Mundaka</i></a><br> <a href="EC7-Vedas.html#10">Later <i>Upanishads</i></a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC8-Mahavira.html">Mahavira and Jainism</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC8-Mahavira.html#1">Parshva</a><br> <a href="EC8-Mahavira.html#2">Mahavira</a><br> <a href="EC8-Mahavira.html#3">Jainism</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC9-Buddha.html">Buddha and Buddhism</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC9-Buddha.html#1">Siddartha Gautama</a><br> <a href="EC9-Buddha.html#2">Buddha</a><br> <a href="EC9-Buddha.html#3">Doctrine <i>(Dharma)</i></a><br> <i><a href="EC9-Buddha.html#4">Dhammapada</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC9-Buddha.html#5">Questions of King Milinda</a></i><br> <a href="EC9-Buddha.html#6">Community <i>(Sangha)</i></a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC10-Social.html">Political and Social Ethics of India</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC10-Social.html#1">Magadhan Ascendancy</a><br> <a href="EC10-Social.html#2">Alexander's Invasion of India</a><br> <a href="EC10-Social.html#3">Mauryan Empire, Ashoka and Sri Lanka</a><br> <i><a href="EC10-Social.html#5">Dharma Sutras</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC10-Social.html#6">Laws of Manu</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC10-Social.html#7">Artha Shastra</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC10-Social.html#8">Kama Sutra</a></i></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC11-Hindu.html">Hindu Philosophy</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC11-Hindu.html#1">Nyaya and Vaishesika</a><br> <a href="EC11-Hindu.html#2">Mimamsa and Vedanta</a><br> <a href="EC11-Hindu.html#3">Samkhya and Yoga</a><br> <i><a href="EC11-Hindu.html#4">Bhagavad-Gita</a></i></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC12-Literature.html">Literature of India</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC12-Literature.html#1"><i>Ramayana</i></a><br> <i><a href="EC12-Literature.html#2">Mahabharata</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC12-Literature.html#3">Jatakas</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC12-Literature.html#4">Panchatantra</a></i></h4>
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<h2><a name="3"></a>CHINA To 30 BC</h2>
<h3><a href="EC13-Chou.html">Shang, Zhou and the Classics</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC13-Chou.html#1">Shang Dynasty</a><br> <a href="EC13-Chou.html#2">Zhou Dynasty</a><br> <i><a href="EC13-Chou.html#3">Yi Jing (Book of Changes)</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC13-Chou.html#4">Shi Jing (Book of Odes)</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC13-Chou.html#5">Li (Propriety)</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC13-Chou.html#6">Shu Jing (Book of Documents)</a></i><br> <a href="EC13-Chou.html#7">Spring and Autumn Era</a><br> <a href="EC13-Chou.html#8">Sun-zi's <i>Art of War</i></a><br> <a href="EC13-Chou.html#9">Period of Warring States</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC14-Confucian.html">Confucius, Mencius and Xun-zi</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC14-Confucian.html#1">Confucius<br> </a><a href="EC14-Confucian.html#2">Teachings of Confucius<br> </a><a href="EC14-Confucian.html#3">Followers of Confucius<br> </a><a href="EC14-Confucian.html#4">Mencius<br> </a><a href="EC14-Confucian.html#5">Xun-zi</a><br> <a href="EC14-Confucian.html#6">Later Confucian Works</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC15-Taoism.html">Daoism and Mo-zi</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC15-Taoism.html#1">Lao-zi<br> </a><a href="EC15-Taoism.html#2">Mo-zi<br> </a><a href="EC15-Taoism.html#3">Teachings of Mo-zi<br> </a><a href="EC15-Taoism.html#4">Moism<br> </a><a href="EC15-Taoism.html#5">Zhuang-zi<br> </a><a href="EC15-Taoism.html#6">Lie-zi<br> </a><a href="EC15-Taoism.html#7">Songs of Chu<br> </a><i><a href="EC15-Taoism.html#8">Huai-nan-zi</a></i></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC16-Legalism.html">Legalism, Qin Empire and Han Dynasty</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC16-Legalism.html#1"><i>Guan-zi<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC16-Legalism.html#2">Book of ShangYang<br> </a></i><a href="EC16-Legalism.html#3">Han Fei-zi<br> </a><a href="EC16-Legalism.html#4">Qin Empire 221-206 BC<br> </a><a href="EC16-Legalism.html#5">Founding the Han Dynasty 206-141 BC<br> </a><a href="EC16-Legalism.html#6">Wu Di's Reign 141-87 BC<br> </a><a href="EC16-Legalism.html#7">Confucian China 87-30 BC</a></h4>
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<h2><a name="4"></a>GREECE To 323 BC</h2>
<h3><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html">Greek Culture to 500 BC</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#1">Crete, Mycenae and Dorians<br> </a><i><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#2">Iliad<br> </a><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#3">Odyssey<br> </a></i><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#4">Hesiod and Homeric Hymns<br> </a><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#5">Aristocrats, Tyrants, and Poets<br> </a><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#6">Spartan Military Laws<br> </a><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#7">Athenian Political Laws<br> </a><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#8">Aesop's <i>Fables<br> </i></a><a href="EC18-Greekto500.html#9">Pythagoras and Early Philosophy</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html">Greek Politics and Wars 500-360 BC</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html#1">Persian Invasions<br> </a><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html#2">Athenian Empire 479-431 BC<br> </a><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html#3">Peloponnesian War 431-404 BC<br> </a><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html#4">Spartan Hegemony 404-371 BC<br> </a><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html#5">Theban Hegemony 371-360 BC<br> </a><a href="EC19-GreekWars.html#6">Syracusan Tyranny of Dionysius 405-367 BC</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html">Greek Theatre</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#1">Aeschylus</a></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#2"><i>The Persians<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#3">The Suppliant Maidens<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#4">Seven Against Thebes<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#5">Prometheus Bound<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#6">Agamemnon</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#7">Libation Bearers<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#8">The Eumenides</a></i></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#9">Sophocles</a></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#10"><i>Ajax<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#11">Antigone<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#12">Oedipus the Tyrant<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#13">The Women of Trachis<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#14">Electra<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#15">Philoctetes<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#16">Oedipus at Colonus</a></i></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#17">Euripides</a></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#18"><i>Rhesus<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#19">Alcestis<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#20">Medea<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#21">Hippolytus<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#22">Heracleidae<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#23">Andromache<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#24">Hecuba<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#25">The Cyclops</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#26">Heracles<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#27">The Suppliant Women<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#28">The Trojan Women<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#29">Electra<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#30">Helen<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#31">Iphigenia in Tauris<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#32">Ion<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#33">The Phoenician Women</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#34">Orestes<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#35">Iphigenia in Aulis<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#36">The Bacchae</a></i></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#37">Aristophanes</a></h4>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#38"><i>The Acharnians<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#39">The Knights<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#40">The Clouds</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#41">The Wasps</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#42">Peace<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#43">The Birds<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#44">Lysistrata<br> </a><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#45">The Thesmophoriazusae</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#46">The Frogs</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#47">The Ecclesiazusae</a></i><br> <i><a href="EC20-GreekTheatre.html#48">Plutus</a></i></h4>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h3><a href="EC21-Socrates.html">Socrates, Xenophon, and Plato</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#1">Empedocles<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#2">Socrates<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#3">Xenophon's Socrates</a></h4>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#4"><i>Defense of Socrates<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#5">Memoirs of Socrates<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#6">Symposium<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#7">Oikonomikos</a></i></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#8">Xenophon</a></h4>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#9"><i>Cyropaedia<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#10">Hiero<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#11">Ways and Means</a></i></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#12">Plato's Socrates</a></h4>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#13"><i>Alcibiades<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#14">Charmides<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#15">Protagoras<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#16">Laches<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#17">Lysis<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#18">Menexenus<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#19">Hippias<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#20">Euthydemus<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#21">Meno<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#22">Gorgias<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#23">Phaedrus<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#24">Symposium<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#25">Euthyphro<br> </a></i><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#26">Defense of Socrates<br> </a><i><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#27">Crito<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#28">Phaedo</a></i></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#29">Plato's <i>Republic<br> </i></a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#30">Plato's Later Work</a></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#31"><i>Seventh Letter<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#32">Timaeus<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#33">Critias<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#34">Theaetetus<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#35">Sophist<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#36">Politician<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#37">Philebus<br> </a><a href="EC21-Socrates.html#38">Laws</a></i></h4>
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</blockquote>
<h3><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html">Isocrates, Aristotle, and Diogenes</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<h4><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#1">Hippocrates<br> </a><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#2">Isocrates<br> </a><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#3">Aristotle<br> </a><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#4">Aristotle's <i>Rhetoric<br> </i></a><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#5">Aristotle's Ethics<br> </a><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#6">Aristotle's <i>Politics<br> </i></a><a href="EC22-Aristotle.html#7">Diogenes</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC22-Alexander.html">Philip, Demosthenes, and Alexander</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC22-Alexander.html#1">Dionysius II, Dion, and Timoleon in Sicily<br> </a><a href="EC22-Alexander.html#2">Wars and Macedonian Expansion under Philip<br> </a><a href="EC22-Alexander.html#3">Demosthenes and Aeschines<br> </a><a href="EC22-Alexander.html#4">Alexander's Conquest of the Persian Empire</a></h4>
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<h2><a name="5"></a>HELLENISTIC ERA And ROME To 30 BC</h2>
<h3><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html">Hellenistic Era</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#1">Battles of Alexander's Successors<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#2">Egypt Under the Ptolemies<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#3">Alexandrian Poetry<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#4">Seleucid Empire<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#5">Judea in the Hellenistic Era<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#6">Antigonid Macedonia and Greece<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#7">Xenocrates, Pyrrho, and Theophrastus<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#8">Menander's New Comedy<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#9">Epicurus and the Hedonists<br> </a><a href="EC23-Hellenistic.html#10">Zeno and the Stoics</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC24-RomanExpansion.html">Roman Expansion to 133 BC</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC24-RomanExpansion.html#1">Roman and Etruscan Kings<br> </a><a href="EC24-RomanExpansion.html#2">Republic of Rome 509-343 BC<br> </a><a href="EC24-RomanExpansion.html#3">Rome's Conquest of Italy 343-264 BC<br> </a><a href="EC24-RomanExpansion.html#4">Rome at War with Carthage 264-201 BC<br> </a><a href="EC24-RomanExpansion.html#5">Republican Rome's Imperialism 201-133 BC</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC25-RomanRevolution.html">Roman Revolution and Civil Wars</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC25-RomanRevolution.html#1">Reforms of the Gracchi Brothers<br> </a><a href="EC25-RomanRevolution.html#2">Marius and Sulla<br> </a><a href="EC25-RomanRevolution.html#3">Pompey, Crassus, Caesar, and Cato<br> </a><a href="EC25-RomanRevolution.html#4">Julius Caesar Dictator<br> </a><a href="EC25-RomanRevolution.html#5">Brutus, Octavian, Antony and Cleopatra</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC26-Cicero.html">Plautus, Terence, and Cicero</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#1">Plautus</a></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#2"><i>The</i> <i>Menaechmi<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#3">The Asses<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#4">The Merchant<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#5">The Swaggering Soldier<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#6">Stichus<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#7">The Pot of Gold<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#8">Curculio<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#9">Epidicus<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#10">The Captives<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#11">The Rope<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#12">Trinummus<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#13">Mostelleria<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#14">Pseudolus<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#15">The Two Bacchides<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#16">Amphitryo<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#17">Casina<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#18">The Persian<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#19">Truculentus</a></i></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#20">Terence</a></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#21"><i>The Woman of Andros<br> </i></a><i><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#22">The Mother-In-Law<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#23">The Self-Tormentor<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#24">The Eunuch<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#25">Phormio<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#26">The Brothers</a></i></h4>
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<h4><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#27">Lucretius<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#28">Catullus<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#33">Virgil</a><br> <a href="EC26-Cicero.html#29">Cicero<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#30">Cicero on Oratory<br> </a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#31">Cicero's <i>Republic</i> and <i>Laws<br> </i></a><a href="EC26-Cicero.html#32">Cicero on Ethics</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC27-Summary.html">Summary and Evaluation</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC27-Summary.html#1">Near East<br> </a><a href="EC27-Summary.html#2">India<br> </a><a href="EC27-Summary.html#3">China<br> </a><a href="EC27-Summary.html#4">Greece<br> </a><a href="EC27-Summary.html#5">Rome<br> </a><a href="EC27-Summary.html#6">Evaluating Ancient Civilization</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="EC-Chronology.html">Chronological Index</a></h3>
<h3><a href="EC-Bib.html">Bibliography</a></h3>
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<h4><a href="EC-Bib.html#1">GENERAL<br> </a><a href="EC-Bib.html#2">NEAR EAST To 323 BC<br> </a><a href="EC-Bib.html#3">INDIA To 30 BC<br> </a><a href="EC-Bib.html#4">CHINA To 30 BC<br> </a><a href="EC-Bib.html#5">GREECE TO 323 BC</a></h4>
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<h3><a href="AB-Contents.html">Volume 2: AGE OF BELIEF Contents</a><a href="index.html"><br> <br> BECK index</a></h3>
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